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Kerstin Hund-Rinke Werner Kördel Dieter Hennecke Adolf Eisenträger Stefanie Heiden 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2002,2(1):43-50
For the assessment of contaminated or remediated soils, in addition to chemical analyses, ecotoxicological tests are performed which focus on the retention function of soils (determined by tests with aqueous soil extracts) and on the habitat function (determined by tests with soil). While numerous standardized test guidelines exist to investigate effects by chemical substances, respective test procedures for soil assessments are lacking. To close this gap, a round robin test was performed to support standardization. Four contaminated soils were tested using a total of fifteen test systems including ecotoxicological and genotoxicological tests with soil extracts and soil. The results obtained from the tests with soil extracts are presented in this article. 相似文献
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This paper describes the laboratory development of a microbial treatment for soil contaminated with oil hydrocarbon residues at a disused refinery site and the application of this technology in a pilot scale treatment bed in the field. Micro-organisms isolated from the site capable of utilizing a number of normal and branched chain alkanes were tested in a series of soil microcosms, together with various permutations of commercially available surfactants and nutrients for stimulating the activities of hydrocarbon-utilizing micro-organisms. Amongst the most effective reagents were: a the fertiliser ‘PurisolR’ 110(11 per cent N, 11 per cent P205, 11 per cent K20, ‘Chafer, Brit. Ag,’ Ltd.), which in combination with other supplements resulted in reductions of total oil hydrocarbons and associated polar products (TOHP) from 24,100 to below 16,000 mg kg−1 after five weeks (compared to 21,200 mg kg−1 in the control); (b) a hexadecane degrading Acinetobacter sp., which in combination with nutrients, reduced TOHP from 21,400 to 13,200 mg kg−1, in seven weeks compared to 16,800 mg kg−1 in the control and 15,100 mg kg−1 in the treatment with nutrients only and; (c) brewer's yeast which in combination with other supplements reduced TOHP from 16,300 to 7,600 mg kg−1 in 14 weeks. These reagents, together with other supplements were applied to a pilot-scale treatment bed consisting of 200 m3 of contaminated soil. Reductions in TOHP from 25,500 to 9,400 mg kg−1 were achieved in 15 months. Corresponding reductions in total oil hydrocarbons (TOH) from 22,600 to 2,000 mg kg−1 were achieved in the same period. After this time little further degradation was observed. The requirements for: (a) a critical evaluation of analytical methodology for assessing the bioremediation of oil contaminated soil, and; (b) considering the overall chemical stability of the asphaltene-like residue remaining after biodegradation of the primary oil has taken place when setting meaningful targets for restoration of oil-contaminated land, are highlighted in this study. 相似文献
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P. Sillitoe 《Soil Use and Management》1998,14(4):188-193
Abstract. Scientific land and soil resource surveys have had only limited impacts locally on development and extension practice in the tropics. They are thought to have little relevance for subsistence farmers. Their failure to accommodate local social and cultural priorities is a factor. Soil scientists have, until recently, given little attention to others' understanding of soil or 'ethnopedology'. The incorporation of indigenous soil and land resource knowledge has recently been advocated to improve their relevance. But a common error is uncritically to impose a western scientific model, which may distort understanding. The ill-informed, decontextualised knowledge that results may even promote negative interventions. This paper criticises the narrow idea of 'indigenous technical knowledge', citing evidence from Papua New Guinea, Bangladesh and Indonesia. While we find farmers consistently use some of the same information as scientists to assess soils, their definitions of soils and land types are often at odds. Scientists identify classes by a range of technically assessed properties, whereas farmers may not. Their more holistic approach also accounts in part for the disjunction, frequently incorporating exotic social and cultural aspects. The wider use of indigenous soil notions in agrotechnology transfer may be limited too by some of their intrinsic characteristics, inclined to be location specific, and culturally relative. 相似文献
