Assessment of the water quality of two rivers in Hanoi City and its suitability for irrigation water

The To Lich and Kim Nguu Rivers in Hanoi City are the main sources of irrigation water for suburban agricultural land and fish farm. Wastewater from the industrial plants located along these rivers has been discharged, and has degraded the water quality of the rivers. This study describes the chemical properties of water from the rivers, focusing on heavy metal pollution and the suitability of water quality for irrigation water. Water from the rivers was heavily polluted with organic matter and heavy metals such as Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd and Ni. Dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen deman, and total suspended solids, and the concentrations of all heavy metals exceeded the Vietnamese standard for surface water quality in all investigated sites. The concentrations of some heavy metals such as Cu, Cd, Cr and Ni were above the internationally recommended WHO maximum level for irrigation water. A wide variation in the heavy metal concentration of water due to metal types is the result of wastewater discharged from different industrial sources.     

玉米植株对重金属的富集与分布

从湛江市赤坎区文章村的玉米园中采集玉米植株及其生长的土壤样品,采用原子吸收光谱法测定铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)、镍(Ni)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)5种重金属元素的含量,对玉米不同器官积累重金属的特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,①玉米园土壤受重金属Cr的中度污染;②玉米对土壤中5种重金属的平均富集系数大小顺序为Ni>Pb>Zn>Cr>Cu,其中,Ni、Pb、Zn的富集系数分别为2.411、1.892和1.139;③玉米地上部重金属含量大于根部该种重金属含量。各种重金属在器官中的分布规律不一致,玉米茎中的重金属含量偏高,玉米根中的含量较低;④玉米对土壤Cr元素有较强的避性。     

武夷山市区土壤重金属积累及5种阔叶树富集特征

采集武夷山市区香樟、广玉兰、紫薇、悬铃木和杜英5种行道树叶片及土壤样品,检测Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr和Pb共5种重金属含量,并运用多元统计法分析土壤重金属成因及5种树种的重金属富集系数。结果表明:研究区土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Ni、Cr和Pb存在不同程度的富集,分别是福建省土壤元素背景值的3.3、4.7、2.6、6.1和2.7倍;5种树种叶片的重金属含量有显著差异,广玉兰对重金属富集能力显著,可成为武夷山市行道树主力。     

长春地区土壤中重金属含量及其在玉米子粒中的积累规律

对长春地区部分农田土壤及玉米中重金属含量进行调查和分析。结果表明,研究区域内土壤中Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As 8种重金属含量符合土壤环境质量标准的要求;相应地块玉米中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg、As 7种重金属含量符合粮食重金属元素限量要求,达到食用标准;土壤和玉米中Pb、Cd、Hg含量相关性不显著,Ni、Cr、As含量相关性显著,Cu、Zn含量相关性极显著。     

银川阅海湿地沉积物重金属潜在生态危害评价

为确定银川市阅海湿地湖水底泥中重金属的污染状态及潜在的生态危险,笔者采集了该湿地底泥,分析了8种常见重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)的含量及富集情况,又以现代工业化前正常颗粒底泥中重金属含量的最高背景值和自然背景值为参比值,对湿地底泥重金属的富集系数、生态危害系数及各采样点的生态危害指数进行探讨,最后运用Lars Hankanson潜在生态危害指数法对湿地底泥中重金属的生态危害程度做了评价。结果表明：以现代工业化前正常颗粒底泥中重金属含量的最高背景值为参比值,阅海湿地重金属富集顺序为Cr＞Pb＞Zn＞Cu＞As＞Cd＞Hg;各重金属单因子生态危害程度为Cd＞As＞Hg＞Pb＞Cu＞Cr＞Zn,其中4号采样点的重金属潜在生态危害程度较高,其他采样点生态危害程度较轻微。总而言之,银川市阅海湿地底泥重金属的生态危害程度还是较小的。     

The geochemical characteristics of sediment in Tondano Lake,Indonesia: heavy metals and organic matter contents,and grain size distribution

