吡虫啉和毒死蜱对尿素氮在土壤中转化的影响

为了考察杀虫剂施用对尿素态氮在土壤中转化过程的影响,采用室内培养法,通过测定土壤铵态氮和硝态氮质量分数以及反硝化损失的动态变化,研究了在施用尿素的土壤（有效氮含量为200 mg/kg）中分别添加不同剂量的吡虫啉和毒死蜱2种杀虫剂时,杀虫剂对尿素的水解、土壤氮的硝化及反硝化过程的影响。结果表明:吡虫啉和毒死蜱各剂量处理在第3天时对尿素水解具有显著的促进作用（PPPPP<0.01）,减少反硝化损失量39.69%。     

不同控氮比掺混肥对土壤无机氮与脲酶及冬小麦产量的影响

开展田间小区试验,研究了控释氮肥与尿素掺混施用对土壤无机氮与脲酶及冬小麦产量的影响,旨在寻求控释氮肥与尿素最佳掺混比例,提出缓解氮肥损失、降低面源污染、节约成本、易于推广的施肥方式。结果表明:较常规尿素处理,控释氮肥与尿素掺混对土壤铵态氮含量影响总体差异不显著;在小麦分蘖期,常规尿素处理土壤硝态氮含量和土壤脲酶活性较高,而小麦拔节期至成熟期,则以掺混40%比例以上控释氮肥处理的土壤硝态氮含量和脲酶活性较高;各施氮处理对小麦穗粒数和千粒重影响差异不显著,产量以掺混40%控释氮肥处理最高,较常规尿素处理增产14%,因产值最高,投入成本适中,净收入水平和产投比均为最高,分别为5 875.72元·hm~(-2)和2.24,较常规尿素处理提高了23.24%和9.27%。综上,40%控释氮肥与60%尿素掺混处理在提高土壤无机氮含量,激活小麦生长中、后期脲酶活性,增加冬小麦产量方面效果显著。     

施用包膜控释尿素对保护地黄瓜根区土壤微生物区系及酶活性的影响

以保护地黄瓜为研究对象,研究施用包膜控释尿素对黄瓜根区土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响。结果表明:控释尿素可增加细菌、放线菌的数量,对三大类微生物类群的影响效应依次为:细菌>放线菌>真菌;控释尿素对细菌和真菌的影响依次为:D60>D90>U>CK,对放线菌的影响不明显;控释尿素与普通尿素配比时随着控释尿素用量的增加,多酚氧化酶、脲酶活性升高,对碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和转化酶活性无明显影响;控释尿素对多酚氧化酶活性的影响依次为D90>D60>U>CK,对转化酶活性增加效果最为显著;控释尿素对全氮的影响尤为突出,对土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、硝态氮、铵态氮及速效钾有明显提高作用,可降低速效磷含量。     

缓释尿素对滴灌棉田土壤无机氮及其产量的影响

通过田间试验,研究了基施缓释尿素占总氮量20%,50%和100%对棉田土壤无机氮分布、积累以及棉花产量、氮素吸收利用及农田氮素平衡的影响,明确缓释尿素能否在滴灌棉花上施用,并探讨其施用的适宜基施比例。结果表明,施用缓释尿素可显著提高土壤硝态氮和铵态氮含量,其中各缓释尿素处理的土壤硝态氮含量较不施氮处理分别提高189.27%、195.58%和112.70%。施肥处理土壤无机氮积累量均表现为富集现象,不施氮处理则表现为负积累效应。土壤无机氮含量随基施比例的增加而降低,而土壤氮素表观损失量和氮素盈余量随基施比例的增大均为先降后增的趋势。棉花产量、氮肥利用率和农学效率均随缓释尿素基施比例的增大表现出先增加后降低的趋势,缓释尿素是通过增加棉花单株结铃数或单铃重来实现增产的。综上,本试验条件下,缓释尿素占总氮量50%作基肥的滴灌棉花产量及氮肥利用率较高,土壤氮素表观损失量较低。     