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采用室内盆栽实验,以小麦为供试植物,研究重金属镉(Cd)和吐纳麝香(AHTN)复合污染对小麦植株生物量的影响以及Cd对土壤中AHTN生物有效性的影响,并应用聚2,6-二苯基对苯醚(Tenax-TA)、固相微萃取纤维(SPME)和三油酸甘油酯-醋酸纤维素复合膜(TECAMs)对土壤中的AHTN进行提取,以评价Cd污染土壤中AHTN对小麦的生物有效性。结果表明:AHTN-Cd复合污染土壤中的小麦植株生物量低于单一AHTN污染土壤;当AHTN浓度为5 mg·kg-1时,共存重金属Cd抑制AHTN在小麦地上和地下部的累积,其抑制作用随Cd浓度的增大而增强,抑制率最高达39.1%,AHTN在小麦体内从地下到地上的迁移随着Cd浓度的增加受到抑制,且浓度越高抑制作用越强,抑制率可达到19.0%;当AHTN浓度为10 mg·kg-1时,共存重金属Cd则促进AHTN在植物体内的累积,其促进率高达38.4%,AHTN从地下到地上的迁移受到诱导,促进率高达68.5%;在AHTN和Cd单一及复合污染土壤中,Tenax 24 h、SPME 12 h和TECAMs 12 h单点提取AHTN的量与小麦根部AHTN富集量显著相关,表明Tenax 24 h、SPME 12 h以及TECAMs 12 h对土壤中AHTN的提取量可以用来评价其生物有效性。 相似文献
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Background and Scope Information on a potential contamination of soils or soil materials are derived by chemical analysis which takes place specifically
for a given substance. For a comprehensive assessment, information on the bioavailable and mobile contaminant fraction, including
all metabolites, is desirable. During the last years several research projects were initiated in Germany, to supplement the
chemical analyses and to elaborate a suitable testing strategy. The main goal of this contribution is to elucidate the results
of these research projects and to summarize the test strategy, which is recommended based on these results.
Results and Conclusion Ecotoxicological tests, which are standardized for the assessment of chemicals, were regarded as a suitable starting basis
for a cost effective, pragmatic approach. Aquatic tests (testing of aqueous soil extracts) focus on the retention function
of soils and terrestrial tests (testing of soil) on the habitat function. Suitable reference systems for the terrestrial tests
and assessment criteria for both test types (terrestrial and aquatic) were elaborated. On the basis of a round robin test
and a laboratory comparison test, a minimal test battery was established. This minimal test battery can be supplemented by
further tests if more or specific information is required.
Outlook The recommendations should encourage the discussion regarding the application of biological methods for the assessment of
soil quality. Such an assessment is or at least can be required by soil protection laws which have been adopted in some European
countries within the last years. 相似文献
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For the assessment of contaminated or remediated soils, aside from chemical analyses, ecotoxicological tests are performed which focus on the retention function of soils (determined by tests with aqueous soil extracts) and on the habitat function (determined by tests with soil). Whereas numerous tests exist as standardized guidelines for identifying the effect of chemicals, this is not the case for the assessment of soil quality. A round-robin test was performed to monitor the comparability of the results from ecotoxicological test methods on soils and to facilitate the standardization of corresponding test methods. Four contaminated soils were tested using a total number of fifteen test systems, including ecotoxicological and genotoxicological tests with soil extracts and soil. In the second part of this publication series, the results obtained from the tests with soil microorganisms and soil fauna are presented. 相似文献
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The behaviour of Rhizobium strains introduced separately into soil from a contaminated site with high concentrations of heavy metals (mainly Zn and Hg), and the role of plasmids in the ecology of these rhizobia strains were studied. Six Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii strains, from different sources and with different plasmid contents, were selected. Two of them were isolated from nodules of subterranean clover plants (Trifolium subterraneum) grown in the contaminated soil and four were from an uncontaminated soil. After inoculation with approximately 107 cells g−1 soil, of each strain, survival and plasmid stability were assessed over a period of 12-18 months. Differences in survival of Rhizobium strains were only detected more than 12 months after inoculation. After 18 months it was clear that survival in contaminated soil was greatest in the two strains originally isolated from that contaminated soil, and also by two of the strains originally isolated from uncontaminated soil. The latter two strains were also the only ones that showed changes in their plasmid profiles. The remaining isolates had the lowest populations, and their plasmid profiles were unchanged and similar to the parent strains. 相似文献
