再生稻种植产量差形成的研究

为明确安徽省沿江地区再生稻种植产量差形成的原因,筛选出该地区适宜的再生稻种植品种,以9个杂交水稻品种为试材,比较分析了其头季和再生季生育期、再生力、产量及其构成因素等性状。结果表明,在产量构成因素中,造成不同品种头季稻产量差异的主要因素是单位面积上的有效穗数;导致再生季产量差异的主要因素是单位面积上有效穗数和每穗着粒数。准两优608再生季单产5.27 t/hm~2,2季综合产量高达13.59 t/hm~2,可作为该地区再生稻种植的优选品种;皖稻119和新两优6号头季产量高,再生力较强,再生季产量潜力大,可以作为该地区再生稻种植的候选品种。研究表明,生产中可通过增加单位面积上有效穗数,主攻大穗,并在维持较高结实率的基础上提高千粒质量以实现再生季产量增加和获得2季综合高产。     

Screening of Photoinsensitive Summer Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes for Ratoon Cropping

Of the 24 genotypes screened for ratooning ability and ratoon grain yield, only ten showed regeneration. RP 1664-4461 had the highest regeneration. Ratoon growth duration varied from 49–61 days. Ratoon grain yield was highest (1.7 t/ha) for RP 1664-4461 and the lowest (0.8 t/ha) for IET 7613. Productivity per day in the ratoon crop was comparable to that of the main crop. Based on grain yield and per day productivity of main and ratoon crops, cultures CR 222 MW 10, Rasi, RP 1664-4461, RP 1165-132-1 and CR 215-55-54-1 appeared promising for ratoon cropping.     

Ratoon Growth and Development in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Under Various Temperature Regimes

Plants exhibited differential response for ratoon growth and development under different temperature regimes before and after main crop harvest. Low temperature (23°/20 °C) before cutting induced ratooning whereas similar temperature after cutting delayed and reduced ratoon tillering. Ratoon grain yield and its attributes were significantly affected under various temperature regimes. Ratoon grain yield under low temperature regime before cutting did not differ from that of the control. Ratoon growth duration was maximum under low temperature regime after cutting. High temperature (37°/27 °C) after main crop cutting resulted in high spikelet sterility in the ratoon crop.     

简化施肥对免耕冬水田不同杂交中稻/再生稻产量的影响

为探明免耕冬水田条件下简化施肥对不同杂交稻品种头季、再生季以及两季产量的影响,以及筛选出两季高产品种应用于生产。2016—2017年,以18个杂交中稻品种为材料,在免耕冬水田施纯氮120 kg/hm²条件下,设置简化施肥（一次基施N）和常规施肥（基肥：蘖肥：穗肥=5:3:2比例平衡施N）2种氮肥管理方式,研究其对中稻-再生稻产量的影响。结果表明,2种氮肥管理方式对头季产量、再生季产量和两季总产的影响均未达到显著水平,简化施肥处理的头季稻产量、再生季产量和两季总产分别为9.46 t/hm²、1.50 t/hm²和10.96 t/hm²,较常规施肥处理的产量分别增加1.40%,-6.77%和0.20%。18个品种间头季产量、再生季产量和两季总产差异均达极显著水平,18个品种头季、再生季和两季总产的产量变幅分别为8.70~10.19 t/hm²,0.59~2.29 t/hm²和10.21~11.57 t/hm²。头季产量和再生季产量呈极显著负相关(r=0.61)。两季总产与头季有效穗、每穗颖花数、结实率、千粒重和再生季有效穗偏相关系数均达极显著水平,并建立回归方程。因此,采用一次基施的简化施肥方式是免耕冬水田水稻实现高产、省工的有效途径,选择穗粒兼顾型品种有利于实现中稻/再生稻两季高产,并筛选出两季高产和高氮肥偏生产力品种‘旌优727’、‘旌3优177’、‘内6优103’和‘内6优107’,可在试验所在生态区中稻-再生稻种植中推广应用。     

A technique for minimising confounding of genotype x year and genotype x crop type effects in sugarcane

