我国水稻主栽品种SSR多样性的比较分析

采用40个SSR标记,比较分析了151份20世纪50年代(78份）和近10年（73份）我国常规稻主栽品种的遗传差异,发现有39个标记具有多态性,多态性位点共检测到213个等位基因,每个位点2～11个,平均5.5个;平均Nei基因多样性指数(He)为0.649,范围在0.309（RM174）～0.869（RM418）。籼粳亚种间SSR多样性差异明显,籼稻平均等位基因数（Na）和Nei基因多样性指数（Na = 4.4,He = 0.458）均高于粳稻品种（Na = 4.0,He = 0.395）。比较了78份20世纪50年代与73份近10年水稻主栽品种的遗传多样性,籼、粳亚种表现出相近的变化趋势,即Nei多样性指数和等位基因数20世纪50年代主栽品种高于近10年的。虽然Nei基因多样性指数的变化并不显著（籼稻：z= 1.471,P=0.141;粳稻：z= 1.932,P=0.053）,但等位基因数目的变化达到显著水平（籼稻：z= 2.677,P=0.007;粳稻：z= 3.441,P=0.001）。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,遗传变异绝大部分存在于两时期内,尽管时期间平均贡献的遗传变异仅占1.9％,但仍然达到5％的显著水平;籼、粳亚种两时期间平均贡献的遗传变异高于整个分析样本,分别为5.0％和8.2％;籼、粳亚种不同位点的遗传分化程度也各不相同,籼稻和粳稻品种分别有13个（占33.3％）和11个（占28.2％）SSR位点的等位基因在两时期间差异显著,而其余位点的遗传变异则是因时期内品种间的差异引起的。研究表明近10年我国常规稻主栽品种丢失了一部分等位基因,水稻育种仍应加强更广泛的种质亲本的选择。     

利用ISSR技术分析禾谷镰孢菌群体遗传多样性的研究

采用ISSR标记对采自我国11个省的玉米茎腐病相关禾谷镰孢的遗传多样性进行分析。利用筛选出的14个ISSR引物对供试的115株禾谷镰孢菌株进行扩增,共获得63条扩增清晰、重复性高的条带,其中多态性条带为60条,占95.2%。扩增条带分子量为150～2000bp,平均每个引物扩增出4.5条带。遗传多样性分析表明,在地理种群水平上,基因多样性指数在0～0.2919之间,平均为0.1591;Shannon‘s多样性指数在0～0.4252之间,平均为0.2360,表明不同地理种群间存在一定的遗传变异。多样性指数、等位基因数的增大与各种群内样本数量增加有关。遗传相似性分析证明,山东省种群与河南省种群间的遗传相似性最高,内蒙古种群与河北省种群间遗传相似性最低。在相似性系数为0.682时,可将115个菌株区分为2个聚类组,各组下又可分为3个亚组,分组结果与菌株的地理来源有一定相关性,表明禾谷镰孢的遗传分化与生态地理有关。     

基于COI基因解析我国茶网蝽种群遗传多样性和遗传结构

茶网蝽(Stephanitis chinensis)是我国西南茶区的重要害虫，近年有入侵成灾事件发生。为解析茶网蝽的生态适应机制和成灾规律，测定了茶网蝽12个种群共240头成虫COI基因序列，利用Dna SP 6.12.03、Arlequin3.5.2.2、MEGA 7.0.26等软件进行了遗传分化程度、基因流(N_m)以及分子变异情况的分析。结果显示，茶网蝽12个地理种群的240条COI基因序列共包含75个变异位点和38个单倍型，其中仅Hap13是共享单倍型。茶网蝽总群体的单倍型多样性指数(H_d)为0.827 79，地理种群的H_d在0.00～0.85，总群体的遗传分化固定系数(F_ST)为0.864 26,N_m为0.039 87，表明我国茶网蝽群体遗传分化程度较高，基因交流较小。重庆城口、重庆巫溪、湖北恩施、湖北十堰、陕西汉中等5个种群相互之间遗传分化程度较低，基因交流频繁(F_ST<0.06,N_m>4.50)，其他种群对之间...     

SSR荧光标记毛细管电泳分析24个广西常规香稻品种的遗传多样性

分析香稻品种的遗传多样性和理清香稻品种之间的亲缘关系,可为选育优质香稻品种提供参考。为分析广西审定的24个常规香稻品种的遗传多样性,明确其遗传差异,本研究利用SSR荧光标记毛细管电泳技术对24个广西常规香稻品种进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,48对SSR引物共检测出170个等位基因位点;遗传多样性参数中观测等位基因数（Na）变化幅度为1～9,平均为3.54;有效等位基因数（Ne）的变化幅度为1～4.5534,平均为2.0736,其中有效等位基因数最高是RM21,其次是RM481、RM493和RM258,说明这4对引物有较高的检测效率;Shannon’s指数（I）的变化幅度为0～1.7942,平均为0.7726;多态信息含量（PIC）值的变化幅度为0～0.7541,平均为0.3732,属于中度多态位点,说明24个广西常规香稻品种具有一定的遗传变异。24个品种遗传相似系数范围为0.3299～0.9600,其中‘三香628’与‘农香32’遗传相似系数最小,说明这2个品种遗传基础差异最大,亲缘关系最远,‘万香696’与‘广粮香2号’遗传相似性系数最大,说明这2个品种遗传基础差异较小,亲缘关系接近...     