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为分析内蒙古鄂尔多斯市伊金霍洛旗在4类土地利用方式(灌木林地、采矿用地、天然牧草地和农地)下,土壤养分质量分数的差异性,运用野外采样和室内化验、分析相结合的方法,测定4种土地类型在0~30 cm土层的土壤有机质和全量氮磷钾质量分数及pH值.结果表明:1)4类土地在0~ 30 cm土层的土壤有机质和全氮质量分数存在显著差异,土壤全磷量和全钾量差异不显著(P<0.05),土壤有机质质量分数依次为农地>天然牧草地>灌木林地>采矿用地,土壤全量氮磷钾最大值分别为天然牧草地、天然牧草地和灌木林地,最小值分别为采矿用地、灌木林地和天然牧草地;2)在垂直剖面上,采矿用地和天然牧草地的有机质质量分数随着土层深度的增加逐渐减小,农地和灌木林地的有机质质量分数最大值出现在20~30 cm深度的土层,4类土地的土壤全氮量和全磷量均有随土层深度的增加而下降的趋势,全钾量随土层深度的变化不明显.4类土地的土壤全氮和全钾质量分数整体而言较为理想,全磷和有机质质量分数欠缺.农地全磷质量分数基本能满足主要作物的生长需求,有机质和全氮质量分数不能满足主要作物的生长需求.本研究可为内蒙古中部工矿开采区土地合理利用以及退化的生态环境恢复等提供科学依据. 相似文献
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Background, aim, and scope
The aim of this paper is to highlight a not yet recognized hazard for mass failure (landslides) of contaminated soils into rivers and to provide an understanding of important interactions of such events. A first effort to investigate the problem is made focusing on the south eastern part of the Göta Älv river valley, in Sweden, by combining geographical information on potentially contaminated sites with slope stability levels on maps. The objectives of this study were to: (1) Review current Swedish risk assessment methodologies for contaminated areas and landslides, and analyze their capability to quantify the risk of contaminated areas being subject to landslides. (2) Investigate the presence of contaminated areas at landslide risk along the Göta Älv river valley. (3) Provide an overview of the national methods for landslide risk analysis and for environmental risk classification, followed by a comparison between the methods and the results from the superposition of the two methods for the study site. (4) Make a first attempt to conceptualize the release and transport mechanisms.Materials and methods
Environmental risk assessment data of the study site was combined with data on slope stability levels. Conceptual issues of the release and transport scenario were identified and a first conceptual model was created.Results
Of 31 potentially contaminated sites, eight had moderate to high probability for landslide, and of these eight sites, five were classified as having a high or very high environmental risk. These findings had not been revealed when the data had only been considered separately. The ‘actual’ risk could hence be even higher than the highest environmental risk class actually suggests. By visualizing results from the landslide risk analysis with the results from the environmental risk classification of contaminated sites, a better understanding of the potential hazard involved is obtained.Discussion
The release mechanisms as a result of a landslide into surface water were conceptualized using two time scales: the instantaneous and the long-term release. It is clear that the Swedish method for landslide risk assessment and for environmental risk assessment of contaminated soil considers hazard events that are characterized by different time scales. The method for landslide risk assessment addresses events that are rapid (occurring over minutes) with instantaneous impact and consequences. Measurements are made within a short time after the event (days to months). The environmental risk assessment is done with respect to events that are slowly evolving (over years or decades) and any possible consequence materializes after a long period of time.Conclusions
The combined data provided a more solid basis for decisions; however, inherent difficulties when combining data based on different methods were revealed. Separate assessment methodologies executed by different authorities may lead to incorrect assessments and inappropriate protective measures.Recommendations and perspectives
The effects and the consequences of landslides in areas with contaminated soil need to be further investigated. The climate change expected to occur over the next hundred years will increase the probability of slope failures, such as landslides, in many parts of the world where the precipitation is predicted to increase (e.g., in Scandinavia). This will accentuate the need for methods and models to assess the impact of such events. In order to achieve established environmental quality objectives there is an urgent need for models and assessment principles (criteria) for contaminated areas that are at risk of experiencing slope failure. Knowledge of the governing processes that control the release and transport of substances under a variety of conditions, taking into account characteristic spatial and temporal scales, is required. 相似文献12.
