降水酸度对马尾松根际环境中铝形态的影响

为了探明降水酸度对植物根际环境中铝形态的影响,以马尾松为例,采用根箱栽培、配制不同pH值的模拟酸雨以室外模拟酸雨喷淋法研究马尾松根际及非根际土壤中铝形态的特征及规律.研究结果表明:酸雨对土壤中铝化合物具有溶蚀作用,可促进土壤里活性铝离子(Al3+)溶出,并且酸雨pH值越低,活性铝离子累积溶出量越大,溶出的铝所形成的铝形态在马尾松根际土壤与非根际土壤以及根际不同土层之间存在一定差异,马尾松根际pH值和根系分泌物协同影响铝形态的动态变化.根际土壤中有机铝结合态含量增加.交换态铝含量则稍稍下降.     

松材线虫入侵后马尾松根际土壤性质相关分析

通过松材线虫入侵林地内马尾松根际(rhizophere)土壤物理性质、化学性质及林地地形因子调查,利用典型性相关分析法分析土壤性质各因子和地形因子之间的相关性.发现速效K含量与海拔,速效磷含量与坡向、破位以及有机质与坡度之间呈现强相关性;土壤质地与海拔,枯落物厚度与坡向,含水量与坡度等之间表现出强相关性.另外通过对松材线虫入侵林地内松树根际和非根际土壤含水量显著性检验,发现根际和非根际之间土壤含水量无显著性差异.     

崇明西红花根际土壤和球茎微生物多样性分析

为研究崇明西红花栽培地根际土壤和球茎中微生物多样性,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术对其微生物群落组成进行了比对分析。结果表明,西红花根际土壤和球茎中细菌和真菌在门类水平上菌群类别差异不显著,但在丰富度和多样性方面根际土壤明显高于球茎;在属和种水平上差异显著;在种水平上,根际土壤或球茎均有各自特有的细菌或真菌,且具有较高的相对丰度。西红花致病真菌瓶霉(Phialophora)和背芽突霉(Cadophora)在崇明西红花球茎大量存在。因此,推测西红花病害发生,除与土壤菌群相关外,与其内生细菌和真菌也紧密相关。本研究结果初步分析了崇明栽培地西红花根际土壤和球茎中微生物多样性及群落结构组成,为进一步筛选合适的崇明西红花栽培地土壤和种球杀菌剂提供了理论依据。     

施肥对马尾松土壤磷形态的影响

采用室内盆栽试验研究了不同施肥处理下马尾松土壤磷形态,结果表明:施入P肥后土壤中无机磷的含量产生了变化,施入PK后根际土和非根际土土壤中的速效磷含量都有增加;除施入K、PK外,施肥后根际土和非根际土中Al-P的含量都比未施肥的高;施肥后Fe-P的变化比较大,而Fe-P的减少是由于南方土壤中的铁大多是以高价存在,易发生氧化还原反应;O-P是一种无效磷,施肥后土壤中的O-P含量均沉积于土壤而比对照的高;施入N、P、K、PK、NK、NPK后降低了两种土壤中Ca-P的含量。因此,为了促进马尾松的生长发育,可以给马尾松增施NP、PK、NPK肥。     

