留桩高度对再生稻生长发育和产量的影响研究现状及展望

适宜的留桩高度是实现再生稻高产的一项关键技术措施,直接影响再生稻的产量。主要回顾和总结了前人对再生稻留桩高度的研究情况,综述了再生稻留桩高度对生育期、生长发育特性、经济性状及产量、根系生长的影响以及决定留桩高度的因素等方面的研究现状,同时提出对今后再生稻留桩高度研究的展望,以期为再生稻的高产栽培提供参考。     

棉花不同叶位主茎叶衰老特征的研究

 在大田条件下,研究了棉花不同叶位主茎叶在盛铃末期的衰老状况。以转基因抗虫棉33B为材料,测定全部主茎叶的主要生理生化指标,以分析不同部位叶片衰老的差异。结果表明,（1）盛铃末期是主茎功能叶片从旺盛生理功能到衰老的转折时期;（2）从主茎上部第1叶到下部的第10叶叶绿素含量、蛋白质含量、SOD活性呈下降趋势,MDA含量、POD活性呈上升趋势;（3）盛铃期调控棉花叶片的衰老应以主茎中部轻度衰老叶片为诊断和调控主体。     

粳稻根系与叶片早衰的关系及其对籽粒灌浆的影响

以衰老程度不同的品种为试材,对根系和叶片衰老的生理机制、根系与叶片衰老的关系、根系和叶片衰老对籽粒灌浆结实的影响进行了研究.结果表明:(1)抽穗后根系和叶片MDA含量持续上升,而SOD活性却先上升然后再持续下降,说明MDA含量上升最初并不是由SOD活性下降引起的.(2)根系和叶片衰老受ZRs和ABA平衡关系的调控,ZRs含量的下降和     

水稻叶片衰老生理的研究进展

总结了近年有关水稻叶片衰老生理的研究进展,包括水稻叶片衰老的生理机制,衡量水稻叶片衰老的常用生理生化指标及其变化以及水稻叶片衰老调节等研究成果,进而对今后水稻叶片衰老研究中着重应解决的一些问题进行了讨论。     

棉花早衰、红叶茎枯病与棉花轮纹斑病间关系辨析

 系统分析了棉花早衰、红叶茎枯病与棉花轮纹斑病间的关系。棉花早衰依据其成因差异可划分为3种类型,分别为生理性早衰、病理性早衰及生理病理复合性早衰。近些年来生理病理复合性早衰在我国发生最为普遍,危害最为严重。系统分析了生理病理复合性早衰的成因及有关研究进展,在此基础上,提出适宜我国棉花生产、以“选种、壮苗、补钾、抗逆、防病”等技术为核心的棉花早衰控制技术体系。     

水分胁迫对贪青迟熟水稻茎贮藏碳水化合物代谢及产量的影响

研究了水分胁迫对贪青迟熟水稻的产量及其茎节间贮藏碳水化合代谢和相关酶活性的影响。结果表明：水稻贪青迟熟显著地降低结实率和粒重而导致产量显著降低,适度土壤水分胁迫抑制了高氮的不良效应,有效地促进了茎贮藏碳水化合物的输出,增加对籽粒产量的贡献,降低了产量损失。花后的土壤干旱明显诱导α-淀粉酶、蔗糖磷酸合     

NaCl 胁迫对棉花叶片衰老特征的影响及其生理学机 制简

 以叶片衰老快慢不同的两个棉花品系L21和L22为材料,研究了NaCl胁迫对棉花叶片衰老的影响及其相应的生理学机制。温室内水培棉苗,待第5片真叶展开20 d后用含125 mmol·L^-1 NaCl的营养液处理棉苗,以不含NaCl的营养液处理为对照。结果显示,NaCl胁迫下L21和L22叶片中叶绿素含量和光合作用速率下降,叶片和根中的Na⁺含量上升、K⁺含量降低;NaCl胁迫还增加了棉株体内脱落酸（ABA）含量、降低了玉米素核苷（ZR）含量。表明K+含量降低以及ABA含量升高、ZR含量下降是NaCl胁迫促进棉花叶片衰老的重要原因。     

