野生黄花蒿植株和土壤中的青蒿素、黄酮含量变化及其对土壤微生物的影响

黄花蒿在生长过程中,主要通过植株残体腐解、淋溶、根系分泌等途径向土壤中释放多种化感物质,影响邻近和后续植物的生长发育。本试验研究了野生黄花蒿植株及土壤中的青蒿素类物质和黄酮含量,以及土壤可培养微生物数量。结果表明,各生育期野生黄花蒿叶片和根区土壤中青蒿素含量的变化趋势为:现蕾期>始花期>盛花期>营养生长期;根区土壤中的去氧青蒿素平均含量最高,青蒿酸次之,青蒿素最低,三者合计516.93 μg/kg干土,且3种化合物的总量根际和根表显著高于非根际。野生黄花蒿植株黄酮含量呈现出茎>叶>根系>花,根区土壤黄酮含量表现为根表>根际>非根际,且盛花期增至最大均值434.77 μg/kg干土。说明根系分泌也是黄酮类化合物进入土壤的主要途径。土壤青蒿素含量与细菌和放线菌数量呈显著负相关(r=-0.508^*和r=-0.478^*,n=24),去氧青蒿素含量与放线菌数量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.528^**,n=24)。因此,土壤中的青蒿素类物质可能抑制微生物的生长繁殖,影响土壤生物化学过程。     

异丁酸对西门塔尔牛增重、日粮养分消化和甲烷排放的影响简

 试验选用３６头１２月龄左右、体况良好、体重相近的西门塔尔牛,随机分为４组,测定异丁酸（０,０．０２,０．０４和０．０６ｇ／ｋｇ· ｄ）对日粮养分消化率、增重性能和甲烷排放的影响。结果表明,日粮添加异丁酸后,０．０４和０．０６ｇ／（ｋｇ· ｄ）组有机物（ｏｒｇａｎｉｃｍａｔｔｅｒ,ＯＭ）消化率显著高于对照组,处理组粗蛋白（ｃｒｕｄｅｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ,ＣＰ）消化率显著高于对照组,无氮浸出物（ｎｉｔｒｏｇｅｎｆｒｅｅｅｘｔｒａｃｔ,ＮＦＥ）消化率差异不显著,０．０４ｇ／（ｋｇ· ｄ）组中性洗涤纤维（ｎｅｕｔｒａｌｄｅｔｅｒｇｅｎｔｆｉｂｒｅ,ＮＤＦ）消化率显著高于对照组和０．０２ｇ／（ｋｇ· ｄ）组（P＜０．０５）,０．０４ｇ／（ｋｇ· ｄ）组酸性洗涤纤维（ａｃｉｄｄｅｔｅｒｇｅｎｔｆｉｂｒｅ,ＡＤＦ）消化率显著高于对照组和其他处理组（P＜０．０５）;试验期间０．０４ｇ／（ｋｇ· ｄ）组和０．０６ｇ／（ｋｇ· ｄ）组日增重显著高于对照组（P＜０．０５）,但与０．０２ｇ／（ｋｇ· ｄ）组差异不显著;肉牛干物质采食量在试验期间０．０４ｇ／（ｋｇ· ｄ）组显著低于对照组（P＜０．０５）,其他组间差异不显著,０．０４ｇ／（ｋｇ· ｄ）组和０．０６ｇ／（ｋｇ· ｄ）组每千克增重消耗饲料显著低于对照组和０．０２ｇ／（ｋｇ· ｄ）组（P＜０．０５）;此外,玉米秸秆日粮中添加异丁酸后,甲烷能呈降低趋势,０．０４ｇ／（ｋｇ· ｄ）和０．０６ｇ／（ｋｇ· ｄ）组显著低于对照组（P＜０．０５）。由此推断日粮添加异丁酸后对增重性能＼营养物质消化和降低甲烷排放有显著促进作用,适宜添加水平为０．０４ｇ／（ｋｇ· ｄ）。     