多粘类芽孢杆菌LRS-1对辣椒疫霉病害根际土壤细菌多样性的影响

【目的】研究多粘类芽孢杆菌LRS-1生防菌对患疫霉病的辣椒根际土壤细菌多样性的影响。【方法】通过对无病阴性对照(CK)、辣椒疫霉菌阳性处理(PC)和生防菌+辣椒疫霉菌处理(LRS1) 3个处理的盆栽根际土壤样品16S r RNA基因的V3-V4区进行高通量测序,并对下机数据予以相关生物信息学分析,获得了不同处理根际土壤细菌的OTU丰度、Alpha多样性、OTUs分布、群落组成差异以及PCA聚类分析等数据结果。【结果】各处理间的根际土壤细菌群落变化明显,疫霉菌处理明显降低了根际土壤细菌群落的丰富度和多样性,而接种多粘类芽孢杆菌LRS-1则可明显改善根际土壤细菌群落丰富度与多样性;接种LRS-1明显提高了辣椒根际土壤细菌种类组成的相似性,并改善疫霉菌胁迫下的细菌种类组成;各处理的优势物种类群均分布于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria),但疫霉胁迫条件下Sphingomonadaceae、Clostridiales物种丰度显著降低,而Burkholderiales、Micrococcales等物种丰度显著增加,接种LRS-1可改善此态势,且明显提高该生防菌所在的Paenibacillus物种比例。【结论】上述结果既证实了LRS-1在"疫霉-辣椒-LRS-1-根际土壤"复合体系下较好的定殖适应性,更体现了LRS-1对疫霉病态土壤根际细菌多样性具有明显的维持与修复作用。     

茅台水源功能区不同林分类型土壤养分特征

为了探讨茅台水源功能区不同林分类型的土壤养分效应,对茅台水源功能区马尾松林、柏木林和马尾松+柏木混交林3种针叶林土壤养分制征进行研究.结果表明:不同针叶林土壤平均养分存在一定的差异,其中有机质、碱解氮、速效钾质量分数均表现为柏木林＞马尾松+柏木混交林＞马尾松林,有效磷质量分数表现为马尾松+柏木混交林＞马尾松林＞柏木林,而全氮质量分数则表现为马尾松+柏木混交林＞柏木林＞马尾松林.统计分析表明:马尾松林和柏木林及马尾松+柏木混交林的有机质、碱解氮质量分数及pH值差异显著(P＜0.05),柏木林与马尾松+柏木混交林的全氮质量分数和pH值差异也显著(P＜0.05),而3种针叶林的有效磷和速效钾质量分数均不存在显著性差异(P＞0.05).相关分析表明:全氮质量分数、有机质质量分数、碱解氮质量分数、pH值相互之间均呈显著性相关,而速效钾质量分数则与全氮、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷质量分数呈显著性相关.另外,参照土壤养分等级评价标准发现:3种针叶林的有效磷和有机质质量分数较高,均在丰富以上;速效钾质量分数则较低,均在中等以下;其他养分则在很丰富和缺乏之间.     

氟磺胺草醚对大豆根际土壤微生物和酶活性的影响及其在根际的降解

【目的】 本研究旨在探讨不同浓度氟磺胺草醚在大豆根际土壤中的微生态效应,及其在根际土壤中的降解动态,为进一步研究除草剂的残留污染提供科学依据。 【方法】 以中黄13号大豆为材料,采用根箱进行了模拟栽培试验。设施用氟磺胺草醚3.75 mg/kg (低)、7.5 mg/kg (中)、18.75 mg/kg (高) 3个水平,以不添加氟磺胺草醚处理为对照,调查了大豆根际土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量,分析了根际土壤中过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶4种酶活性,以及氟磺胺草醚在大豆根际土壤中的降解规律。 【结果】 低浓度氟磺胺草醚处理的大豆根际土壤细菌数量显著低于对照根际土壤 (P < 0.05),高浓度氟磺胺草醚处理在28 d时显著高于对照 ( P < 0.05);中浓度氟磺胺草醚处理与对照没有显著性差异。不同浓度氟磺胺草醚处理的大豆根际土壤真菌和放线菌数量与对照差异不显著。氟磺胺草醚处理的大豆根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性与对照没有显著差异;磷酸酶活性在取样初期略有降低;低浓度氟磺胺草醚处理的土壤脲酶活性显著降低,中浓度和高浓度处理对脲酶活性表现为先刺激后抑制;高浓度氟磺胺草醚处理的蔗糖酶活性在42 d和56 d时显著低于对照。高浓度氟磺胺草醚降解速率明显高于低浓度和中浓度,并且在试验初期降解迅速;3种浓度氟磺胺草醚在大豆根际土壤中的降解均符合一级动力学方程,降解半衰期由低浓度到高浓度逐渐变短。 【结论】 3种浓度氟磺胺草醚总体上降低大豆根际土壤中细菌的数量,而对大豆根际土壤真菌和放线菌的数量均没有显著影响。氟磺胺草醚对大豆根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性没有显著影响,在短期内对磷酸酶活性有一定程度的抑制作用,低浓度氟磺胺草醚可以显著降低大豆根际土壤脲酶活性,而高浓度氟磺胺草醚在试验后期可以显著抑制大豆根际土壤蔗糖酶活性。大豆根际土壤中氟磺胺草醚初始浓度越高,降解速率越快,半衰期越短。      