Sediment quality of Tondano Lake, Indonesia has been investigated through measuring the geochemical characteristics such as the content of heavy metals, organic matter and grain size distribution; and also the relationship between heavy metals and organic matter, and between heavy metals and grain size distribution. These could be used as preliminary data for the purpose of evaluating lake condition as a part of freshwater ecosystem. The Tondano sediment had contained some heavy metals such as Cr, Cu, Hg, and Zn; where Cr and Zn, both less than the Sediment Quality Guideline (SQG), but Cu and Hg were well within the SQG. Organic matter content was highest at the northern outlet area, with the lowest amount at the southern inlet area. Grain size distribution was mostly dominated by sandy-loam clay (the highest content was at central lake). This was a result of intensive agricultural activities surrounding the lake, which brought sand grain via rivers from all areas to the central lake. The heavy metal contents were not found to be correlated with the organic matter, nor the grain size distribution (clay content).     

树仔菜嫩梢和叶片中多种元素含量变化的生理分析

分别测定了树仔菜嫩梢和叶片样品中钾、钙、镁、铜、锰、锌、铁、镍、铅、铬、镉等元素的含量,探讨各个元素含量变化的生理规律,以及对植物生长和产品质量的影响。结果表明：钾元素含量的分布规律表现为嫩梢＞嫩叶片＞老叶片,钙、镁、锰、铁、镉元素含量分布规律表现为嫩梢＜嫩叶片＜老叶片,铜、锌、铅、铬、镍元素含量则变化不大。在产品质量安全方面,所测试的铅、镉、铬、镍重金属元素的含量均未超过相关的国家标准或文献报告值。此外,研究发现,树仔菜嫩梢样品中元素含量的测定结果较为稳定,随机抽样可以体现出良好的样品代表性,因此建议将     

5种物理吸附剂对模拟废水中重金属的吸附效果

采用模拟重金属废水的正交试验设计,研究5种物理吸附剂对模拟废水中重金属的吸附效果,探讨pH、吸附剂加入量和振荡时间等因素对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,在一定pH、吸附剂加入量和振荡时间下,5种物理吸附剂对6种重金属（Pb、Cd、Mn、Zn、Cr、Ni）均有较好的吸附效果,其中活性炭对Pb、Ni和Cr的吸附率最大,木炭对Mn和Zn的吸附率最大,草木灰对Cd的吸附率最大。pH、吸附剂加入量和振荡时间对活性炭、草木灰和木炭吸附重金属效果（活性炭对Cd、Mn、Zn、Ni,木炭对Pb、Mn和Cd及草木灰对6种重金属）的影响为：pH〉吸附剂加入量〉振荡时间,说明pH与吸附剂加入量为主要影响因素。活性炭、木炭和草木灰对重金属废水的最佳吸附条件为：吸附剂加入量40 g.L-1,pH 10-10.5,振荡时间180 min。     

镍矿区周边不同距离玉米农田的重金属污染及转移规律

以吉林省镍矿区作为污染中心,调查周边1～5 km不同距离玉米农田中铬、镍、镉、砷和铅共5种重金属的含量及其在玉米体内的蓄积量和分配规律,为合理评价重金属污染状况及制定治理措施提供借鉴和参考。结果表明,镍矿区周边不同距离农田中,镍、镉含量超标1.3至8.9倍,砷含量接近标准上限,铬、铅不超标;在漂移性方面,镍和镉较弱,而砷、铬和铅较强。重金属含量高的农田,玉米子粒生物量呈显著下降趋势,降幅可达15.8%～31.7%。玉米对镍、铬和砷的富集量较多,对镉和铅的富集量较少,且倾向于砷、铬富集于子粒,镍、镉、铅富集于营养器官。吉林省镍矿区周边不同距离农田重金属污染和转移规律存在显著差异,玉米适合做镍的修复植物,在砷或铬含量高地区不宜种植食用玉米。     