CryⅢA 基因植物表达载体构建及马铃薯遗传转化简

 利用Ｉｎ-Ｆｕｓｉｏｎ技术将酶切位点不匹配、目的基因内部含载体酶切位点的CRY  ⅢA 基因和植物表达载体ｐＢＩ１２１相连接，分别成功构建了组成型启动子ＣａＭＶ３５Ｓ和马铃薯茎叶特异表达启动子ＳＴ-ＬＳ１驱动的CRY  ⅢA 基因植物表达载体。利用冻融法将２个重组质粒转入根癌农杆菌ＬＢＡ４４０４，转化马铃薯栽培品种陇薯３号和甘农薯２号获得了转化植株，经卡那霉素筛选和ＰＣＲ 测，共有１０株阳性植株CRY  ⅢA 基因成功整合到马铃薯基因组中。经实时荧光定量ＰＣＲ 检测表明，CRY  ⅢA 基因在ＣａＭＶ３５Ｓ驱动的CRY  ⅢA 转基因植株的根、茎、叶中均有表达，且在叶中表达量较高，茎和根次之；在马铃薯茎叶特异表达启动子ＳＴ-ＬＳ１驱动的CRY  ⅢA 转基因植株中，在根中未见表达，仅在茎、叶中表达，且在叶中表达量较高。     

转 GsGST13/SCMRP 基因双价苜蓿的耐盐性分析简

 本研究是将从野大豆盐碱胁迫基因表达谱中筛选得到的GsGST13 基因和采用生物信息学方法改造的高甲硫氨酸蛋白基因SCMRP 构建成双价植物表达载体,通过农杆菌介导法转化农菁１号苜蓿,获得超量表达的转基因苜蓿,并对其中２个转基因苜蓿株系进行耐盐性分析及氨基酸组分分析。结果显示,转基因苜蓿具有较强的耐盐性,表现为随着盐浓度的升高,野生型苜蓿盐害不断加重,生长发育受抑制,叶片逐渐变黄、卷曲、萎蔫,而转基因苜蓿只受到轻微影响,仍能正常生长。转基因株系的丙二醛含量和过氧化氢含量显著低于非转基因株系（P＜０．０５）,而株高,鲜重,ＧＳＴ 活性和ＳＯＤ 活性显著高于非转基因对照（P ＜０．０５,P ＜０．０１）;同时株系Ｇ１６和Ｇ５０的含硫氨基酸含量分别比野生型植株提高了０．５７％ 和０．５２％。说明超量表达GsGST13 ／SCMRP 基因增强了苜蓿的耐盐性,并提高了含硫氨基酸含量。     

黄河口潮滩湿地土壤 CH4氧化潜力及其对有机物输入的响应简

 ２０１０年１１月，采集了黄河口北部滨岸高潮滩、中潮滩、低潮滩和光滩表层土壤样品，基于短期培养实验，研究了不同潮滩土壤CH₄ 氧化潜力及其对有机物输入的响应。结果表明，尽管４种湿地土壤的CH₄ 氧化潜力存在一定差异（P＞０．０５），但整体变化规律相似。１２～６０ｈ，CH₄ 氧化潜力均呈先增加后降低变化；６０～１３２ｈ，CH₄  氧化潜力均呈迅速增加趋势。４种湿地土壤CH₄  氧化潜力整体表现为光滩（２．３７μｇ／ｇ·ｄ）＞低潮滩（２．２９μｇ／ｇ·ｄ）＞中潮滩（１．７０μｇ／ｇ·ｄ）＞高潮滩（１．４７μｇ／ｇ·ｄ）。甲醇输入整体抑制了湿地土壤的CH₄  氧化潜力，抑制程度表现为光滩＞中潮滩＞低潮滩＞高潮滩。４种湿地土壤的CH₄  氧化潜力分别为１．２７，０．４９，０．６７和０．３８μｇ／（ｇ·ｄ），较对照组降低１３．５６％，７０．９８％，７０．６５％和８３．８３％；酵母膏输入对高潮滩、中潮滩和光滩土壤的CH₄  氧化潜力表现为促进作用，促进程度表现为中潮滩＞ 高潮滩＞ 光滩。３种湿地土壤的CH₄  氧化潜力分别为２．８９，２．４１ 和２．９６μｇ／（ｇ·ｄ），较对照组增加６９．３８％，６４．０１％和２４．７６％。与之相比，酵母膏对低潮滩土壤的CH₄  氧化潜力表现为弱抑制作用，其氧化潜力为２．１４μｇ／（ｇ·ｄ），较对照组降低６．６７％。可见，不同有机物对潮滩湿地土壤CH₄  氧化潜力的影响差异较大，在当前外源有机物为黄河入海主要污染物情况下，潮滩湿地CH₄  的源／汇功能将会发生明显变化，这就使得在估算黄河口潮滩CH₄  排放清单时应特别关注不同有机物输入对CH₄  释放的影响。     

