金枪鱼延绳钓钓具的最适浸泡时间

根据2010年10月—2011年1月金枪鱼延绳钓海上调查数据,分两种起绳方式,建立每次作业每一根支绳的浸泡时间计算模型。将钓具的浸泡时间以1 h为间隔分别统计每个区间的支绳数量及大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)、黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacores)的渔获尾数,并计算其钓获率(CPUE)。结果表明:1)大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼的CPUE都随浸泡时间的增加呈现先增后减的趋势,这是由于饵料的诱引效果变化及渔获的丢失引起的;2)二次曲线可拟合浸泡时间与大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼CPUE的关系;3)大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼CPUE最高的浸泡时间分别为9.9 h和10.1 h。建议:1)今后在金枪鱼延绳钓作业中,保证每一根支绳在水中的浸泡时间为9.5~10.5 h,以提高捕捞效率并减少副渔获物;2)可把延绳钓钓具的浸泡时间作为有效捕捞努力量,并用于CPUE的标准化。研究结果可用于提高捕捞效率并减少副渔获物的技术方案制订,并为渔业生产和CPUE的标准化提供科学参考。     

Recruitment abundance index of Pacific bluefin tuna using fisheries data on juveniles

ABSTRACT:   The recruitment abundance index of Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis was estimated from 1980 to 2003 fishing year by using the troll fishery data in Nagasaki Prefecture, western Japan. It has been shown that the troll fishery in Nagasaki Prefecture operates with good time–area coverage of the species habitat, and that the fishing power slightly changed during the period analyzed, based on fisheries statistics, published information, and interviews with the fishers. Average catch per unit effort (CPUEs) were standardized by a generalized linear model (GLM) considering the effects of fishing year, season and landing area. Standardized CPUE of age-0 bluefin tuna showed larger fluctuations year by year than the nominal CPUE combined for all ages. High CPUEs in fishing years of 1981, 1994, 1996 and 1999 were observed. Data from these years agreed with the higher recruitments estimated by virtual population analysis (VPA) or higher catch of age-0 fish reported for the Pacific side. The age-specific standardized CPUE of age-0 bluefin tuna in this study was judged to be a useful indicator of recruitment.     

南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼渔场时空分布与海表温度的关系

为得到南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacores)渔场最适宜栖息海表温度(SST)范围,基于美国国家海洋大气局(NOAA)气候预测中心月平均海表温度(SST)资料,结合中西太平洋渔业委员会(WCPFC)发布的南海及临近海域金枪鱼延绳钓渔业数据,绘制了月平均SST和月平均单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)的空间叠加图,用于分析南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼渔场CPUE时空分布和SST的关系。结果表明,南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼CPUE在16℃~31℃均有分布。在春季和夏季(3~8月),位于10°~20°N的大部分渔区CPUE较高,其南北侧CPUE较低;而到了秋季和冬季(9月到次年2月),高产渔场区域会向南拓宽。CPUE在各SST区间的散点图呈现出明显的负偏态分布,高CPUE主要集中在26℃~30℃,最高值出现在29℃附近;在22℃~26℃范围内CPUE散点分布较为零散,但在这个范围也会出现相当数量的高CPUE;在22℃以下的CPUE几乎属于低CPUE和零CPUE;零CPUE的平均SST为26.7℃(±3.2℃),低CPUE的平均SST为27.8℃(±2.1℃),高CPUE的平均SST为28.4℃(±1.5℃),高CPUE在各SST区间的分布要比零CPUE和低CPUE更为集中。采用频次分析和经验累积分布函数计算其最适SST范围,得到南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼最适SST为26.9℃~29.4℃。本研究初步得到南海及临近海域黄鳍金枪鱼中心渔场时空分布特征及SST适宜分布区间,可为开展南海及临近海域金枪鱼渔情预报工作提供理论依据和参考。     