Background, Goal and Scope Bioassays are frequently used to investigate the water extractable ecotoxicological and genotoxicological potential of contaminated
soil samples. A laboratory intercomparison study was performed for validation of miniaturised biological test systems for
the assessment of contaminated and remediated sites. The successful performance of this study resulted in an optimisation
of microplate assays with respect to the testing of chemicals and environmental samples.
Methods For this purpose, miniaturised bioassays were chosen, which, because of their stage of development, are suitable for routine
application in the characterisation of the water extractable ecotoxicological and genotoxicological potential of soils. These
ecotoxicological and genotoxicological assays were performed with contaminated soil samples by three institutions at the same
time.
Results and Discussion The toxicological assessment of the contaminated and remediated soil samples using LID-values, as a rule, was highly uniform.
Some minor deviations could, for the most part, be explained by the heterogeneity of the soil samples and, to a lesser extent,
by methodical aspects. The difference in sensitivity towards contaminants of the two bacteria Vibrio fischeri and Pseudomonas putida was pointed out. In the algae test with Desmodesmus subspicatus, the influence of the highest sample concentrations on the growth controls became obvious. It was recommended to modify the
experimental setup of the microtitration plate, i.e. to place growth controls located next to both the lowest and the highest
dilution steps of the sample. The Ames-test did in some cases provide new information on the genotoxicity of the samples,
but is not considered useful in a test battery for the evaluation of the genotoxic potential because of its great expense
in time and work.
Conclusions The investigations in this laboratory-intercomparison study for the assessment of the water extractable toxic potential of
soil samples show that different bioassays are needed, which, in contrast to chemical-analytical methods, can detect the complete
effects of all present pollutants in contaminated and remediated soils and solid substrates path-specifically.
Recommendations and Outlook If the recommended modifications for the performance of the bacterial and algae growth inhibition assays on microplates are
taken into consideration, these tests can substitute the tests performed on a macro scale. The usefulness of the umu-test
and the NM2009-test for the investigation of the genotoxic potential has been proven. Although the tests performed on microplates
require much lower sample amounts, it is recommended that sample amounts be eluted in accordance with current guidelines to
ensure representativity of the sample. Further work should focus on toxicity identification studies in the future by combining
chemical and toxicological analyses. 相似文献
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C. Monterroso F. Macías A. Gil Bueno C. Val Caballero 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》1998,9(5):441-451
The reclamation and monitoring methodologies implemented at the mining waste dump at the As Pontes Lignite Mine in Galicia (NW Spain) are briefly described. In addition the factors affecting achievement of reclamation objectives and an evaluation of the factors limiting plant growth on the constructed soils are outlined. The most serious limitations were found in the oldest mine soils constructed from sulphide-bearing spoils; high acidity, toxicity, nutrient deficiency, seasonal waterlogging due to their impermeability, and compaction. The youngest soils were constructed using sulphide-free spoils as topsoil substitutes and had fewer limitations for plant development. The results show that proper handling of spoils, and paying special attention to selective placement of sulphide bearing materials, are the most important factors in providing a suitable medium for plant growth. