甜高粱青贮与玉米秸秆青贮喂奶牛对比试验

40头中国荷斯坦牛被分为2组,试验组饲喂甜高粱青贮料 配合精料,对照组饲喂玉米秸秆青贮料 配合精料,经80d饲喂,结果表明试验组头日均比对照组多产奶5.25kg,产奶量提高12.16%,头日均节省精饲料2kg,差异极显著(P<0.01),试验组头日均增收4.54元,经济效益明显。     

不同青贮玉米品种青贮品质对比试验

为筛选出适宜赤峰市巴林右旗种植的全株青贮玉米(Zea mays L.)品种,选用10个青贮玉米品种调制青贮。本试验对比分析供试品种的青贮品质和营养成分,从而筛选出适合赤峰地区种植的优质的青贮玉米品种。试验结果表明,青饲1号品质优良,可在赤峰地区推广种植。     

不同青贮添加剂对全株玉米青贮品质的影响

全株玉米青贮是奶牛全混合日粮(TMR)的重要组成成分,具有极高的营养价值和饲喂价值。随着我国奶牛养殖行业的发展,对奶牛饲喂水平的要求也逐渐提升,那么,提高全株玉米青贮的品质就是其中一个重要环节。为研究添加菌制剂与菌-酶制剂对全株玉米青贮常规指标的影响,选择在黑龙江省某规模化牧场同时制作3种不同青贮添加剂处理的全株玉米青贮,分别为添加菌制剂处理、添加菌-酶制剂处理和作为对照无添加剂制作的全株玉米青贮,待青贮发酵完成后采样,进行感官评定,每种青贮采集3个样品,采样后分别测定其p H值,NH_3-N浓度,DM、CP、Ash、NDF、ADF、EE、SS、Ca和P等指标进行数据分析。结果表明:与对照组相比,添加菌制剂可显著降低全株玉米青贮的氨态氮浓度(P<0.05),两种添加剂均可显著提高青贮的干物质和粗蛋白含量(P<0.05),添加菌-酶制剂可显著降低青贮的粗脂肪含量(P<0.05),提高磷的含量(P<0.05),且青贮饲料中的中性洗涤纤维含量显著低于无添加剂青贮的含量(P<0.05)。可以看出,添加菌制剂和菌-酶制剂可以提高全株玉米青贮的品质,且菌-酶制剂青贮效果更佳。     

甜高粱青贮与玉米秸秆青贮喂奶牛对比试验

为了大力发展节粮型畜牧业，陕西省岐山县2002年开始引种甜高粱8．4公顷，2003年种植13．33公顷。经测定，甜高粱亩产鲜草平均9000千克，茎秆含糖量高达18％-21％，制作成青贮料蛋白质含量为1．07％，粗脂肪3．17％，粗纤维8．53％，粗灰分1．18％，钙0．09％，磷0．03％。为进一步取得科学数据，我们将甜高粱青贮料进行饲喂奶牛对比试验，将情况报告如下。     

不同混合比例和青贮时间对紫花苜蓿与甜高粱混贮品质的影响

文章旨在探究不同混合比例和青贮时间对紫花苜蓿与甜高粱混贮品质的影响。将紫花苜蓿和甜高粱经不同比例(紫花苜蓿和甜高粱的鲜质量比例分别为10:0,8:2,6:4,4:6,2:8,0:10)混合均匀放入聚乙烯青贮袋中常温避光保存,将每个处理设置3个重复,分别在30 d和90 d时,对混贮饲料进行发酵指标和营养物质含量测定。结果表明,随着甜高粱比例的增加,pH值、干物质含量、粗蛋白质含量和氨态氮/总氮的比例显著下降;可溶性碳水化合物、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量显著升高,有机酸含量变化差异不显著;对比30 d和90 d,混贮的pH值、粗蛋白质含量、可溶性碳水化合物、中性洗涤纤维和氨态氮/总氮变化差异极显著,干物质含量、酸性洗涤纤维含量和有机酸含量变化差异不显著;随着甜高粱的比例增加,混贮的发酵品质呈升高趋势,混贮的营养成分呈降低趋势。故综合发酵品质、营养成分的分析,将紫花苜蓿与甜高粱以6:4的比例进行混贮效果较好。     

不同氮素施肥水平和青贮时期玉米青贮品质的研究

新鲜全株玉米(会单4号)在不同氮素施肥水平和不同青贮时期采样粉碎后直接进行塑料袋青贮.结果表明尿素施肥在300 kg/hm2水平上,青贮玉米的pH值、乳酸、挥发性脂肪标好于对照;尿素施肥在150 kg/hm2水平和450 kg/hm2水平,青贮品质达到优质标准;而在蜡熟期收割青贮,其pH值、乳酸、挥发性脂肪酸指标略好于乳熟期、完熟期,达到优质标准.     