水稻叶片早衰突变体ospls3的生理特征和基因定位

叶片衰老是作物叶片发育的最后阶段,功能叶早衰将影响作物产量和品质,因此,研究叶片早衰的分子与生理机制对于培育耐早衰优良品种具有重要意义。本研究利用⁶⁰Co辐射诱变籼稻N142,获得叶片早衰突变体ospls3,其叶片早衰始于分蘖期,最先表现为叶尖变褐及叶中上部出现褐色斑点,并向叶基部蔓延而使叶片枯死。生理分析表明,野生型剑叶的叶绿素含量显著低于倒二叶和倒三叶,而突变体的含量则分别低于野生型且依次显著降低;野生型剑叶、倒二叶和倒三叶间的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、O₂^?含量和H₂O₂含量基本不变,而突变体的这些活性和含量则依次显著升高;野生型剑叶、倒二叶和倒三叶的可溶性蛋白含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性变化不显著,而突变体则依次降低。遗传分析表明,ospls3受1对隐性基因控制,借助图位克隆技术将该基因定位于第12染色体长臂的RM6953与RM28753之间,物理距离为294 kb,该结果为进一步克隆OsPLS3基因并研究其功能奠定了基础。     

Influence of Seasonality on Certain Leaf Characteristics in Rice Cultivars

Higher growth and grain yield in rice was obtained in February planting as compared to July and October plantings. This was achieved through favourable leaf characteristics. In all the three plantings, leaf number monitored the leaf area rather than ILS which showed minimal alterations by the seasonality. There was a considerable variation in the attainment of critical leaf area index (LAI) among cultivars in different seasons. Thus, attainment of critical LAI would be necessary to influence the sink strength positively.     

外源6-BA和GA-_3对甜瓜叶片衰老过程中生理特性及产量影响

为探明植物激素在调控甜瓜衰老中的作用机制和防止甜瓜早衰中应用提供理论基础,以早熟品种‘F35’和中晚熟品种‘F28’为试材,分别在苗期、伸蔓期喷施6-BA和GA-_3,研究不同浓度植物激素对叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白和MDA含量、相关抗氧化酶活性等生理生化指标及产量的影响。结果表明,适宜浓度的6-BA和GA-_3均可提高甜瓜叶片叶绿素和SOD酶活性,降低MDA含量,有效地延缓叶片衰老,提高产量。其中,以6-BA 60 mg/L和GA-_3 80 mg/L处理效果明显优于其他处理。不同甜瓜品种对外源激素的敏感程度不同,总体来讲,早熟品种的敏感程度要高于中晚熟品种。     

Effects of Soil Salinity and Plant Density on Yield and Leaf Senescence of Field‐Grown Cotton

The response of cotton to constant salinity has been well documented under controlled conditions, but its response to changing salinity under field conditions is poorly understood. Using a split‐plot design, we conducted a 2‐year field experiment to determine the effects of soil salinity and plant density on plant biomass, boll load, harvest index and leaf senescence in relation to cotton yield in three fields with similar fertility but varying salinity. The main plots were assigned to weak (electrical conductivity of soil saturated paste extract, ECe = 5.5 dS m^?1), moderate (ECe = 10.1 dS m^?1) and strong (ECe = 15.0 dS m^?1) soil salinity levels, while plant density (3.0, 4.5 and 7.5 plants m^?2) was assigned to the subplots. Soil salinity had a negative effect on seedcotton yield, but the negative effect was compensated for by increased plant density under strong‐salinity conditions. Seedcotton yield under weak salinity changed little with varying plant density, but the medium plant density yielded better than the low or high plant density under moderate salinity. Plants accumulated 49 and 112 % more Na⁺ in leaves under moderate and strong salinity than under weak salinity. Strong salinity also led to higher boll load and early leaf senescence. Plant density had no effect on Na⁺ accumulation in leaves, but greatly reduced boll load and delayed leaf senescence. Plant biomass, maximum leaf area index and harvest index were greatly affected by salinity, plant density and their interaction. Accelerated leaf senescence under strong salinity was attributed to the high boll load and increased accumulation of toxic ions like Na⁺ in leaves, while delayed leaf senescence with increased plant density was attributed to the reduced boll load. Optimal yield can only be obtained with proper coordination of total biomass and harvest index by modification of plant density based on salinity levels.     