施肥方式对膜孔点源入渗尿素转化特性的影响

通过室内入渗试验,研究了不同施肥方式对膜孔点源入渗尿素转化特性的影响。结果表明,不同施肥方式下尿素的转化规律基本一致,施肥5 d后土壤铵态氮达到最高峰,随后的10 d内迅速下降至土壤的本底值,而土壤硝态氮一直平稳升高,于施肥后15 d左右达到最大值。不同施肥方式下膜孔点源入渗土壤尿素转化后铵态氮和硝态氮的分布特征有明显的不同。灌施情况下土壤铵态氮含量和硝态氮含量沿着远离膜孔中心的方向逐渐减小;表施情况下土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量集中分布在土壤表层以下7～15 cm的土层内;深施情况下土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量集中分布在土壤表层5～17 cm的土层内。     

草炭对土壤中尿素中氮的动态影响

采用室内培养,研究了两种草炭对尿素在土壤中转化后的铵态氮和碱解动态变化的影响以及其原因。表明,不论是石河子草炭或是加拿大草炭,在抑制尿素硝化产生硝态氮的同时对氨的挥发有一定的抑制作用,土壤在较长的内（２周内）保持较高的铵态氮含量,草炭的加入活跃了土壤中微生物,减少了肥料氮素的损失。     

局部根区滴灌与穴施尿素对土壤氮素空间分布的影响

为研究节水灌溉条件下穴施尿素、滴灌施肥对土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和碱解氮运移的影响,2019年在甘肃农业大学遮雨棚内开展施肥与灌溉试验,采用穴施尿素和滴灌施肥两种施肥方式,施纯氮量240 kg·hm^-2和180 kg·hm^-2,充分灌溉量和局部根区滴灌量分别是14 L和7 L。测定在距离滴头水平30 cm、垂直40 cm范围内土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和碱解氮含量,分析施肥与灌溉后土壤氮素转化及迁移特征。结果表明,土壤硝态氮更容易随灌水发生水平迁移,而土壤铵态氮更容易向土壤纵深迁移。土壤氮素含量的空间变异大小依次为:硝态氮>铵态氮>碱解氮;土壤硝态氮、铵态氮和碱解氮含量的平均变幅分别为32%～40%、26%～37%和6%～12%。局部根区滴灌土壤硝态氮含量的空间变幅比充分灌溉减小16%～20%。穴施尿素土壤铵态氮含量的空间变幅比滴灌施肥减小12%～28%。穴施尿素和局部根区滴灌调控土壤氮素转化速率,赋予肥料养分缓释性能,从而提高土壤氮素供应能力。因此,穴施尿素结合局部根区滴灌是较优的施肥与灌溉方式。     

施用沼液对紫花苜蓿种植土壤有机碳、氮组分影响研究

为明确沼液替代氮肥对种植紫花苜蓿石灰性土壤有机碳、氮组分的影响,开展田间试验,设置不施肥,常规施用化肥氮,基于化肥氮20%用量的沼液＋80%化肥氮,基于化肥氮50%用量的沼液＋50%化肥氮,基于常规施用化肥氮100%、200%用量的沼液共6个处理,分析比较各处理对土壤有机碳、氮组分影响。结果表明：随沼液配施比例的提高,土壤酸解氨基酸态氮、酸解总氮含量逐渐增加,与单施化肥相比,100%和200%沼液施用处理下土壤氨基酸态氮、酸解总氮含量分别显著提高13.93%~37.21%和8.22%~21.71%;20%~50%沼液施用利于提高土壤非酸解态氮含量;与100%沼液施用相比,200%沼液施用处理土壤酸解未知态氮和全氮含量分别下降9.01%~37.00%和0.89%~7.87%;沼液施用提高了土壤酸解氮组分尤其是酸解氨基酸态氮的比例。全氮与酸解总氮、氨基糖态氮和未知态氮含量呈极显著正相关关系。土壤腐殖酸、富里酸、游离腐殖酸和有机碳含量随沼液配施比例的提高而提高;与单施化肥相比,沼液100%和200%施用处理显著提高富里酸含量,沼液50%施用处理显著提高胡敏酸含量,胡富比随沼液施用比例提高呈下降趋势;有机碳与腐殖酸、游离腐殖酸、残渣碳、富里酸含量呈极显著正相关关系。综上所述,本研究条件下基于常规施用化肥氮100%用量的沼液更有利于土壤有机碳、氮组分含量的累积。     