不同氮素施肥水平和青贮时期玉米青贮品质的研究

新鲜全株玉米(会单4号)在不同氮素施肥水平和不同青贮时期采样粉碎后直接进行塑料袋青贮。结果表明:尿素施肥在300 kg/hm2水平上,青贮玉米的pH值、乳酸、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)指标好于对照组(不施肥);尿素施肥在150 kg/hm2水平和450 kg/hm2水平,青贮品质达到优质标准;而在蜡熟期收割青贮,其pH值、乳酸、挥发性脂肪酸指标略好于乳熟期、完熟期,达到优质标准。     

青贮原料和添加剂对玉米青贮品质的影响

以全株玉米和不带穗玉米为原料,添加布氏乳杆菌制剂、复合酶制剂、宝来利来微生物添加剂青贮宝,开展了青贮原料和添加剂对玉米青贮品质的影响研究。结果显示,(1)青贮原料和添加剂都明显影响玉米青贮的微生物含量,其中全株玉米原料更有利于酵母菌生长,布氏乳杆菌能明显抑制霉菌的生长;(2)玉米青贮的p H值明显受青贮原料影响,而氨态氮既不明显受青贮原料影响,也不明显受添加剂影响;(3)全株玉米青贮的乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量明显低于不带穗玉米青贮,布氏乳杆菌能明显提高不带穗玉米青贮的乙酸和丁酸含量。     

青贮菌剂对甜高粱青贮品质影响及不同品种甜高粱青贮体外发酵特性研究

本研究包括两个试验,试验一旨在研究不同青贮菌剂对甜高粱青贮品质及营养价值影响,选用3个品种乳熟期的甜高粱作为试验材料;添加0%、0.1%、0.2%三个水平的青贮菌剂,青贮30 d后测定青贮品质及营养价值;结果表明：添加青贮菌剂能显著提高（P=0.01）阿尔托16262甜高粱青贮乳酸产量,添加0.1%或0.2%青贮菌剂分别能使乳酸产量提高22.93%和19.97%,但对p H无显著影响（P> 0.05）,且添加青贮菌剂对甜高粱青贮营养价值没有显著影响（P> 0.05）。试验二旨在探究不同品种甜高粱青贮的饲用价值,在试验一的基础上,选用3个品种未添加青贮菌剂的甜高粱青贮为试验材料,3只装有永久性瘘管的湘东黑山羊作为瘤胃液供体,采用全自动体外模拟瘤胃发酵设备,进行48 h体外模拟瘤胃发酵。结果表明：（1）阿尔托LPBO的体外干物质消失率（DMD）分别比阿尔托16262与N3J53显著提高（P=0.02）14.2%和26.06%,产气量显著提高（P <0.01）38.84%和49.97%;(2)阿尔托LPBO体外发酵pH相比于阿尔托16262与N3J53分别显著降低（P &l...     

青贮玉米品质影响因素分析

近些年畜牧业发展迅速,青贮玉米更高的饲用价值和经济价值受到关注。我国青贮产业起步较晚,与欧美国家差距较大。根据目前我国青贮玉米发展和研究概况,本文从品种、田间管理和青贮制作3个方面,分析并列举了影响青贮玉米品质的因素和改善方法,以期为我国青贮产业发展提供思路。[关键词] 青贮玉米|品质|影响因素     