基于高通量测序技术的樱桃根际细菌群落研究

本研究基于Illumina Hiseq测序平台和16S r DNA扩增测序技术,对三年生砂蜜豆/马哈利樱桃5个生长发育期(萌芽期、展叶期、新梢迅速生长期、新梢停长期及落叶期)根际土壤细菌群落分别进行了基因序列测定,分析了不同生长发育期根际细菌种群结构的变化。结果表明变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicute)以及放线菌门(Actinobacteria)细菌在所有样品中均为优势菌群,检出率高达80%以上。在樱桃生长过程中,不同生长发育期根际细菌群落结构不同,萌芽期种群类别最少,然后逐渐增加,到新稍迅速生长期达最多,多样性最丰富,进而又逐渐减少。对样品序列进行聚类分析,5个样品归属于两大类群,萌芽期、展叶期及新稍迅速生长期的根际土壤样品具有更加相似的细菌群落结构;而停长期和落叶期样品中细菌组成相似。研究还发现绿弯菌门细菌是新稍迅速生长期和其他样品之间具有统计学差异的物种。由此可见,砂蜜豆/马哈利樱桃生长发育期对根际土壤细菌群落具有一定的影响。     

多环芳烃在岩溶区上覆土壤中的垂直迁移及控制因素

选取典型表层岩溶泉域内的土壤剖面为研究对象,分析土壤样品的主要理化指标,并采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对土壤中的多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)进行定量分析,研究16种PAHs在土壤剖面中的垂直迁移规律及控制因素。结果表明,所研究的5个土壤剖面中,16种PAHs均被检测出,其多环芳烃含量范围为161～3 285 ng g-1,平均值为987 ng g-1。兰花沟泉域水稻田和水房泉泉域土壤剖面中,PAHs的组成均以低环PAHs为主,后沟泉泉域土壤剖面中以高环PAHs为主,柏树湾泉域马尾松林地和兰花沟泉域马尾松林地土壤剖面中,0～2 cm表层土壤中以高环PAHs为主,2 cm以下土层中以低环PAHs为主。从剖面PAHs含量和组成变化可以判断,低环PAHs较易迁移,但在土层较薄的后沟泉泉域土壤剖面中,由于翻耕等人为的扰动,高环PAHs也较易迁移。5个剖面中,PAHs在水房泉泉域土壤剖面的迁移能力最强。由于岩溶区较薄的土壤层,使得PAHs较易迁移并污染表层岩溶泉水。对土壤理化性质和PAHs总量进行多元回归分析,表明土壤总有机碳(TOC)是控制后沟泉、兰花沟泉和柏树湾泉泉域土壤中PAHs迁移的主要因子,而在水房泉泉域土壤中,无主要影响因子。     