夜间增温与铜污染对麦田土壤无机氮库的影响

基于夜间增温（设增温、常温两个水平）与铜污染 \[设CK（6 mg·kg^-1）、LP(43 mg·kg^-1）、MP（155 mg·kg^-1）、SP（209 mg·kg^-1）4个梯度\] 复合因素的7 a旱地定位试验,结合室内20℃和30℃下恒温培养91 d,分析了麦田土壤硝态氮、铵态氮和无机态氮含量的变化及其稳定特征。研究结果表明：土壤硝态氮、铵态氮和无机态氮随着土壤中铜含量的增加均表现为先增后降趋势,夜间增温下CK土壤硝态氮和无机态氮含量分别显著降低10.8%和5.7%,在LP、MP处理下硝态氮含量分别显著下降17.4%、15.2%,但在SP处理下土壤硝态氮、铵态氮分别显著增加6.9%和15.1%,增温与铜含量对土壤无机态氮和硝态氮的影响呈现显著的交互效应。20℃和30℃恒温培养使无机态氮含量增加1.6~4.6倍、铵态氮含量增加5.2~13.3倍,却使硝态氮含量减少40.3%~65.1%,20℃比30℃恒温培养后土壤中有较高的无机态氮、铵态氮含量和铵/硝比。夜间增温使土壤净氮矿化作用、氨化作用的Q₁₀值均有所提高,但硝化作用的Q₁₀值显著降低16.8%,适当的铜含量（LP：43 mg·kg^-1）将加快土壤氮的氨化、矿化和硝化速率。因此,夜间增温提高了旱地麦田土壤氮矿化作用温度敏感性,降低了无机态氮库稳定性,土壤铜污染与土壤氮库转化和增温响应的关系具有浓度效应。     

灌溉方式、生物碳和有机肥对温室土壤碳及酶活性的影响

在日光温室中通过施用鸡粪、蚯蚓粪2种有机肥及添加生物碳,采用滴灌和漫灌2种灌溉模式研究不同的施肥和灌溉模式对土壤碳和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:1有机肥的施用提高了土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶的活性,但只有Q+C+D处理提高了34.6%土壤纤维素酶的活性,其他处理则降低了土壤纤维素酶的活性。生物碳的加入提高了土壤脲酶的活性,对其他酶的影响不一。滴灌提高了J+C+D处理40.6%脲酶活性和J+D处理20.3%的磷酸酶活性,对其他处理没有显著影响。2有机肥的施用提高了土壤硝态氮的含量,其中J+C+D处理的硝态氮含量最高,达50.5 mg·kg-1,相同施肥处理中滴灌也显著提高了土壤硝态氮的含量。3施用有机肥后显著提高了土壤的TC、TOC、WSTC、WSOC含量,较对照分别提高了5.0%~36.3%、11.8%~63.9%、5.2%~48.8%、5.6%~46.5%。生物碳的加入也提高了土壤TC、TOC、WSTC、WSOC含量。漫灌显著降低了J+C+M处理土壤TC、TOC、WSTC、WSOC含量。4土壤WSTC与土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶活性都达到了显著的正相关,而WSOC只与土壤脲酶活性有显著的相关关系。土壤IC与纤维素酶、磷酸酶活性达到了显著的负相关。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.