基于SSR标记的山西野生大豆种质资源遗传多样性分析

分析山西野生大豆资源的遗传多样性和遗传结构有助于了解山西野生大豆起源与进化,为野生大豆优异种质挖掘及资源高效利用等提供理论基础。本研究采用52对SSR分子标记对来自于山西省9个地区32个县市的70份野生大豆资源进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明:共扩增出450个等位基因,平均每对引物扩增出8.7个等位基因,变幅为3～19。等位基因频率为0.185 7～0.885 7,平均0.421 0;基因遗传多样性指数为0.210 2～0.871 8,平均0.710 0;多态性信息含量为0.201 9～0.858 4,平均0.679 7。将所有供试材料按地理来源分类,并进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,中部野生大豆资源的平均等位基因数、平均基因多样性指数和平均多态信息含量最高,北部次之,南部最低。而各组的平均主要等位基因频率结果与之相反。基于遗传结构和基于遗传距离的聚类分析都可将试验材料分为3个类群,两种分类结果基本相同。第一类群主要包括山西中部部分资源,第二类群主要包括山西中部部分资源和山西北部资源,第三类群主要包括山西南部资源。聚类结果与地理来源较为一致。山西野生大豆资源遗传多样性较高。中部野生大豆资源的遗传多样性最高,北部资源次之,南部资源最低。推测山西中部和北部曾经发生过种质交流,导致中部资源遗传多样性最高,该区域可能为山西野生大豆的遗传多样性中心。     

热带水稻优异种质资源的表型遗传多样性分析

有效管理和充分挖掘遗传多样性丰富的稻种资源对水稻育种具有重要意义。利用15个表型性状对来自9个热带国家和地区的127份热带水稻育种优异种质进行综合评价,比较分析不同来源热带水稻优异种质的表型差异和遗传多样性指数。结果表明：热带水稻种质资源表型性状差异明显,数量性状的变异系数为7.0%～23.8%,平均为12.04%,其中单株穗数比较大,谷粒长较小;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分析结果表明,15个表型性状遗传多样性指数变化为0.603～2.066,平均为1.579,其中每穗总粒数比较高,穗型较小;9个不同来源地的热带水稻资源多样性指数为0.780～1.547,平均为1.219。不同来源的热带水稻种质各性状变异范围较大,各性状间存在显著差异,遗传多样性指数较高,可进一步发掘优异资源和有利基因,为培育和筛选优良热带水稻品种提供亲本来源。     

SSR标记对野生大豆种群遗传结构的研究

使用40对SSR引物分析了8个省区天然野生大豆种群的遗传结构和遗传多样性.结果表明:15个种群共检测到633个等位基因,平均每对引物等位变异基因数平均值15.83个;种群平均Shannon指数(Ⅰ)0.7835,种群平均期望杂合度(He)0.4070,种群平均观察杂合度(Ho)0.0012,平均种群内遗传多样度(Hs)...     

基于MSAP技术的中国野生大豆群体遗传多样性分析

为探究中国不同纬度的野生大豆天然种群的遗传多样性及其遗传结构,本研究利用MSAP技术分析研究27°～46°N的7个野生大豆种群的DNA甲基化多态性。结果表明:(1)223份材料、8对MSAP引物共扩增到1 617个位点,对所有位点的甲基化模式分析表明,Ⅳ型甲基化模式(位点缺失或者全甲基化)占比最多,为53.55%,Ⅱ型(半甲基化)和Ⅲ型(内侧甲基化)甲基化模式占比较少,分别为11.75%和13.25%。(2)基于非甲基化位点的Shannon指数在巴彦种群最低(I=0.279 6),在安化种群最高(I=0.313 0),遗传多样性呈现随纬度降低而逐渐升高的渐变趋势;而基于甲基化敏感位点的Shannon指数在巴彦种群最低(I=0.585 1),在桐柏种群中最高(I=0.603 0),其表观遗传多样性随纬度渐变呈现不规则波动。(3)基于非甲基化位点和甲基化敏感位点的遗传结构分析显示,在遗传上,同属于一个种群的材料能够聚类到一组,不同种群间出现了明显的遗传分化,而在表观遗传上,除了巴彦、衡山、安化的材料能各自聚类到一组以外,其余4个种群的材料交织在一起。(4)基于甲基化敏感位点的表观遗传距离和基于非甲基化位点的遗传距离相关性分析显示,二者在6个种群相关性显著,说明表观变异在多数情况下依赖于遗传变异,但也会在某些情况表现出一定的独立性。     

我国北方部分玉米自交系的遗传多样性分析

利用SSR分子标记技术,分析我国北方部分玉米自交系的遗传多样性。从79对SSR核心引物目录中,选出43对引物对52份玉米自交系进行遗传多样性研究,共检测到174个等位基因位点,每对引物检测到2～8个等位基因,平均每个位点的等位基因数4.35个,平均多态性信息量为0.593。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,52份自交系划分为兰卡斯特群、瑞德群、旅大红骨群、塘四平头群和综合种群5个类群。生产上主要推广杂交种的亲本大多来自不同的类群。     

大豆食心虫田间性诱监测与防治指标研究

为明确大豆食心虫Leguminivora glycinivorella (Matsumura)田间自然种群动态变化规律，建立基于性诱监 测田间成虫数量的大豆食心虫防治指标，采用性诱剂诱捕法对田间大豆食心虫成虫数量动态进行系统监测，同时 结合田间豆荚落卵量的调查，采用回归分析方法拟合田间大豆食心虫成虫发生量与大豆百荚卵量的关系，进而通 过卵量指标确定成虫数量指标。结果表明，在吉林长春大豆食心虫成虫发生期主要集中于8上中旬，发生数量动态 在年度之间存在差异；成虫数量与百荚卵量之间显著相关，回归方程为y=0.946lnx+ 0.303（R²= 0.939，p =0.001），据 此建立了基于性诱剂监测田间大豆食心虫数量确定成虫防治指标的方法，为开展大豆食心虫智能化预测预警技术 研究提供了理论依据。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.