青蒿素对牧草的化感作用

试验以黑麦草、白三叶和光叶紫花苕为材料,采用盆栽试验,研究不同浓度(0,6,12,24,36 mg/kg)青蒿素处理对3种牧草生长、生理、抗氧化酶和养分指标的影响,为重庆市黄花蒿产区选择宜栽牧草提供科学参考。结果表明,青蒿素显著影响3种牧草生长,影响效应与青蒿素浓度和牧草种类显著相关。其中,6 mg/kg 青蒿素对3种牧草生长指标均有显著抑制作用,并随浓度的增加而增强。当浓度为36 mg/kg时,黑麦草、白三叶和光叶紫花苕的生物量分别减少76.83%,90.10%和65.09%;株高分别降低47.82%,38.76%和44.49%。青蒿素对3种牧草的化感综合效应均表现为负值,且绝对平均值光叶紫花苕最小,黑麦草次之,白三叶最大,说明光叶紫花苕对青蒿素相对不敏感。此外,青蒿素显著降低牧草叶绿素含量、根系活力和硝酸还原酶活性,不益于光合作用、养分吸收和氮素同化,故牧草氮、磷、钾吸收量显著降低,最大降幅均超过70%。青蒿素对抗氧化酶活性的影响各异,超氧化物歧化酶活性提高,过氧化物酶活性降低,过氧化氢酶活性无显著变化。但是,青蒿素大幅度提高丙二醛含量,表明在青蒿素胁迫下,牧草体内产生了较多的氧自由基或清除率降低,细胞膜受到损伤。因此,在重庆黄花蒿产区,比较适合种植对青蒿素相对不敏感的光叶紫花苕。     

干旱胁迫及复水对玉簪生长和光合作用的影响简

 以东北玉簪和紫萼玉簪为材料,研究了干旱胁迫及复水对玉簪干物质量、部分形态指标、叶绿素含量、气体交换和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,结果表明,随干旱胁迫时间的延长和干旱程度的增加,干旱胁迫处理对２种玉簪干物质量、部分形态指标、叶绿素含量的抑制作用逐渐增大。此外,干旱胁迫处理能够降低或显著降低２种玉簪的净光合速率（Pｎ）、气孔导度（Gｓ）、蒸腾速率（Tｒ）,降低或升高胞间ＣＯ_２ 浓度（Cｉ）;降低或显著降低ＰＳＩＩ最大光能转化效率（Fｖ／Fｍ）、光适应下ＰＳＩＩ最大光能转化效率（Fｖ′／Fｍ′）、ＰＳＩＩ电子传递量子效率（ΦＰＳＩＩ）和光化学猝灭系数（qP）,显著提高非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）。而干旱胁迫处理１５或３０ｄ后复水１５ｄ,各指标均能得到不同程度的恢复;３０ｄ的干旱胁迫未造成光合细胞器的不可逆损伤。２种玉簪相关生理指标的比较分析结果显示,东北玉簪抗旱能力强于紫萼玉簪。     