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Toxicity of aluminium for the earthworm Eisenia andrei was studied in artificial soil at different pH levels. In a range-finding test, effects of three different aluminium salts on earthworm survival were determined. AlCl3 appeared to be most toxic, with LC50 values of 316, 359 and >1000 mg Al/kg dry soil at pHKCl of 3.5, 4.4 and 6.7, respectively in the control soils. Effects of this salt interfered with a strong decrease of soil pH with increasing aluminium concentration. Al2(SO4)3 was less toxic with LC50 values of 457, >4000 and >4000 mg Al/kg dry soil at pH 3.24, 4.86 and 7.22, respectively. Al2O3 did not affect earthworm survival at concentrations of 5000 mg Al/kg and pH levels between 2.4 and 7.1.In the main test, earthworms were exposed for 6 weeks to soils treated with Al2(SO4)3. As in the range-finding test, aluminium sulfate was most toxic at a pH of 3.4 with an LC50 of 589 mg Al/kg dry soil. At this pH, growth and cocoon production of earthworms were significantly reduced at 320 mg Al/kg dry soil, while at 1000 mg Al/kg dry soil all earthworms died. Survival was not affected by 1000 mg Al/kg dry soil at pH 4.3 and 7.3. At pH 4.3, growth was significantly reduced at 1000 mg Al/kg dry soil and cocoon production at 320 and 1000 mg Al/kg dry soil. At pH 7.3, aluminium only affected cocoon production at the two highest exposure levels. At the highest two exposure levels at pH 7.3, growth was significantly increased, suggesting a trade-off between growth and reproduction. These effects of aluminium at the highest soil pH could not be explained from the concentration of extractable, monomeric (labile) aluminium in soil, which decreased with increasing soil pH. 相似文献
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以黄河三角洲盐碱地26年生刺槐+臭椿混交林(RA)、刺槐+白榆混交林(RU)和刺槐+白蜡混交林(RF)为研究对象,以刺槐纯林(RP)和无林地(CK)为对照,研究刺槐混交林对土壤脲酶活性的影响。结果表明:1)同一林分中,土壤脲酶活性随土层深度的增加而减小;2)不同林分之间表现为刺槐混交林〉刺槐纯林〉无林地,RP、RU、RF、RA的脲酶活性分别是CK的4.02、4.74、5.08和5.01倍;3)在影响土壤脲酶活性的土壤因子方面,刺槐混交林较其纯林表现为降低了土壤密度、pH值和含盐量,增大了总孔隙度,增强了蓄水性能,增加了全氮、碱解氮和有机质的质量分数,增加了细菌和固氮菌的数量;4)总孔隙度、细菌、固氮菌、全N和有机质等土壤因子对刺槐混交林土壤脲酶活性的影响较大,建议用这些土壤因子作为评价刺槐混交林土壤脲酶活性的主要指标。 相似文献
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This study investigated the use of waste amendments (green waste compost (GWC) and water treatment sludge (WTS) cake) in improving the nutrient and revegetation status of contaminated soil obtained from a former industrial site that has heavy metal and hydrocarbon contamination. The waste amendments were mixed with the contaminated soil at application rates equivalent to 90 and 180 t ha?1 (wet weight) and placed in plastic pots. The unamended soil serves as the control. Reed canary grass and white mustard were allowed to grow on the amended and unamended contaminated soil in the glass house. After a 30- day growth period, soil nutrient status was observed and was found to be higher in the amended contaminated soil than the control. In the amended soil, organic matter, total nitrogen, total potassium and soil nitrate were highest in contaminated soil amended with GWC at 180 t ha?1 and lowest in contaminated soil amended with WTS cake at 90 t ha?1. Above-ground dry mass of reed canary grass and white mustard grown on amended contaminated soil increased by 120–222% and 130–337%, respectively, as compared to the control, showing that improved fertility of contaminated soils thereafter, enhanced revegetation. 相似文献
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A. C. Brunner S. J. Park G. R. Ruecker P. L. G. Vlek 《Land Degradation \u0026amp; Development》2008,19(6):623-635
The prevention of soil erosion is one of the most essential requirements for sustainable agriculture in developing countries. In recent years it is widely recognized that more site‐specific approaches are needed to assess variations in erosion susceptibility in order to select the most suitable land management methods for individual hillslope sections. This study quantifies the influence of different land management methods on soil erosion by modelling soil loss for individual soil‐landscape units on a hillslope in Southern Uganda. The research combines a soil erosion modelling approach using the physically based Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP)‐model