亚热带3种森林对土壤碳氮储量及酶活性的影响

[目的]探明森林类型对土壤碳氮含量和酶活性的影响,为亚热带针叶林改造过程中的树种选择和营林方式选择提供科学依据。[方法]研究相同海拔高度和相近环境条件下的亚热带常绿阔叶林(米槠林)、常绿—落叶阔叶混交林(闽桦—闽楠林)和针叶林(马尾松林)3种森林类型对土壤碳氮储量和酶活性的影响。[结果](1)马尾松林的土壤总有机碳含量显著高于其他两种林分类型,土壤全氮含量与闽桦—闽楠林无显著差异,但二者均显著高于米槠林,马尾松林和闽桦—闽楠林的土壤氮储量和碳储量显著高于米槠林;马尾松林和闽桦—闽楠林的土壤可溶性有机碳含量显著高于米槠林。马尾松林的土壤可溶性有机氮含量显著小于米槠林和闽桦—闽楠林,米槠林和马尾松林的土壤微生物量碳氮含量均显著高于闽桦—闽楠林,3种林分的土壤铵态氮含量无显著差异,而闽桦—闽楠林的土壤硝态氮含量显著高于其他两种林分;(2)米槠林的土壤脲酶活性显著高于闽桦—闽楠林。3种林分的土壤蔗糖酶活性差异显著,表现为：马尾松林>米槠林>闽桦—闽楠林,马尾松林和米槠林的土壤过氧化氢酶活性均显著高于闽桦—闽楠林。3种林分的土壤磷酸酶活性无显著差异,马尾松林的土壤β-葡糖糖苷酶活性显...     

电喷雾萃取及电离质谱法分析大豆水提液快速鉴别种子活力

为快速评价大豆种子活力,该文以人工加速老化后的大豆种子为原料,采用电喷雾萃取电离质谱（extractive electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry,EESI-MS）直接检测不同活力大豆种子水提液,获得其正离子模式下指纹图谱,结合主成分分析（principal component analysis,PCA）、聚类分析（cluster analysis,CA）和判别分析（discriminant analysis, DA）,建立鉴别大豆种子活力的方法。结果表明,在正离子模式下,电喷雾萃取电离质谱结合多变量分析方法可以有效鉴别不同活力大豆种子。主成分分析提取了前3个主成分因子,累计贡献率达到94.80%,聚类分析和判别分析的正确率都为100%,对外部验证样本进行判别分析,正确率为95%。电喷雾萃取电离质谱能快速鉴别不同活力大豆种子,为种子活力检测提供了一种快速、准确、高效的新方法。     

Purification and characterization of novel proteinase inhibitors from dried figs

Two types of the natural organic matter P and B were isolated from dried figs by gel permeation and high-performance liquid chromatography. The characterizations of their molecular structures were also performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and infrared absorption spectrometry. As a result, these samples were revealed to inhibit the serine and cysteine proteinases chymotrypsin and papain (K(i) = 10(-)(6)-10(-)(4) M). The optimal inhibitory pH values of the P and B samples were observed to be approximately 5.5 and 5.0, respectively. The analyses of their UV-vis absorption spectra and infrared absorption spectra indicated that they would be a kind of humic substance. The mass spectrometry analyses showed that they possessed relatively small heterogeneous molecules with molecular masses around 692, 845, and 1389 Da for the P sample and around 551, 704, and 909 Da for the B sample.     

马尾松林土壤酚酸类物质检测及其对灌草萌发的影响

利用电喷雾萃取电离质谱(EESI-MS)测定荒草地、马尾松和木荷纯林地土壤酚酸类物质组成,模拟研究了其对几种灌草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,荒草地、木荷林土壤没有检测到松香类物质,而马尾松林土壤松香类物质浓度一般为10～ 100 mg/kg.当土壤松香类物质浓度＜12 mg/kg时,灌草发芽势与对照接近;松香浓度≥25 mg/kg时,黑麦草、白羊草、高羊茅和银合欢灌草发芽势显著低于对照.高浓度松香处理下,银合欢发芽率显著低于对照.     