福建茶园土壤及茶叶重金属监测及污染评价

为评价福建茶叶质量安全水平,对闽南、闽北、闽东16个产茶乡镇53个土壤样品及86个茶叶样品重金属含量进行抽样分析,结果表明：调查区域的土壤铜含量为3．97～19．13 mg·kg－1,铬含量为7．97～56．40 mg·kg－1,铅含量为12．26～134．74 mg·kg－1,镉的含量为0．07～0．26 mg·kg－1,锌含量为13．30～307．52 mg·kg－1。茶叶铜含量为3．25～41．00 mg ·kg－1,铬含量为0．42～7．64 mg ·kg－1,铅含量为0．46～4．71 mg·kg－1,镉含量为0．02～0．13 mg·kg－1,锌含量为15．44～31．28 mg·kg－1。80％以上福建主要产茶区域土壤污染水平达清洁水平,主要产茶区域茶叶铅、铜、镉含量未超标,调查区域有3个点茶叶铬含量超过限量标准,茶叶锌含量值变化幅度较小,表征茶树对土壤锌元素吸收比较稳定一致。     

珠三角主要工业区周边蔬菜产地土壤重金属污染调查分析

采集珠三角地区主要工业区周边蔬菜产地土壤,研究土壤中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)、砷(As)、铬(Cr)5种重金属的含量与分布特征。参照国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-1995)中的二级标准,采用单项污染指数法和综合污染指数法,对其重金属污染现状进行评价。结果表明：232份土壤样品中,Cd、Hg、As、Cr的超标率分别为45.06%、7.73%、5.15%和1.29%,未见Pb超标;37.34%的土壤受到不同程度的污染,Cd污染情况最为严重,Hg污染次之;土壤污染以单一重金属污染为主,未出现3种及以上重金属复合污染。各地污染状况呈现区域差异,东莞地区受污染的样品比例较大,珠海和广州的污染情况相对较轻。该区域的土壤重金属污染形势不容乐观,其可能给农业生产带来的风险应引起重视。     

海南香草兰基地土壤环境质量评价

以无公害食品产地环境质量评价方法为基础,对海南香草兰基地的土壤生态环境进行评价。结果表明,海南香草兰基地的六六六、滴滴涕、总砷、总汞、总铬等各单项污染指数均小于1,适合发展无公害香草兰。     

武夷山五夫荷塘底泥重金属赋存特征及其生物有效性

研究武夷山市五夫镇白莲荷塘底泥中7种重金属(Hg、As、Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu和Zn)的全量和形态分布,运用风险评价编码(RAC)法及次生相与原生相分布比值(RSP)法评价元素生物有效性、判断元素的主要来源,并利用相关系数分析重金属形态受土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：部分荷塘底泥样品的Hg、Cd全量超出NY/T5010—2016《无公害农产品 种植业产地环境条件》的标准限值,且均值分别为福建省土壤背景值的3.09、5.37倍,富集较为严重。其中,Hg的残渣态占总量的80.79%,RAC值和RSP值较小,生物有效性较低且以自然来源为主;Cd以离子交换态、碳酸盐态和残渣态三种形态为主,RAC值和RSP值最大,生物有效性最高且受人为污染最为严重;Pb和Cu以残渣态为优势形态,但RAC值和RSP值较大,一定程度受人为来源的影响;As、Cr和Zn 以残渣态为主,基本为自然来源。研究区荷塘底泥重金属形态分布在不同程度上受土壤基本理化指标(有机质和pH值)的影响。本研究可为合理地防治武夷山土壤重金属污染提供科学依据。     