中国金枪鱼围网船队大眼金枪鱼渔获物的特征变化与人工集鱼装置禁渔期的关系

研究了2012-2015年中国金枪鱼围网船队大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)渔获物的特征变化与人工集鱼装置(fish aggregation devices,FAD)禁渔期的关系,文章收集了2012-2015年中国大陆金枪鱼围网船队在中西太平洋的渔捞日志数据,对随附鱼群捕捞努力量与小体大眼金枪鱼和大体大眼金枪鱼的船均产量进行分析比较。结果显示:1)从2013年开始,对随附鱼群投网的次数占总投网次数的比例有所降低,均不超过50%;2)K-S检验显示研究期内禁渔期前后的船均随附鱼群网次存在显著差异(P0.05);3)2013-2015年大眼金枪鱼渔获量的平均水平明显低于2012年;4)从2013年开始,禁渔期结束后的第一个月(即11月)的船均产量都发生猛增;5)从捕捞努力量与渔获量的相关性结果看,不论是小体大眼金枪鱼还是全部大眼金枪鱼,2013年和2014年两者都呈现出显著的强正相关关系(P0.05)。这些结果表明2012年以后中国船队对大眼金枪鱼幼鱼的兼捕水平有所下降,延长FAD禁渔期的管理措施对于保护大眼金枪鱼幼鱼在某些年份可能具有一定的效果。     

Modeling environmental influence on Atlantic bluefin tuna bycatch by Mexican longliners in the Gulf of Mexico

Atlantic bluefin tuna (ABFT) stocks have been considered overfished over the last decades, especially the western stock, whose main spawning grounds are in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Despite the current measures implemented, spawner bycatch by the longline fleet targeting yellowfin tuna (YFT) may explain the lack of recovery of local stocks. This situation demands the implementation of appropriate spatiotemporal management strategies to minimize bluefin bycatch in the GoM, which involves knowledge in depth of its distribution and environmental forcing. Using catch and effort data from the Mexican commercial longline fleet with 100% scientific observer coverage from 1999 to 2012 and satellite derived environmental data, this study investigated the influence of environmental conditions on catch per unit effort (CPUE) of ABFT and YFT. General additive models (GAMs) were fitted using a negative binomial distribution and applying Akaike information criterion (AIC) to select the best model. Bluefin CPUE exhibited a marked seasonality, reaching higher values in February and March while YFT catches occurred throughout the year. Two main locations were identified with higher ABFT bycatch rates, Campeche Bay and the western‐central area of the GoM. Higher ABFT CPUE was significantly associated with areas with negative sea level anomalies and low sea surface temperatures, characteristic of cyclonic eddies. Instead, YFT CPUE showed a lesser environmental influence in its distribution. To our knowledge, the patterns shown in this study provide the first in‐depth approach to understand ABFT bycatch in Mexican waters, which will help in further development of adequate management strategies.     

Skipjack tuna fishery in relation to sea surface temperature off the southern Brazilian coast

Several oceanographic studies have associated tuna fisheries to sea surface temperature (SST) fields, although catch per unit of effort (CPUE) has not shown a clear relationship with SST. However, most results concerned species that occur deep in the water column. In this paper, we present a study on the relationship between SST and CPUE for the skipjack tuna fisheries off the southern Brazilian coast, which take place at the sea surface. We use historical data from the Japanese fleet, which operated in the area from July 1982 to June 1992. Fishing sets occurred only in areas where SST ranged from 17°C to 30°C. Frequency of occurrence vs. SST showed a Gaussian distribution, with highest CPUEs in waters of SST 22°-26.5°C. The relationship between CPUE (or fishing set occurrence) and SST varied seasonally. Largest CPUEs occurred in summer, independently of SST. Therefore, temperature alone could not be used as a determinant of CPUE, suggesting that seasonal variability of other environmental parameters has a stronger effect on the CPUE than does SST. However, when the seasonal cycle was excluded from the data sets, a relationship between the interannual variability of SST and CPUE became apparent. Cross-correlation analysis between CPUE and SST has shown that oscillations in CPUE anomalies precede oscillations in SST anomalies by a month, but the mechanism relating them in this way is unknown.     