Multivariate statistical analysis of mass spectra as a tool for the classification of the main humic substances according to their structural and conformational features

The aim of this work is to explore the suitability of the complementary use of mass spectra and the corresponding statistical analysis (principal components-Pareto analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA)) of these spectra to differentiate diverse humic samples as a function of their structural and conformational features. To this end, the mass spectra of humic samples belonging to the main humic fraction types (gray humic acid, brown humic acid, and fulvic acid) were obtained by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The results obtained showed that the application of PCA yielded a clear separation between blanks and humic samples. However, a clear differentiation among the humic fraction types was not achieved. The DA of PCA data, however, yielded a clear separation among the humic substances (HS) samples belonging to each HS fraction type considered: gray humic acids, brown humic acids, and fulvic acids. These results showed that the mass spectra of each humic sample include characteristic mass/charge (m/z) distribution values that can be considered as a "fingerprint" representative of its specific structural features. Our results also indicate that, although the m/z values principally corresponded to single-charged ions, we cannot identify these molecular weight distributions with those of humic samples, since sample molecular fragmentation, as well as partial molecular ionization, cannot be ruled out under our experimental and instrumental conditions.     

Rapid differentiation of tea products by surface desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Protonated water molecules generated by an ambient corona discharge were directed to impact tea leaves for desorption/ionization at atmospheric pressure. Thus, a novel method based on surface desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry (DAPCI-MS) has been developed for rapid analysis of tea products without any sample pretreatment. Under the optimized experimental conditions, DAPCI MS spectra of various tea samples are recorded rapidly, and the resulting mass spectra are chemical fingerprints that characterize the tea samples. On the basis of the mass spectral fingerprints, 40 tea samples including green tea, oolong tea, and jasmine tea were successfully differentiated by principal component analysis (PCA) of the mass spectral raw data. The PCA results were also validated with cluster analysis and supervised PCA analysis. The alteration of signal intensity caused by rough surfaces of tea leaves did not cause failure in the separation of the tea products. The experimental findings show that DAPCI-MS creates ions of both volatile and nonvolatile compounds in tea products at atmospheric pressure, providing a practical and convenient tool for high-throughput differentiation of tea products.     

Analysis of toxic norditerpenoid alkaloids in Delphinium species by electrospray, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and sequential tandem mass spectrometry

A rapid electrospray mass spectrometry method was developed for screening larkspur (Delphinium spp.) plant material for toxic norditerpenoid alkaloids. The method was calibrated using two standard alkaloids, methyllycaconitine (1) and deltaline (2), with a recovery of 92% from spiked samples and relative standard deviations of 6.0% and 8.1% for the two alkaloids, respectively. Thirty-three samples of plains larkspur, Delphinium geyeri, were analyzed. Methyllycaconitine (1) concentration was 0.27% +/- 0.08% during a 1-month period in 1997 establishing the relative risk of poisoning from the plant to be low. The method was also applied to the trace analysis (<1 ppm) of 1 in serum samples from sheep dosed different levels of the alkaloid. Electrospray ionization combined with sequential tandem mass spectrometry and HPLC coupled to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mass spectrometry were used to detect and tentatively identify three new norditerpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium nuttallianum [bearline (6), 14-acetylbearline (7), 16-deacetylgeyerline (8)]. The tentative structure of the new alkaloids was predicted from the tandem mass spectra fragmentation patterns and assigning the substitution pattern for methoxy and acetyl groups at the C-14 and C-16 carbons.     