饲用甜高粱和全株玉米青贮对肉羊前胃微生态的影响

本试验旨在探究饲用甜高粱青贮（sweet sorghum silage, SS）和全株玉米青贮（whole-plant corn silage, CS）对肉羊前胃微生态的影响。选择健康的3~4月龄杜泊母羊［（33.40±1.68） kg］14只,随机分为2组,每组7只羊,每只羊为1个重复,分别喂甜高粱青贮（SS组）和玉米青贮（CS组）,单栏饲喂并自由饮水。预饲期15 d,正试期90 d,在正试期测定并计算生长性能指标,正试期结束后,每组选取4只羊进行屠宰,采集前胃（瘤胃、网胃和瓣胃）食糜和组织样品,对前胃发酵参数、微生物表达量、上皮颜色和组织结构进行观察和测定。结果表明：1）CS组肉羊的干物质采食量显著高于SS组（P<0.05）。2）甜高粱青贮和玉米青贮育肥肉羊90 d后,对前胃的pH值未产生显著影响（P>0.05）;在网胃内容物中,SS组肉羊氨氮浓度显著高于CS组（P<0.05）,CS组肉羊丁酸含量显著高于SS组（P<0.05）;SS组肉羊瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸含量显著高于CS组（P<0.05）。3）SS组肉羊瘤胃内短普雷沃氏菌、栖普雷沃氏菌、产琥珀酸丝状杆菌和黄色瘤胃球菌的表达量显著高于CS组（P<0.05）。4）饲粮处理显著影响前胃颜色,CS组肉羊的前胃上皮颜色比SS组深（P<0.05）。5）SS组肉羊瘤胃乳头宽度显著高于CS组（P<0.05）,饲喂甜高粱青贮和玉米青贮对肉羊网胃黏膜厚度、黏膜下层厚度和肌层厚度并未产生显著影响（P>0.05）,CS组肉羊的瓣胃黏膜上皮厚度显著高于SS组（P<0.05）。综上所述,在本试验条件下,和饲用玉米青贮相比,饲用甜高粱青贮肉羊的采食量较低,且这两种青贮料饲喂对肉羊的微生态有影响,甜高粱青贮组肉羊的瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸含量、前胃内纤维分解菌的表达量以及瘤胃乳头宽度等指标显著高于玉米青贮组,且甜高粱青贮组肉羊的前胃上皮颜色较浅,角质化程度低,有利于肉羊的胃肠道健康。     

青贮甜高粱和全株饲用玉米配比料饲喂西门塔尔肉牛的效果比较

[目的]饲草在肉牛养殖中发挥着重要作用,通过牛体增重对比不同饲草及其配比喂养西门塔尔肉牛效果,以确定较优的青贮甜高粱和全株饲用玉米的配比.[方法]在冬季温室养殖条件下,设计5组配比的青贮甜高粱和全株饲用玉米饲喂西门塔尔肉牛,定期称量牛体增重,并分析各试验组养殖效益.[结果]试验结果显示,青贮甜高粱和全株玉米喂养西门塔尔...     

不同品种玉米和甜高粱的产能比较

为推动"粮改饲",提高种养效益,本研究比较了4个玉米(Zea mays)品种和4个甜高粱(Sorghum bicolor)品种的产能,以期筛选出适合在我国关中地区推广种植的高产优良青贮品种.结果表明,种间或品种间的农艺性状和产能均存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中玉米生长期为99～116 d,甜高粱为124～175 d;玉米的叶片数约为14片,甜高粱为8～23片;玉米株高为225.8～281.5 cm,甜高粱为165.3～338.8 cm;玉米青贮产量为40.2～83.9 t·hm?2,甜高粱为35.6～125.3 t·hm?2;玉米干物质产量为12.0～25.1 t·hm?2,甜高粱为10.7～37.7 t·hm?2.产量最高的玉米品种为'D B 08',甜高粱为'极光',比对照籽粒型玉米品种'强盛58'分别增产了84.5％和211.6％.营养分析发现,玉米和甜高粱的粗蛋白、粗纤维、粗脂肪、灰分和无氮浸出物等营养物质种间或品种间均存在差异,且各单一最优营养指标并不聚集于同一品种中.综合考虑青贮产量和反刍动物营养需求,本研究建议选择玉米'DB08'和甜高粱'极光'作为青贮饲料在关中地区进行推广种植.     