近１０年新疆草地生态系统净初级生产力及其时空格局变化研究

 基于２００１－２０１０年遥感监测和气象数据,采用ＣＡＳＡ（Ｃａｒｎｅｇｉｅ Ａｍｅｓ ＳｔａｎｆｏｒｄＡｐｐｒｏａｃｈ）模型模拟分析新疆地区草地植被净初级生产力（ＮＰＰ）及其时空变化特征。结果表明,新疆草地植被ＮＰＰ 空间分布特征受区域水热条件的制约,草地植被大体上由北向南依次出现高山与亚高山草甸、平原草地、草甸、荒漠草地和高山与亚高山草地,其ＮＰＰ也逐渐由３９５ｇＣ／（ｍ^２·ａ）减少到接近０ｇＣ／（ｍ^２·ａ）。１０年间,新疆草地ＮＰＰ总量平均值为５６．４７ＴｇＣ。新疆不同草地类型的ＮＰＰ存在较大差异。其中,草甸的平均ＮＰＰ最高,为１５５．２９ｇＣ／（ｍ^２·ａ）;荒漠草地的平均ＮＰＰ最低,为５７．６８ｇＣ／（ｍ^２·ａ）;总体表现为草甸＞ 高山与亚高山草甸＞ 平原草地＞ 高山与亚高山草地＞荒漠草地;新疆地区草地植被ＮＰＰ整体水平较低,其中,高山与亚高山草甸、平原草地和草甸属于较低生产力的生态系统;而荒漠草地和高山与亚高山草地则属于最低生产力的生态系统。新疆主要草地植被６－８月ＮＰＰ 占全年ＮＰＰ的６３．１７％。不同草地类型的平均ＮＰＰ月际变化差异较大,均在７月达峰值。前７个月平均增长速度最快的是高山与亚高山草甸,最慢的是高山与亚高山草地;后５个月平均下降速度最快的是草甸,最慢的是荒漠草地。除草甸呈增长趋势外,其他４种草地类型的平均ＮＰＰ 总体上表现出一定的下降趋势,其中,平原草地的平均ＮＰＰ下降速率最快。全区草地植被ＮＰＰ 总量在２００７ 年达最高值,为６０．２１ＴｇＣ／ａ,最低值出现在２００６ 年,为５３．４１ＴｇＣ／ａ。草甸是新疆５种草地类型中ＮＰＰ总量唯一呈逐渐增长的草地类型,而其他４种草地类型均呈下降 趋势,其中平原草地的ＮＰＰ总量下降速率最快。近１０年来,新疆全区草地植被总ＮＰＰ的年际变化较大,有进一步下降趋势。     

不同剂量青蒿花枝干粉对家兔球虫病防治效果实验

<正>青蒿,又名香蒿、草蒿、黑蒿等,菊科艾属一年生草本植物。青蒿为我国传统中药,地道药材,民间用作清热、化斑、消暑、泻热、凉血、消肿、止汗等。中药青蒿作为传统清热药,已有两千多年的历史,在临床上广泛应用,其青蒿素用于治疗多型疟疾,疗效显著,并得到世界的公认。另外,近年国内外报道了青蒿素及其衍生物有抗寄生虫如血吸虫、肺孢子虫、弓形虫、细粒棘球蚴的作用,还具有免疫调节、诱导癌细胞凋亡、杀伤癌细胞及抗肿瘤的功能[1]。     

光周期对不同秋眠型苜蓿光敏色素和内源激素的影响简

 本试验研究了不同光周期对３种秋眠型苜蓿光敏色素和植物体内源激素含量的影响,为揭示苜蓿秋眠性的调控机理提供科学依据。试验采用ＦＱ-ＰＣＲＳＹＢＲ-ＧｒｅｅｎＩ方法,在人工气候室,以美国苜蓿秋眠级标准对照品种Ｎｏｒｓｅｍａｎ（ＦＤ_１,秋眠型苜蓿,秋眠１级）、Ｄｕｐｕｉｌｓ（ＦＤ_５,半秋眠型苜蓿,秋眠５级）和ＣＵＦ１０１（ＦＤ_９,非秋眠型苜蓿,秋眠９级）为材料,设计４个不同的日照长度梯度（７,１０,１３和１６ｈ／ｄ）,对其植株处理３５ｄ,测定叶片中光敏色素（PHYA 、PHYB）ｍＲＮＡ 表达量,采用（ＥＬＩＳＡ）试剂盒法测定内源激素生长素（ＩＡＡ）、脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）、玉米素核苷（ＺＲ）、赤霉酸（ＧＡ_３）的含量。结果表明,３种不同秋眠型紫花苜蓿PHYA 和PHYB 在短日照条件下合成量大,其中以Ｎｏｒｓｅｍａｎ表现最为明显。不同秋眠类型苜蓿叶片中的ＧＡ_３／ＡＢＡ、ＺＲ／ＡＢＡ和ＩＡＡ／ＡＢＡ均随着光照时间延长而增大;短日照条件下３种秋眠型苜蓿ＡＢＡ的合成量均为最大,ＧＡ_３的含量最低,生长严重受到抑制。可能PHYA 和PHYB 直接或间接影响了内源激素ＧＡ３、ＺＲ、ＩＡＡ、ＡＢＡ合成量,进而调控了苜蓿的秋眠。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.