应用贝叶斯状态空间剩余产量模型框架评估印度洋大眼金枪鱼的资源状况

根据1950―2016年的渔获量数据及1955―2016年的单位捕捞努力量(Catch Per Unit Effort,CPUE)数据,采用贝叶斯状态空间剩余产量模型框架JABBA(Just Another Bayesian Biomass Assessment)对印度洋大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)的资源状况进行评估,分析了渔船效应、CPUE数据尺度对评估结果的影响。结果表明,模型拟合效果对于不同时间跨度下CPUE数据的选择比较敏感。当选用时间跨度为1979―2016年的CPUE数据且考虑渔船效应时,模型拟合效果最好。2016年大眼金枪鱼的资源量为812 kt,最大可持续产量(Maximum Sustainable Yield,MSY)为163 kt,远高于同年渔获量86.81 kt,其资源量具有82.50%的概率处于"健康"状态。当总允许可捕量为69.45～104.17 kt时(2016年渔获量的80%～120%),未来10年大眼金枪鱼的资源量仍高于B_(MSY)(达到MSY所需的生物量)。回顾性分析结果表明,该资源评估结果存在一定程度的回顾性问题,捕捞死亡率和资源量分别存在被低估和高估的现象。将来需要在模型结构设定、CPUE数据选择及模型参数的先验分布设置等方面进一步优化。     

Sizes of adult bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis in different areas of the western Pacific Ocean

ABSTRACT:   The length frequencies of adult Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis caught near Japan, near Taiwan, in the tropical western Pacific Ocean, and in the South Pacific Ocean, were compared. The largest catches consisted of medium-sized adults (160–209 cm fork length) taken near Japan and large adults (≥210 cm) taken near Taiwan. Small adults (120–159 cm) were occasionally caught in the Sea of Japan. Small numbers of medium-sized and large adults were caught in the tropical western Pacific and the South Pacific. The length frequencies of the fish greater than 160 cm in length caught in different areas around Japan were similar to each other. As adult bluefin tuna grow older they spawn earlier, and their distribution, movements, and spawning areas change.     

世界黄鳍金枪鱼渔业现状和生物学研究进展

黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)是金枪鱼渔业的重要经济鱼种。文章叙述了世界黄鳍金枪鱼最近20多年来的渔业历史和现状,并按照不同渔具对黄鳍金枪鱼在各海区的渔业历史和现状进行了分析。叙述了渔场时空分布以及各海区主要从事黄鳍金枪鱼作业国家的渔业产量。此外,还对黄鳍金枪鱼的分布、洄游、种群、生长、繁殖及食性等基本生物学特性进行了综述。     

Standardizing catch and effort data of the Taiwanese distant-water longline fishery in the western and central Pacific Ocean for bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus

Catch per unit effort (CPUE) is often used as an index of relative abundance in fisheries stock assessments. However, the trends in nominal CPUE can be influenced by many factors in addition to stock abundance, including the choice of fishing location and target species, and environmental conditions. Consequently, catch and effort data are usually ‘standardized’ to remove the impact of such factors. Standardized CPUE for bigeye tuna, Thunnus obesus, caught by the Taiwanese distant-water longline fishery in the western and central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) for 1964–2004 were derived using three alternative approaches (GLM, GAM and the delta approach), and sensitivity was explored to whether catch-rates of yellowfin tuna and albacore tuna are included in the analyses. Year, latitude, and the catch-rate of yellowfin explained the most of the deviance (32–49%, depending on model configuration) and were identified consistently among methods, while trends in standardized catch-rate differed spatially. However, the trends in standardized catch-rates by area were found to be relatively insensitive to the approach used for standardization, including whether the catch-rates of yellowfin and albacore were included in the analyses.     