海口美舍河沉积物化学性状时空分布特征

通过2018年4月和9月对海口市美舍河湿地上、中、下游底泥沉积物进行取样,研究沉积物化学性状的时空分布特征,并对重金属污染进行评价,以期为美舍河湿地公园的管理与湿地功能的维持提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）美舍河沉积物整体偏酸性,pH为6.58;4月份下游pH显著高于中游、上游Ⅰ和上游Ⅱ,而9月份各采样断面间无显著差异;9月份上游Ⅱ的pH显著高于4月份,增幅为13.0%,而9月份下游pH则显著低于4月份,降幅为16.6%。（2）4月份下游有机碳（SOC）含量显著高于其他采样断面,9月份上游Ⅰ和下游的SOC显著高于上游Ⅱ和中游,同时上游Ⅰ在两次采样间存在显著差异,9月份较4月份显著增加65.4%;（3）全氮（TN）和全磷（TP）含量以及重金属铜（Cu）、铅（Pb）和锌（Zn）含量整体上由上游至下游呈增加的趋势,其中中游TP含量和下游Cu含量在两次采样间存在显著差异,9月份TP含量较4月份显著增加76.9%,9月份Cu含量较4月份显著降低13.0%。（4）相关性分析结果表明,pH与Cu及Zn含量之间存在极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,SOC、TN及TP含量与各重金属含量均呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）。综合分析沉积物的污染系数以及潜在风险发现,美舍河沉积物属清洁水平、较低潜在风险;同时,美舍河富营养化较轻,总体未受重大污染,具有较优质的环境,底泥符合农用标准;此外,需加强上游的污染源控制。     

施肥措施对重金属污染土壤-植物系统影响的研究进展

植物修复作为一种原位修复方法，因其投入成本低、拥有良好的经济效益和生态协调性等优点而成为国内外研究热点，在重金属污染农田实地得到广泛应用。本文综述施肥农艺措施强化重金属污染土壤植物修复以及对土壤-植物系统影响的研究进展，如土壤重金属含量和生物有效性的影响等，以便进一步提高植物修复效率，为今后规模化修复重金属污染农田土壤提供参考。     

Quantitative risk assessment for reclaimed wastewater irrigation on paddy rice field in Korea

Water shortage has become an important issue for Korean agriculture. Korea suffers from a limited agricultural water supply, and wastewater reuse has been recommended as an alternative solution. This study examined the concentrations of toxic heavy metals and Escherichia coli in a paddy rice field irrigated with reclaimed wastewater to evaluate the risk to farmers. Most epidemiological studies have been based on upland fields, and therefore may not be directly applicable to paddy fields. In this study, a Beta-Poisson model was used to estimate the microbial risk of pathogen ingestion. The risk value increased significantly after irrigation and precipitation. The results of the microbial risk assessment showed that risk values of groundwater and reclaimed wastewater irrigation were lower than the values of effluent directly from wastewater treatment plants. The monitoring results of heavy metals for each irrigated paddy fields did not show specific tendency. A risk assessment for toxic heavy metals was performed according to various exposure pathways; however, the results of the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risk estimation showed that the risk from reclaimed wastewater-irrigated paddy fields was the lowest.     

不同花生品种重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr富集与转运规律

以青岛市8个主栽花生品种为试材,通过相同土壤条件下大田种植和室内检测分析,对花生植株不同器官中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr重金属元素的吸收、富集与转运规律进行了研究。结果表明,供试的8个花生品种植株根系中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd含量存在显著性差异,茎叶中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cr含量存在显著性差异,籽仁中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Cr含量均存在显著性差异,果壳中Cu、Zn和Cd含量存在显著性差异;供试的8个花生品种籽仁中Cd含量均超过了农业部无公害花生Cd≤0.05 mg.kg-1的卫生限量标准。花生植株各器官对重金属的平均生物富集量顺序：根系和果壳为Zn〉Cu〉Cr〉Pb〉Cd,茎叶和籽仁为Zn〉Cu〉Pb〉Cr〉Cd。花生植株各器官的平均转运量系数顺序：茎叶为Pb〉Zn〉Cd〉Cr〉Cu,籽仁为Zn〉Cu〉Cd〉Pb〉Cr,果壳为Cr〉Cu〉Zn〉Pb〉Cd。A4为花生籽仁低Pb吸收富集型品种,A3为花生籽仁低Cd吸收富集型品种。     