Comparative analysis of ensiling characteristics and protein degradation of alfalfa silage prepared with corn or sweet sorghum in semiarid region of Inner Mongolia

This study was conducted to evaluate silage fermentation and protein degradation of alfalfa prepared with corn or sweet sorghum (SS) at different mixing ratios. The chemical composition, ensiling characteristics, and protein degradation of alfalfa prepared with and without corn or SS at mixing ratios of 7:3, 1:1, and 3:7 on a fresh matter (FM) basis were studied. The alfalfa had the highest crude protein (CP) content and lactate buffering capacity (LBC), but lower water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content than corn and SS. After 60 days of ensiling, the corn and SS silages had good quality, with lower pH and ammonia‐N content, and higher dry matter (DM) content than the alfalfa silages. In the alfalfa and corn mixture silages, the DM contents linearly increased with an increase in the proportion of corn, while the pH, non‐protein N (NPN), ammonia‐N, and peptide‐N contents linearly decreased. In the alfalfa and SS mixture silages, the DM and NPN contents linearly increased with an increase in the proportion of SS, while the pH, lactic acid, and ammonia‐N contents linearly decreased. This study suggests that alfalfa silage prepared with corn has more positive effect on fermentation quality and inhibiting protein degradation than addition of SS.     

甜高粱青贮有氧暴露的稳定性及微生物变化的研究

为了更好地开发利用甜高粱青贮饲料,本研究以高糖甜高粱青贮(HSS)、低糖甜高粱青贮(LSS)和玉米青贮(MZS)为材料,研究了在有氧暴露0、5、10、15、20和25 d时干物质、水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、pH、温度和微生物数量的变化。结果表明,在有氧暴露前期(0~5 d),与LSS和MZS比较,HSS具有较低的pH值,较高的乳酸菌含量和较高的温度;在有氧暴露的后期(15~25 d),HSS酵母菌、霉菌和好氧菌数量均显著大于LSS和MZS (P<0.05),LSS的温度和pH值显著低于HSS和MZS(P<0.05);在整个有氧过程中,WSC含量在HSS中最高,干物质含量在LSS中最高(P<0.05)。可见,在有氧暴露环境下,LSS有氧稳定性最好,酵母菌、霉菌和好氧细菌数量增加最少;HSS有氧稳定性最差,酵母菌、霉菌和好氧细菌数量增加最多;MZS有氧稳定性和好氧性微生物数量居中。本研究结果提示,HSS在有氧暴露环境下更容易发生二次发酵,因此,有必要在青贮中使用添加剂,以保证HSS在使用过程的营养品质。     

Effects of total replacement of corn silage with sorghum silage on milk yield,composition, and quality

Background: In the last years, difficulties occurring in corn cultivation(i.e., groundwater shortages, mycotoxin contamination) have been forcing dairy farmers to consider alternative silages. Some experiments conducted on lactating cows have proven that the total replacement of corn silage with sorghum silage did not reduce milk yield.However, this kind of substitution involves supplementing sorghum-based diets with grains, to compensate for the lower starch content of sorghum silage compared to corn silage. Change of silage type and inclusion of starch sources in the diet would influence rumen fermentations, with possible effects on milk composition(i.e., fatty acid profile) and coagulation properties. A worsening of milk coagulation properties would have a negative economic impact in Italy, where most of the milk produced is processed into cheese.This study was designed to compare milk composition and quality, with emphasis on fatty acid profile and coagulation properties, in dairy cows fed two diets based on corn or sorghum silage.Results: The sorghum diet reduced milk yield(P = 0.043) but not 4% fat corrected milk(P = 0.85). Feeding sorghum silage did not influence milk contents of protein(P = 0.07) and lactose(P = 0.65), and increased fat content(P = 0.024).No differences emerged for milk concentrations of saturated(P = 0.61) and monounsaturated fatty acids(P = 0.50),whereas polyunsaturated fatty acids were lower(P 0.001) for the sorghum diet. Concentrations of n-6(P 0.001) and n-3 fatty acids(P = 0.017) were lower in milk of cows fed the sorghum diet. Milk coagulation properties did not differ between the two diets, except the "a30"(the curd firmness, expressed in mm, 30 min after rennet addition), that was lower(P = 0.042) for the sorghum diet.Conclusions: Feeding a forage sorghum silage, properly supplemented with corn meal, as total replacement of corn silage maintained milk composition and did not influence negatively milk coagulation properties, which have a great economic relevance for the Italian dairy industry. Thus, silages obtained from forage sorghums could have a potential as substitute of corn silages in dairy cow diets.     