Summary Genotype x year (G x Y) and genotype x crop (G x C) interactions may be confounded in sugar cane when data is obtained from the plant crop and/or from ratoon crops in successive years. A technique to minimise the effects of confounding of the G x C interaction with the G x Y interaction is presented. The mean yield of cane from neighbouring farms was used as an indicator of the year (environment) effect. It was used to re-analyse yields from three experiments comparing six genotypes grown over a plant crop and three ratoons. Two experiments were grown under rainfed conditions and one experiment was irrigated. The confounded interactions were partitioned into a linear contrast on the farm yields (a year effect) and a crop effect that was the remainder. When the yields adjusted for the farm yield effects were compared with original yields of cane, yields of plant and first ratoon were reduced and those of third ratoon were increased. There were only minor changes in the ranking of genotypes on yield. It was concluded that the re-analysis using farm yield showed that the confounding effect of years on the interpretation of genotype x crop effects was samll.     

留桩高度对再生稻生长发育和产量的影响研究现状及展望

适宜的留桩高度是实现再生稻高产的一项关键技术措施,直接影响再生稻的产量。主要回顾和总结了前人对再生稻留桩高度的研究情况,综述了再生稻留桩高度对生育期、生长发育特性、经济性状及产量、根系生长的影响以及决定留桩高度的因素等方面的研究现状,同时提出对今后再生稻留桩高度研究的展望,以期为再生稻的高产栽培提供参考。     

近10年来甘肃省粮食生产现状及增产途径分析

明确甘肃省粮食生产能力及其进一步提高的途径,对未来保障区域粮食安全具有重要意义。通过调查近10年来甘肃省耕地面积、粮食播种面积、粮食总产量、粮食单产等数据资料,探讨了耕地面积、粮食播种面积、粮食总产量和粮食单产之间的相互关系,以阐明甘肃省粮食生产的潜力及其主要影响因素。结果表明,甘肃省耕地面积和粮食播种面积在近10年间呈先下降后上升的趋势,二者呈显著线性相关（P<0.01）;粮食总产量和单产波动上升,但粮食播种面积的变化对粮食总产量无显著影响,单产提高是引起粮食总产量增加的主要因素。分析认为提高单位面积的粮食生产能力是保障甘肃省粮食安全的主要出路,而提高旱地粮食单产则是实现甘肃省新增25亿kg粮食的主要突破口。     

再生稻需氮特性和分次施氮的研究

本文着重探讨了不同施氮水平下促芽肥与长苗肥对再生稻氮素营养、生长发育和产量形成的影响。     

泉州市典型农田地力贡献率及其在配方施肥中的应用

本文通过对泉州市典型农田不同作物、不同施肥年限、不同利用方式及土壤类型的地力贡献率进行试验分析,得出农田地力贡献率的主要特点为养地作物高于耗地作物、逐年下降且3年后暂趋稳定、从土壤高肥力到低肥力逐渐下降,进而探讨其在配方施肥中的应用.     

低桩机割再生稻氮肥施用技术研究

为适应再生稻头季低桩机割条件下再生季分蘖生育特性的变化,设置再生季不同氮肥施用量和施用方法。通过观察分析再生季分蘖消长、产量及其构成,研究了再生季氮肥施用技术。结果表明,再生季经济施氮量为180 kg/hm2,采用早施促蘖肥,中期分次施用穗肥和粒肥的方法,可以有效促进有效分蘖的萌发及其穗粒发育,显著提高产量。     

山东省粮食生产与化肥施用状况研究

对山东省建国以来的粮食作物产量与施肥状况进行了探讨,结果表明:建国以来,山东省粮食产量和化肥用量都在逐步增加,化肥与粮食单产之间呈显著正相关,但20世纪90年代粮食产量呈现下降的趋势,而化肥用量仍然增加,化肥的增产效率逐年降低;同时作为山东省主要粮食作物的小麦、玉米的产量呈现与粮食相同的趋势,通过对山东省几个地区的调查结果来看,小麦、玉米施肥量处于较高水平,且地区间施肥量、氮磷钾肥的施用比例以及化肥在两种作物上的分配比例差异较大。     