with catenary soil development along hillslopes. Additionally, farmers' perceptions of soil erosion and sedimentation are considered in a hillslope mapping approach. The detailed soil survey confirmed a well‐developed catenary soil sequence along the hillslope and the participatory hillslope mapping exercise proved that farmers can distinguish natural soil property changes using their local knowledge. WEPP‐model simulations show that differences in soil properties, related to the topography along the hillslope, have a significant impact on total soil loss. Shoulder and backslope positions with steeper slope gradients were most sensitive to changes in land management. Furthermore, soil conservation techniques such as residue management and contouring could reduce soil erosion by up to 70 percent on erosion‐sensitive slope sections compared to that under tillage practices presently used at the study site. The calibrated model may be used as a tool to provide quantitative information to farmers regarding more site‐specific land management options. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(4):221-226
Abstract A correction is proposed for the evaluation of salinity effects on the basis of the electrical conductivity of saturated paste extracts. It is suggested that the dilution of the soil solution during the preparation of the saturated paste must be taken into account. Equations for estimating the electrical conductivity of a soil solution at field capacity are presented. The corrected equations improve the ability to predict the salinity hazard by determining the electrical conductivity of saturated paste extract. 相似文献
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N. Dendoncker B. van Wesemael P. Smith S. Lettens C. Roelandt & M. Rounsevell 《Soil Use and Management》2008,24(1):8-18
This paper explores the influence of spatial scale on modelled projections of soil organic carbon (SOC) content. The effect of land use change (LUC) on future SOC stocks was estimated using the Rothamsted Carbon model for a small area of southern Belgium. The study assumed no management change and used a single climate change scenario. Three model experiments were used to identify how data scale affects predicted SOC stocks: (i) using European LUC datasets at a resolution of 10′ and assuming equal distribution of change within the study area, (ii) using more accurate regional data aggregated to the 10’ resolution, and (iii) using the regional data at a spatial resolution of 250 m. The results show that using coarse resolution (10′) data is inappropriate when modelling SOC changes in the study area as only the methods using precise data predict a change in SOC stocks similar to those reported in the literature. This is largely because of differences in model parameterisation. However, precisely locating LUC does not significantly affect the results. The model, using either pan‐European or region‐specific precise data predicts an average SOC increase of 1 t C ha?1 (1990–2050), mainly resulting from afforestation of 13% of agricultural land. 相似文献
20.
Background, Scope and Goal. The chemical, pesticide and biocide legislation of the European Union assembles a variety of bioassays.
Among the ecotoxicological tests involved, the testing strategy for the aquatic compartment builds up on three tests reflecting
the main trophic levels (algae,Daphnia, fish). For the soil compartment at least one trophic level for a basic food chain is missing, namely between microflora
and earthworms. Protozoa are an ideal missing link as they were shown to be the most prominent faunal contributors to nutrient
cycling in soil ecosystems and as they represent the lacking first level consumers as well as the highly diverse microfauna.
As protozoa inhabit the soil pore water, they can serve as direct indicators for the solved and thus bioavailable portion
of xenobiotics. In order to widen the spectrum of available toxicity tests for a meaningful effect assessment for the soil
compartment, a test with the soil ciliateColpoda inflata (Ciliophora, Protozoa), introduced by Pratt et al. (1997), was improved. 相似文献