水稻早衰突变体esl2的遗传分析和基因定位

利用EMS诱变水稻籼型恢复系缙恢10号, 从其后代中鉴定出一个早衰突变体esl2, 苗期正常, 孕穗期开始叶尖和叶缘黄化衰老。与野生型相比, 孕穗期和抽穗期光合色素含量均显著下降, 抽穗期倒一叶的超氧化酶歧化酶(SOD)活性、可溶性蛋白(SP)含量降低, 活性氧(ROS)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(PRO)含量或活性增加。超微结构观察表明, esl2衰老部位的细胞多中空且形状不规则, 伴随细胞裂解、细胞质溶解等特征; 同时, 叶绿体结构异常, 叶绿体膜溶解、基粒模糊, 基质片层疏松, 类囊体发育异常。遗传分析表明, 该突变体受一对隐性核基因调控。利用1 005株西农1A/esl2的F₂隐性定位群体, 最终将Esl2定位在第4染色体SSR标记RM17122和swu4-13之间, 物理距离约244 kb, 这为Esl2基因的克隆和功能研究奠定了基础。     

烟叶成熟过程相关基因变化及其叶绿素降解

烤烟叶片成熟过程与衰老是烟草发育的重要阶段,是一个复杂和高度调控的过程,涉及衰老相关基因的调控表达和叶绿体的分解,也是烟草质量和品质形成的关键时期,因此其成为烟草生产和研究的重要时段。介绍了烟叶衰老过程相关基因的表达变化和叶绿素分解的过程,为从分子水平定义烟叶的成熟度提供理论依据。     

头季留茬高度对水稻再生季产量和稻米品质的影响

研究头季留茬高度对水稻再生季产量形成和稻米品质的影响,为实现再生季高产优质提供理论依据。以杂交稻新两优223和常规稻黄华占为试验材料。头季收割时设置40（高留茬,HS）、20（中留茬,MS）和5cm（低留茬,LS）3种留茬高度处理,考察不同节位再生穗产量构成因子、稻米品质、叶面积指数、氮素含量及净光合速率（P_n）等指标。结果表明,随留茬高度降低,2个品种产量均呈下降趋势,再生季HS处理产量（4.13t/hm²）比MS和LS处理分别高9.9%和16.3%。随留茬高度降低,再生季稻米碾磨品质显著下降,新两优223整精米率下降幅度显著大于黄华占,前者HS处理分别比MS和LS处理高26.8%和59.7%;随留茬高度降低,稻米外观品质显著提升,蛋白质含量下降,直链淀粉含量无显著变化。再生季水稻主茎、叶片和新芽的氮素含量与产量呈显著正相关,HS和MS处理的P_n显著高于LS处理。综上所述,根据品种特性,调节头季收割留茬高度,可促进水稻再生季产量和品质协同提高。     

肥料运筹对晚稻产量及根系和叶片衰老进程的影响

为了解施肥对水稻生长和衰老进程的影响,通过肥料运筹田间试验,研究晚稻产量及根系和叶片衰老的变化规律。结果表明,不施肥处理及缺N处理在整个生育进程中根系伤流量及叶绿素含量均低于其他处理,且生育后期衰老速率快于其他处理,有机无机肥配施(NPK+OM)处理在整个生育进程中根系伤流量及叶绿素含量均保持最高水平,且后期衰老速率明显慢于其它处理;不施肥或偏施肥处理水稻产量显著低于氮磷钾配施处理;NPK+OM处理产量最高为7.55 t/hm2,比不施肥(CK)处理增产35.51%;水稻叶绿素含量衰减率与根系伤流衰减率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);水稻产量与根系伤流量和叶绿素含量衰减率呈极显著负相关。这一结果表明：氮磷钾配施,尤其是氮磷钾配施有机肥有助于延缓杂交水稻的衰老进程,对提高杂交水稻产量作用明显。     

Increased Night Temperatures During Cotton's Early Reproductive Stage Affect Leaf Physiology and Flower Bud Carbohydrate Content Decreasing Flower Bud Retention