Short-term leaf surface adhesion of heavy metals following application of sewage sludge to grassland

In the short term, surface-applied, digested, liquid sewage sludge may remain on grass leaf surfaces, leading to enhanced direct intake of potentially toxic elements by stock. The purpose of this field experiment was to investigate metal adhesion to herbage from liquid sewage sludge applications. Liquid digested sludge was applied at 0, 55 or 110 m³ ha⁻¹ to an Agrostis capillaris and Holcus lanatus sward that had been cut to either 4 cm (short) or 13 cm (long). The application rate of metals was relatively low. One day after application (day 1), 8–13% of the sludge solids applied had adhered to the short grass treatment, accounting for 35–62% of the dry-matter (DM) yield. On the long grass, 20–42% of the sludge dry solids adhered, accounting for 46–47% of the herbage DM yield. The content of all heavy metals in and on the grass herbage (Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd) was significantly increased ( P < 0·05) at day 1. Cu concentrations in and on the grass decreased to 25 mg kg⁻¹ after 16–29 d, Fe took 33–45 d to decline to 1000 mg kg⁻¹ whereas Pb took 12–18 d to decline to 30 mg kg⁻¹. It took 36 d for Cd, 43 d for Fe, Cu and Ni, and 57 d for Zn and Pb to be not significantly ( P < 0·05) different from the control. Grass growth was the most significant factor( P < 0·05 for all treatments and metals) influencing the decline in grass metal concentration, explaining 65–96% of the variation. The cutting treatment, sludge application rate and metal species also significantly affected the extent and rate of reduction in metal contamination over time.     

武夷山市5种类型茶园土壤重金属剖面分布特征?

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究武夷山市5种类型茶园土壤（黄壤、红壤、潮砂土、高山草甸土、紫色土）重金属剖面分布特征。结果表明：茶园土壤 Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cd 和 Pb 的含量范围分别为17.35～44.91 g·kg-1、144.81～693.55 mg·kg-1、4.36～57.12 mg·kg-1、74.92～236.27 mg·kg-1、0.09～0.67 mg·kg-1和22.71～91.87 mg·kg-1。不同类型茶园土壤重金属含量差异较大,茶园黄壤 Fe 和 Cu 含量显著高于其它土壤类型;潮砂土和高山草甸土茶园土壤 Mn、Zn 和 Cd 含量显著高于黄壤和红壤;茶园土壤 Pb 含量则以潮砂土最高,黄壤最低。不同重金属元素剖面分布规律略有不同,茶园土壤 Fe含量0～80 cm 深度内并无明显的变化规律;茶园土壤 Mn、Cu 和 Zn 含量在0～20 cm 土层含量较高（潮砂土除外）;黄壤、红壤和紫色土 Cd 和 Pb 含量由上至下呈递减的趋势,潮砂土 Cd 和 Pb 在40 cm 以下土层含量较高。相关分析表明,除了 Zn与 Fe 和 Cu 以外,其它重金属之间存在显著或极显著相关性,表现为多种重金属复合污染;土壤有机碳、全氮、pH、砂砾、粉粒和粘粒对茶园土壤重金属影响较大。     

广东省主栽水稻品种稻米重金属含量差异研究

以广东省主要种植的27个水稻品种为研究对象,通过对243份稻米样品中Cd、Pb、Cr、As、Hg等5种重金属含量的测定,分析不同品种和类型的水稻对5种重金属吸收能力的差异。研究结果表明,对广东省稻米影响最大的重金属是Cd,超标率为11.11%,Pb超标率是7.41%,Cr超标率是3.70%,As和Hg的检出量都低于国家标准。重金属对广东省稻米质量安全的影响严重程度依次为：Cd＞Pb＞Cr＞Hg＞As,3种类型品种重金属综合污染严重程度顺序是籼型常规稻＞两系杂交稻＞三系杂交稻。