甜高粱秸秆酒糟的青贮保存效果及其瘤胃降解特性研究

试验旨在研究添加玉米后的甜高粱秸秆酒糟青贮保存效果、营养组成及其瘤胃降解特性。将甜高粱秸秆酒糟分别添加0、4%、8%玉米粉并接种乳酸菌进行青贮保存。每个处理重复4次。常温下贮存45 d后评定青贮品质和化学组成。试验选用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛,采用尼龙袋法评定其干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的瘤胃降解率。结果表明,添加4%或8%的玉米发酵基质和乳酸菌发酵剂可显著改善甜高粱秸秆酒糟的青贮品质,p H值可达到青贮保存水平,能安全保存;添加玉米青贮后的酒糟CP、EE有所提高,NDF、ADF和ADL有所下降(P0.05)。经瘤胃内尼龙袋试验证明,添加玉米青贮提高了CP、NDF和ADF的瘤胃降解率(P0.05);因此,添加玉米粉到甜高粱秸秆酒糟中可以改善酒糟的青贮品质和营养价值,改善养分的降解性,更利于消化,以8%添加组效果最佳。     

The effects of temperature on the silage microbiology and aerobic stability of corn and vetch-grain silages

Abstract

The purpose of the current work was to extend the study of the effect of temperature on silage microbiology, with or without formic acid, and on the aerobic stability of corn and vetch-grain silages.

The silage samples were ensiled in 1.0-l anaerobic jars, with and without formic acid, at room (20°C) or elevated temperatures (30–37°C). After 45 days of ensiling, the silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test at room (20°C) and elevated (30–37°C) temperatures. The most intensive deterioration occurred at 30–37°C. Samples incubated at 30–37°C had the highest yeast and mould count, most prolific CO₂ production.

The finding of the current study suggests that formic acid may decrease mould growth in silage samples. Unfortunately, formic acid does not reduce aerobic deterioration rate of silages. Applying a 5 g/kg formic acid on corn and vetch-grain silages was not very effective at high temperatures.     

Effect of grape pomace on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of grape pomace (GP) with different adding levels (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%, fresh matter basis), alone (GP‐LAB) or in combine with an inoculant LAB (GP+LAB), on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage. After 90 days of ensiling in vacuumized mini‐silos, silages were subject to a 7‐day aerobic stability test, in which chemical, microbial and polyphenol composition were measured. In the GP‐LAB group, adding GP decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and butyric acid in silage. In the GP+LAB group, adding GP increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of lactic acid, WSC and crude protein, decreased (P < 0.05) final pH value, NH₃‐N ratio and butyric acid concentration in silage. Polyphenol level was reduced (P < 0.05) after silage fermentation. During aerobic exposure, the fungi count, pH value and silage temperature increased (P < 0.05), the levels of lactic acid, acetic acid and polyphenols (quercetin 3‐O‐glucoside and quercetin 3‐O‐glucuronid) decreased (P < 0.05) in silage. GP+LAB treated silage had a lag phase for aerobic spoilage. When the fermentation products, microbial counts, chemical and polyphenol composition were considered, the use of 10% GP+LAB at ensiling could provide a valuable source for improved fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage.     

不同加工方法对玉米青贮品质的影响

本试验通过感官评定和实验室分析研究切碎法和揉丝法对玉米青贮品质的影响。结果表明：感官评定各组均无丁酸臭味．呈酸香味．茎叶保持良好．颜色略有变化．仍保持部分原料颜色．揉丝组的色泽基本与原料保持一致，明显优于切碎组；揉丝组的pH值低于切碎组，pH值评分高于切碎组：两组青贮料中乳酸都占绝对优势．含量均占到总酸量的80％以上．但揉丝组中乳酸含量比切碎组高031个百分点：可溶性碳水化合物含量揉丝组比切碎组高1．69个百分点（P〈0．05）：EE、NDF、ADF、NDL含量减少量略有不同（P〉0．05）．NDF和ADF百分含量青贮后略有下降．而ADL的含量则略有增加．EE减少量无明显变化：揉丝组粗蛋白质含量比切碎组高0.3个百分点，差异显著（P〈0．05）：粗灰分含量比原料中略有增加。