Application of a habitat-based model to estimate effective longline fishing effort and relative abundance of Pacific bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus)

A new habitat‐based model is developed to improve estimates of relative abundance of Pacific bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus). The model provides estimates of `effective' longline effort and therefore better estimates of catch‐per‐unit‐of‐effort (CPUE) by incorporating information on the variation in longline fishing depth and depth of bigeye tuna preferred habitat. The essential elements in the model are: (1) estimation of the depth distribution of the longline gear, using information on gear configuration and ocean currents; (2) estimation of the depth distribution of bigeye tuna, based on habitat preference and oceanographic data; (3) estimation of effective longline effort, using fine‐scale Japanese longline fishery data; and (4) aggregation of catch and effective effort over appropriate spatial zones to produce revised time series of CPUE. Model results indicate that effective effort has increased in both the western and central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) and eastern Pacific Ocean (EPO). In the WCPO, effective effort increased by 43% from the late 1960s to the late 1980s due primarily to the increased effectiveness of effort (deeper longline sets) rather than to increased nominal effort. Over the same period, effective effort increased 250% in the EPO due primarily to increased nominal effort. Nominal and standardized CPUE indices in the EPO show similar trends – a decline during the 1960s, a period of stability in the 1970s, high values during 1985–1986 and a decline thereafter. In the WCPO, nominal CPUE is stable over the time‐series; however, standardized CPUE has declined by ～50%. If estimates of standardized CPUE accurately reflect relative abundance, then we have documented substantial reductions of bigeye tuna abundance for some regions in the Pacific Ocean. A decline in standardized CPUE in the subtropical gyres concurrent with stability in equatorial areas may represent a contraction in the range of the population resulting from a decline in population abundance. The sensitivity of the results to the habitat (temperature and oxygen) assumptions was tested using Monte Carlo simulations.     

Spatial differentiation in the eastern Pacific yellowfin tuna revealed by microsatellite variation

ABSTRACT:   Five eastern Pacific yellowfin tuna samples (four northern: 10–25°N, 95–130°W, and one southern: 16–18°S, 95–97°W), collected from fishing vessels between 1994 and 2002 were analyzed for variation at seven microsatellite loci to evaluate their spatial genetic homogeneity. Single-locus homogeneity exact tests revealed significant genetic differentiation caused by three of seven loci. Pairwise sample comparisons of multilocus allele-frequency homogeneity tests and subpopulation division ( F _ST), revealed significant differentiation in comparisons between north equatorial samples and the south equatorial sample. amova analysis among collections grouped as northern and southern populations separated by the equator in the eastern Pacific confirmed the differentiation observed. These results may be considered as preliminary evidence of the presence of discrete populations in the eastern Pacific yellowfin tuna. The possibility that the spatial differentiation observed corresponds to temporal variation or non-random sampling cannot be discarded. The genetic differences encountered need to be corroborated by increasing sample sizes, including temporal replicates, and by the use of an alternative marker.     

Distribution,growth and hatch date of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thunnus orientalis</Emphasis> in the coastal area of the sea of Japan

ABSTRACT:   Mid-water trawl surveys were conducted from late August to late September in 1999 and 2004 in order to investigate the distribution pattern, hatch date, and growth of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna Thunnus orientalis in the Sea of Japan. Juveniles were collected at the stations where ambient water temperature (mean water temperature from surface to 30 m deep, WT₀₋₃₀) was 23.4–25.9°C, and most of them were found in waters where WT₀₋₃₀ was higher than 24°C. Sampled juveniles ranged 108–280 mm fork length. Based on otolith analysis, they were estimated to grow to approximately 180 and 250 mm at 60 and 90 days old, respectively, and showed similar growth to that of Atlantic bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean Sea. The back-calculated hatch date of the samples was mostly in July and most juveniles spawned in the Sea of Japan.     