杂交糯高粱“泸糯8号”双季高产栽培技术研究

试验表明,川东南育苗移栽区净种栽小春地以4月上旬播种（如栽空地或预留行,则可在3月上中旬播种）,6叶期移栽（苗龄25~30d）,净种每公顷植90000~120000株,每公顷施化学纯氮150~187.5kg可获得较高产量。在再生高粱栽培上,在头季收割前10~15d每公顷施150~225kg纯氮作促芽肥,头季收获时用快刀砍杆,留桩高度以保留顺1节~顺3节为宜,头季收后5d,每公顷施150kg纯氮作发苗肥,可获得较的再生高粱产量。     

A sequential approach for improving AZODYN crop model under conventional and low-input conditions

Advances in scientific understanding of the plant and soil behaviour in a cultivated field led to the design of numerous soil–crop models simulating crop growth. The frequent low predictive quality of these models is linked to uncertainties in inputs, parameters and equations. The AZODYN crop model predicting wheat grain yield and grain protein content was previously developed to support decision for N management of conventional and organic wheat crops. This paper outlines a sequential approach to improve the predictions of the AZODYN model by testing various formalisms. This study is based on the comparison of 38 versions of the model assessed in multi-environment trials carried out under conventional or low-input conditions. This paper describes and discusses the methodology. The results show that the predictive value of grain yield and grain protein content could be largely improved without increasing model complexity.     

再生稻高产种质资源筛选及高产群体分析

再生稻高产种质资源是选育强再生力水稻品种的物质基础,缺乏具有强再生力的水稻品种是制约再生稻发展的重要因素之一。引进247份早抽穗水稻核心种质在江汉平原作再生稻种植,从中筛选高产再生稻种质资源,并探究高产再生稻产量形成的关键因素,为再生稻种质资源创新及新品种选育提供基础材料和理论依据。结果表明,247份核心种质在江汉平原两季稻均能正常抽穗成熟,各农艺性状变异系数在10.31%~51.83%,从中筛选出27份高产水稻种质资源。其中,4份双季高产种质两季总单株产量均超过60.00g,可作为亲本用于水稻再生力基因挖掘和再生稻高产育种。再生稻高产群体产量构成分析表明,提高再生稻产量的关键是提高其每穗颖花数和有效穗数;再生稻高产种质头季稻产量与再生季稻产量呈极显著负相关,表明再生稻高产育种方向应从追求单季高产转变为追求周年高产。     

Effect of Incorporation and Unincorporation of Azolla Biofertilizer on the Grain Yield of Rice

Azolla pinnata R. Brown was used as a biofertilizer for rice crop in early and late wet seasons of 1985–86. Azolla as dual crop with rice increased the grain yield significantly over uninoculated control. Incorporation of Azolla increased the yield components and grain yield higher than leaving Azolla on water surface without incorporation. Azolla incorporation with 90 kg nitrogen/ha recorded the highest plant height, tiller numbers/ hill, panicles/m² and 1000 grain weight and grain yield of rice.     

基于多元回归分析的农作物产量估测模型研究

农作物产量的估测关系到粮食调度、粮食市场价格平衡、农业结构调整等众多方面。为此,结合多元回归分析,构建农作物产量估测模型。该模型构建先是利用灰度关联分析寻找影响农作物产量的主导因素,然后以主导因素数据作为输入,构建农作物产量的多元线性回归估测模型,得出农作物产量估测值。结果表明：通过本模型进行2017—2019年3年间东北3个省玉米总产量估测,得出玉米预测产量与实际产量之间的误差均小于1%,说明该模型的估测准确性较高,具有广泛的应用前景。     

应用SSR标记定位水稻再生力和再生产量及其构成的QTL

用两个籼稻品种明恢86和佳辐占为亲本建立的F2群体及相应的SSR分子标记连锁图,对水稻再生力和再生产量及其构成的基因进行了定位。结果定位了影响水稻再生力(再生穗数)的1个QTL,影响再生产量的1个QTL和影响产量构成的2个QTL,各QTL的加性效应均来自亲本明恢86,起增效作用。影响水稻再生穗数、结实率和单株产量的QTL位于同一染色体的相同区段上,且加性效应方向相同,这很好地解释了再生穗数与单株产量、结实率呈极显著正相关的关系。     

Is the Companion Crop Harmless to Alfalfa Establishment in the Highlands of East Anatolia?