Higher than optimum temperatures during cotton's (Gossypium hirsutum L.) growing season is a common occurrence in cotton‐growing areas around the world with negative consequences on productivity. According to climate projections, night temperatures are expected to increase more than day temperatures. The objective of this study was to monitor and record the effects of higher than optimum night temperatures during cotton's early reproductive stage on physiological (photosynthesis, respiration and membrane damage) and biochemical (leaf adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, as well as glutathione reductase (GR) content and soluble carbohydrate concentrations of the leaf subtending the flower buds. Number, dry weight, carbohydrate concentrations and GR levels of flower buds were also measured at the end of the experiment. Growth chamber experiments were conducted using cotton cultivar ST 5288 B2RF and treatments consisted of normal day/night temperatures (32/24 °C) and high night temperatures (32/30 °C) for 7 days at squaring (approximately 4 weeks after planting). The results indicated that high night temperatures had an immediate effect on leaf respiration rates and membrane damage by significantly increasing them compared to the control and a similar pattern was observed on leaf photosynthesis and ATP levels that were markedly decreased. Leaf GR levels were also substantially increased under conditions of high night temperatures, in contrast to flower bud GR content which remained unaffected. High night temperatures had a significant effect on leaf carbohydrate concentrations resulting in significant decreases in hexose, sucrose and starch levels. Nevertheless, flower bud sucrose content was substantially increased under conditions of high night temperatures, while hexose content was decreased and starch concentrations remained unaffected. A detrimental effect of elevated night temperatures on the number of flower buds per plant and on the dry weight of flower buds was observed, and it was concluded that high night temperatures had a negative effect on cotton flower bud production due to disruptions on flower bud carbohydrate metabolism as a result of the insufficient GR response.     

连作和轮作对谷子叶片构型和叶绿素、氮素含量的影响

研究旨在提升谷子连作障碍认知度,为谷子轮作制度和可持续生产提供理论依据和技术支持。采用周年单序轮作处理和连作处理相比较的方法,研究其对旱地谷子叶片构型、叶绿素和氮素含量的影响。结果表明,连作处理降低谷子个体的叶面积和群体的叶面积指数,严重影响谷子叶片的生长发育;降低谷子叶片的叶绿素和氮素含量,影响谷子叶绿体的发育。谷子连作种植是不科学的田间生产方式,应选择合理的年际轮作制度,以实现谷子高产稳产。     

水稻库/源比对叶片光合作用、同化物运输和分配及叶片衰老的影响

两系杂交稻Ｎ３１ＳＳ／Ｐ４０水培稻株不同库／源比值株剑叶光合速率在灌浆结实前期去叶处理明显高于对照,去１／２花则降低光合速率;灌浆中,后期处理间差异较小。改变库／源比后１－７去,去叶处理剑叶的ＲｕＮＢＰ羧化酶活性,光合磷酸化和Ｈｉｌｌ反庆活性,蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性,叶片中无机磷含量,被同化碳在醇溶部分分配比例及光合同化物从剑叶输出的速率均明显高于对照,而叶片中蔗糖和淀粉含量低于对照。     

降解地膜与控释肥对再生稻生长及产量的影响

为了探索更加清洁高效的水稻覆膜栽培技术,采用小区试验的方法,研究可降解地膜代替常规地膜、一次性施用不同用量的控释氮肥,与"中稻+再生稻"的最佳结合技术。结果表明:覆膜后降解地膜与普通非降解地膜覆对再生稻两季产量影响差异不显著。控释肥一次性基施以150 kg N/hm2处理头季稻产量最高,225 kg N/hm2处理"中稻+再生稻"两季总产最高。因此,水稻覆膜技术与可降解地膜、控释肥以及再生稻技术结合后,是一项清洁、高产、高效的水稻栽培新技术。     

水稻早衰突变体psls1的基因定位及克隆

水稻叶片早衰直接影响作物的光合效率,减少产量,降低品质。深入研究早衰的分子机制对控制和延缓衰老具有重要意义。本文报道了一个早衰突变体psls1(premature senescence leaf with spots)的基因定位及克隆结果。突变体在发育到七叶期以后,叶片自下而上叶绿素含量下降,过氧化氢过量积累,突变体叶片逐渐黄化至枯萎;其他农艺性状如株高、分蘖数、主穗长、结实率和穗粒数也相应变差。电镜观察进一步发现,psls1衰老叶片中叶绿体降解、类囊体基粒片层模糊,嗜锇颗粒明显增多。遗传分析表明,psls1受1对隐性基因控制,利用psls1×IRAT129杂交组合F2分离群体中的1690个早衰个体,将基因PSLS1定位在第7染色体分子标记ZS-3和ZS-8之间89 kb的范围内。测序研究发现,区间内一个编码铁氧还依赖的谷氨酸合酶基因LOC_Os07g46460的第2外显子末位的G被替换为A,导致转录本的错误剪切,突变体的c DNA缺失了57 bp碱基片段。在突变体中该基因表达量下降,谷氨酸合酶活性降低,其产物谷氨酸含量显著下降、其他氨基酸代谢紊乱。水培低氮处理下可诱发突变体psls1早衰。研究结果表明,由于PSLS1突变使得谷氨酸合酶失活,氮代谢异常而导致突变体psls1早衰。