Relationships between CPUE fluctuation of southern bluefin tuna and ocean temperature variability in the Central Indian Ocean

In this study, catch and effort data of southern bluefin tuna (SBT) from Taiwan longliners operating in the Central Indian Ocean (CIO) during 1982 to 2003 were compiled and their catch per unit effort (CPUE) was standardized using the generalized linear model (GLM). The GLM includes factors such as year, season, by-catch, latitude, sea surface temperature (SST) and the interactive effects among factors. The standardized CPUE and its relationship with SST fluctuation were then analyzed to understand the effects of fishing ground SST variations on CPUE of SBT, as well as their connection to El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. The standardized CPUE in the CIO seemed to oscillate with the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) between 30 and 50°S where SSTA fluctuations were prolonged and slower than the ENSO cycle. It is then very likely that fishing conditions at the CIO fishing ground were influenced by the expansion of the cold water mass from the Southern Ocean, and the colder SST is beneficial to increasing SBT catch rate.     

Filtering method for obtaining stock indices by shark species from species-combined logbook data in tuna longline fisheries

ABSTRACT:   A method of filtering logbook data to obtain estimates of catch per unit effort (CPUE) for sharks has been proposed which simultaneously addresses the issues of under-reporting and the lack of species-specific catch records in historical data. Logbook catch data from vessels with high shark reporting rates are used to represent catch rates for the abundant blue shark Prionace glauca and low reporting vessels' data are used for the main commercially valuable species, the shortfin mako Isurus oxyrinchus . Logbook reporting rate filter (RRF) levels are evaluated through analytical and model-based comparisons to species-specific logbook records available since 1994 and shipboard observer data. At the high reporting rates, the ≥ 80% filter avoids large numbers of false zeros and provides the best fit to observer data for blue shark. At the low reporting rates, the ≤ 40% filter best matches the observer data for makos, but this filter level includes large numbers of false zeros and sharks of other species. The ≤ 20% filter produces a dataset that is better targeted to mako catches but considerably under-estimates CPUE relative to observer records. For these reasons, other means of estimating mako catch rates are suggested for further research.     

Predicting skipjack tuna forage distributions in the equatorial Pacific using a coupled dynamical bio-geochemical model

Skipjack tuna ( Katsuwonus pelamis ) contributes ≈70% of the total tuna catch in the Pacific Ocean. This species occurs in the upper mixed-layer throughout the equatorial region, but the largest catches are taken from the warmpool in the western equatorial Pacific. Analysis of catch and effort data for US purse seine fisheries in the western Pacific has demonstrated that one of the most successful fishing grounds is located in the vicinity of a convergence zone between the warm (>28–29°C) low-salinity water of the warmpool and the cold saline water of equatorial upwelling in the central Pacific (Lehodey et al ., 1997). This zone of convergence, identified by a well-marked salinity front and approximated by the 28.5°C isotherm, oscillates zonally over several thousands of km in correlation with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. The present study focuses on the prediction of skipjack tuna forage that is expected to be a major factor in explaining the basin-scale distribution of the stock. It could also explain the close relation between displacements of skipjack tuna and the convergence zone on the eastern edge of the warmpool. A simple bio-geochemical model was coupled with a general circulation model, allowing reasonable predictions of new primary production in the equatorial Pacific from mid-1992 to mid-1995. The biological transfer of this production toward tuna forage was simply parameterized according to the food chain length and redistributed by the currents using the circulation model. Tuna forage accumulated in the convergence zone of the horizontal currents, which corresponds to the warmpool/equatorial upwelling boundary. Predicted forage maxima corresponded well with high catch rates.     