This study documented the effects of barley companion crop seeding rate and cutting stage on alfalfa establishment in a highland area. Alfalfa was established with barley at seeding rates of 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha^?1 and cut at the milk‐dough and ripe grain stages. In most cases, hay yield and composition of herbage were affected by companion crop seeding rate and cutting stage. Total hay yield increased from 3294 to 5131 kg ha^?1 when the companion crop seeding rate was increased from 0 to 180 kg ha^?1 at the milk‐dough stage. Legume and weed growth was suppressed by the companion crop during establishment, but using a barley companion crop decreased alfalfa plant losses in the seeding year. Few residual effects of barley were seen on hay yield in the subsequent year, but residual effects of companion crop treatments on weed suppression continued in all clippings of the second year. The results suggest that alfalfa should be sown with a barley companion crop in highland areas with adequate moisture. The seeding rate for barley is about the same as that for barley grown alone, and the companion crop could be harvested for hay or grain in the establishment year.     

论作物高产挖潜的补偿机制

挖掘作物产量潜力,探索作物高产新途径,实现产量新突破一直是作物科学的艰巨任务。本文在分析作物逆境反应的补偿基本规律和机制基础上,提出了作物广义补偿的概念,即作物系统的构成因子间发生不平衡变化,并通过系统调节使得不同程度变化因子之间产生补偿效应统称为作物补偿。按其变化因子间的变化程度不同,可分为得失补偿和差异补偿。得失补偿是指作物系统在一定层次上,有些因子损失原有的性能为代价以换取另外因子的改善和提高,这通常出现在逆境条件中,是作物最普遍最基本的一种补偿。差异补偿是指作物系统在一定层次构成因子共同增效中,增量多的因子与增量少的因子间通过相互作用而获得补偿的特殊现象。作物补偿在补偿效果上可分为超量补偿、等量补偿和部分补偿;在补偿的层次和范围上也表现出多元化的特征,即在作物与环境、作物内部各因子间以及从群落到分子水平各层次均可存在补偿机制。基于作物于广义补偿和产量分析的“三合结构”基本框架,指出作物高产突破是基于得失补偿基础上重点突破差异补偿,所采取的技术途径是结构性挖潜和功能性挖潜,两条途径在作物超高产实践中一直发挥着重要作用。进一步深入研究作物补偿机制及其挖潜途径将更加有力地推动高产突破的进程。     

Effect of Different Preceding Crops and Crop Rotations on Yield of Winter Oil-seed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

To determine the effect of different preceding crops and crop rotations on the grain yield of oil-seed rape, a long-term rotation experiment was conducted at the Hohenschulen experimental station in Kiel, NW Germany. Additional factors included the nitrogen fertilization and the fungicide application. The results reported herein are based upon the harvest years 1988 to 1993. Averaged over the different rotations and husbandry treatments, the grain yields in the 6 experimental years varied between 2.71 t ha^?1 and 3.99 t ha^?1. In contrast, the effect of the different husbandry treatments was smaller and non significant. Averaged over 6 years, only the fungicide application caused small yield increase of 0.2 t ha^?1. The highest grain yields of 3.77 t ha^?1 or 3.65 t ha^?1 occurred when oil-seed rape was directly following peas. Low yields between 3.15 tha^?1 and 3.33 tha^?1 were obtained when oil-seed rape was grown after oilseed rape. The lowest grain yield of 3.13 t ha^?1 was produced with oil-seed rape grown in monoculture only. In rotations with oil-seed rape following a preceding cereal crop (wheat or barley), the grain yields averaged between 3.22 tha^?1 in a two course rotation and up to 3.44 tha^?1 in a four course rotation. In general, the yields of oil-seed rape increase with the length of the rotation and the length of the break between two oilseed rape crops. The yield component number of seeds per m² was affected by the previous cropping accordingly, whereas the thousand seed weight did not respond to the cropping history. Based upon disease assessments in the first years of this experiment, we argue that an increase in the incidence of fungal diseases has considerably contributed to the yield decrease of oil-seed rape in short rotations.