Organic matter composition in sewage farm soils: Investigations by 13C-NMR and pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry

The composition of soil organic matter (SOM) on sewage farms south of Berlin was investigated by solid-state CP/MAS ¹³C-NMR and pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS) of freeze-dried sewage solids and soil samples of differing contamination. These were an untreated soil (USOIL), a former sewage farm used as arable land since 1990 (SF90A), and a recent sewage farm (SF1994). The CP/MAS ¹³C-NMR spectra showed enrichments of the sewage-treated soils with aliphatic C and C in OCH₃-groups and amino acids. In the Py-FI mass spectra the major markers of sewage and SOM in sewage farm soils were (i) N-containing compounds, in particular peptides, (ii) dimethylphthalate (m/z 194), (iii) sterols, and (iv) signals in the mass range m/z 502 to 554 of mono- and diaryl esters which were substituted by long aliphatic chains. The latter signals were intense in the sewage solids, increased in intensity from sample SF90A to SF1994; but they were not present in the USOIL, thus clearly indicating anthropogenic origin. Temperature-resolved Py-FIMS showed that the SOM compounds in the sewage farm soils were generally incorporated into bonds with widely different stabilities which could be relevant for SOM turnover and environmental effects. This is demonstrated for the trapping of dimethylphthalate in a modelled humic substance.     

HUMUS TYPE DISCRIMINATION USING PATTERN RECOGNITION OF THE MASS SPECTRA OF VOLATILE PYROLYSIS PRODUCTS

Mull and mor humus can be distinguished in freely drained British surface soils by the pyrolysis products derived from whole soil samples. About i milligram of soil is pyrolysed at 770 °C in a Curie point apparatus and a sample of the volatile decomposition products is allowed to enter a low-resolution mass spectrometer. A numerical value (the ‘Discriminator Value’) which will discriminate between the two humus types is then calculated from the spectrum of each sample. This is performed by multiplying the intensity of each mass peak by a weight factor and then summing the weighted intensities up to mass 110 The weight factors are obtained empirically by taking sets of spectra from clearly distinguished mull and mor samples and applying a computerized learning machine procedure. Once obtained, they are relatively easily applied to spectra from other soils. The method places all samples on a numerical scale on which mull types appear positive up to about 20 × 10⁸ and mor types negative down to about -15 × 10³, intermediate types being recognized in about the middle of the range. It is indicated that the most important pyrolysis products active in the discrimination process are the olefin hydrocarbons, particularly ethylene, which are produced in greater abundance from mor humus.     

Direct aqueous injection LC-ESI/MS/MS analysis of water for 11 chloro- and thiomethyltriazines and metolachlor and its ethanesulfonic and oxanilic acid degradates

A multianalyte method is reported for the determination of atrazine, simazine, propazine, and their respective dealkylated chlorotriazine metabolites; ametryn and prometryn and their respective dealkylated thiomethyltriazine metabolites; and S-metolachlor and its ethanesulfonic and oxanilic acid degradates in deionized, ground, surface, and finished drinking water. Water samples are analyzed using direct aqueous injection (DAI) liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS/MS). No preanalysis sample manipulation is required other than transfer of a small portion of sample to an injection vial. The lower limit of the method validation is 0.050 microg/L (ppb) for all analytes except 2,4-diamino-6-chloro- s-triazine (didealkylatrazine, DDA, or G-28273). For this compound the LLMV is 0.50 microg/L (ppb). The overall mean procedural recoveries (and percent relative standard deviations) for all water types for all analytes ranged from 95 to 101% (4.5-11%). The method validation was conducted under U.S. EPA FIFRA Good Laboratory Practice Guidelines 40 CFR 160.     

Analysis of combustion products using time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Time of flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) combined with resonant two-photon ionization is applied to detect aromatic hydrocarbons in combustion products. The sample is introduced through a heated capillary into the supersonic jet of a TOF-MS. For ionization, a tunable, frequency-doubled dye-laser is used. The inlet system allows a direct measurement of samples at atmospheric pressure. The resonant ionization can distinguish structural isomers without preceding chromatography. The short response time of the system allows for example on-line monitoring of combustion emissions. This is demonstrated by thermodesorption experiments of anthracene from activated charcoal and from diesel soot. A significant higher desorption temperature from charcoal than from diesel soot is found. In addition, examples showing selective measurements of benzene, toluene and three dimethyl-benzene isomers in the exhaust gas of a gasoline engine are presented.