大眼金枪鱼渔场与环境关系的研究进展

大眼金枪鱼是金枪鱼远洋渔业的主要捕捞对象。本文从大眼金枪鱼适宜环境因子、大眼金枪鱼渔场变动、资源丰度及其与环境因子间关系的研究方法等几方面总结了大眼金枪鱼渔场与环境关系的研究进展。大眼金枪鱼种群资源丰度的指标主要是CPUE和标准化后的CPUE,CPUE标准化的方法主要是GLM模型和GLM/HBM模型;目前,分析大眼金枪鱼资源变化与环境间关系的研究方法主要有聚类分析法、G IS软件定性分析法和栖息地指数模型。其中,聚类分析适用于研究大眼金枪鱼的渔场变动,包括系统聚类分析法、动态聚类分析法和灰色星座分析法,利用G IS软件定性分析适用于分析单个环境因子对渔场产生的影响;而栖息地指数模型能综合多个环境因子,分析它们共同对渔场产生的影响。     

中东太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓渔获物组成分析

根据2000年9月至2002年8月两年的中东太平洋金枪鱼延绳钓探捕调查结果,对延绳钓渔获物组成进行了初步分析。结果显示,延绳钓的主要渔获种类有肥壮金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)和黄鳍金怆鱼(Thunnus albacares)等15种大洋性鱼类,渔获物中金枪鱼类分别占重量和尾数的76．41％和76．91％,旗鱼类占11．05％和7．83％．鲨鱼类占10．80％和12．08％,其他鱼类占1．73％和3．18％。相对重要性指标(IRI)表明,延绳钓渔业以肥壮金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼为目标鱼种,其他大型中上层经济鱼类为兼捕对象。各渔获种类的渔获重量组成比例月间变化和海域变化明显。     

中西太平洋金枪鱼围网鲣鱼渔获量时空分布分析

中西太平洋的金枪鱼围网渔业目前的年产量约在100×104t左右,其中鲣鱼占有很重要的地位。本文通过对20世纪70年代以来围网捕获的鲣鱼渔获数据进行时间序列以及空间位置变化等时空分析,试图找出其变化规律以及趋势。结果表明,从20世纪70年代以来,随着渔船数的增加,中西太平洋的围网捕获的鲣鱼渔获量分布,从太平洋岛屿近海逐渐向太平洋热带中部海域扩展。渔获量经度重心随着中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔业的发展有向东移动的趋势,70年代在128°E附近变化,80年代在144°E左右,90年代在153°E左右,近年在158°E左右变化。而鲣鱼渔获量纬度重心位于赤道区域,70年代在2°N附近,80年代在1°30′S左右,90年代在2°50′S左右,近年在2°55′S左右变化。经纬度5°×5°单个小区范围内10年内的最高总产量则从70年代的11×104t,增加到90年代超过了69×104t。渔获量空间分布除了随着渔业发展向外海向赤道以南扩展以外,还受南方涛动(ENSO)现象的明显影响,一般来说在相邻的数年中渔获量经度中心在厄尔尼诺年比较偏东,在拉尼娜年比较偏西。     

Effects of biological,economic and management factors on tuna and billfish stock status

Commercial tunas and billfishes (swordfish, marlins and sailfish) provide considerable catches and income in both developed and developing countries. These stocks vary in status from lightly exploited to rebuilding to severely depleted. Previous studies suggested that this variability could result from differences in life‐history characteristics and economic incentives, but differences in exploitation histories and management measures also have a strong effect on current stock status. Although the status (biomass and fishing mortality rate) of major tuna and billfish stocks is well documented, the effect of these diverse factors on current stock status and the effect of management measures in rebuilding stocks have not been analysed at the global level. Here, we show that, particularly for tunas, stocks were more depleted if they had high commercial value, were long‐lived species, had small pre‐fishing biomass and were subject to intense fishing pressure for a long time. In addition, implementing and enforcing total allowable catches (TACs) had the strongest positive influence on rebuilding overfished tuna and billfish stocks. Other control rules such as minimum size regulations or seasonal closures were also important in reducing fishing pressure, but stocks under TAC implementations showed the fastest increase of biomass. Lessons learned from this study can be applied in managing large industrial fisheries around the world. In particular, tuna regional fisheries management organizations should consider the relative effectiveness of management measures observed in this study for rebuilding depleted large pelagic stocks.