铜对伴矿景天生长及锌镉吸收性的影响

利用植物生长室水培试验和温室土培盆栽试验相结合,研究了Cu对Zn、Cd超积累植物伴矿景天生长及Zn、Cd吸收性的影响。水培试验结果显示,0.31～50μmol/L Cu处理14天对伴矿景天生长及对Zn、Cd吸收性没有显著影响;但100μmol/L Cu处理显著抑制植物生长,降低地上部Zn、Cd及根中Cd浓度,对根中Zn浓度变化没有显著影响。盆栽试验结果发现,在土壤Cu仅为3.61 mg/kg时伴矿景天生长不良,外加Cu显著促进其生长并随Cu浓度升高效应增加;但施用3 mmol/kgEDDS和再次外加250 mg/kg Cu处理使伴矿景天因体内Cu积累量过高而导致明显毒害,地上部Cu最高达1 068 mg/kg。可见低量Cu处理可促进伴矿景天生长,利于植物对土壤Zn、Cd的吸取修复,但土壤中Cu浓度过高将抑制Zn、Cd超积累植物的生长,降低其Zn、Cd吸收能力,在利用该Zn、Cd超积累植物修复高Cu的Zn和Cd污染土壤时应采取适当措施降低Cu毒害效应。     

3种有机酸对伴矿景天修复效率及土壤微生物数量的影响

伴矿景天(Sedumplumbizincicola)是一种Cd和Zn的超积累植物,常用于Cd污染土壤的植物修复。有机酸能够提高土壤重金属的有效性,促进植物对重金属的积累,对重金属污染土壤的植物修复效率具有强化作用,并对土壤微生物数量有重要影响。以河潮土和红黄泥为供试土壤,探讨了乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、柠檬酸、草酸对伴矿景天修复效率和土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明,有机酸能显著提高土壤有效态Cd含量,柠檬酸处理的效果最好,河潮土和红黄泥中有效态Cd含量较单种伴矿景天分别增加72.73%,12.99%(P<0.05);伴矿景天地上部Cd含量在河潮土和红黄泥中以EDTA处理最高,在河潮土和红黄泥中分别比单种伴矿景天增加99.24%和33.32%;与单种伴矿景天相比,添加有机酸处理河潮土和红黄泥中伴矿景天修复效率显著提高。添加有机酸比单种伴矿景天显著增加土壤中微生物数量,其中柠檬酸处理河潮土中细菌和真菌数量分别增加34.38%和68.42%(P<0.05),草酸处理红黄泥中放线菌数量增加150.00%。研究结果可为重金属污染土壤的植物强化修复提供理论支撑。     

酸性土壤上伴矿景天铝毒的缓解技术研究

酸性土壤上易产生铝（Al）毒害作用，缓解Al毒对于污染土壤上超积累植物的生长及重金属有效削减具有重要意义。本研究比较了不同措施对镉（Cd）超积累植物伴矿景天的Al胁迫缓解作用，结果发现：① 在水培条件下，锌添加可促进了Al胁迫下伴矿景天根表Cd2+吸收速率，而添加氯化钙或柠檬酸没有显著的缓解作用；② 在盆栽试验条件下，添加石灰处理显著提高了土壤pH，促进了伴矿景天生长和地上部对Cd的吸收，但添加生物质炭或柠檬酸没有显著缓解Al毒对伴矿景天生长和Cd吸收的抑制，添加柠檬酸反而加剧了土壤酸化，提高了土壤Al的活性；③在伴矿景天与荞麦间作条件下，其一定程度上降低了土壤的Al活性，在合适的种植密度下并未显著影响伴矿景天单株地上部Cd吸收量。综上，酸性土壤上耐Al作物与修复植物间作、结合添加改良剂调控Al毒，能够不显著降低土壤Cd的有效性和修复植物的Cd吸收，进而实现污染土壤的边生产边修复。     

锌镉交互作用对伴矿景天锌镉吸收性的影响

采用水培试验、不同Zn、Cd污染程度农田土壤结合外加Zn、Cd基础上的土培盆栽法,研究了不同Zn、Cd浓度交互作用对伴矿景天生长及Zn、Cd吸收和分布的影响.水培试验结果表明,增加溶液中Zn和Cd浓度,伴矿景天各组织中Zn和Cd浓度显著增加,但两个高浓度处理间没有显著差异;Zn在伴矿景天体内呈不均匀分布且与水培溶液中Zn和Cd浓度有关,当溶液中Zn浓度＞Cd浓度时,表现为新叶＞成熟叶＞其他部位＞＞根,反之则为成熟叶＞其他部位＞新叶＞＞根;而Cd在伴矿景天不同部位的分布没有一致的规律性;Zn、Cd交互作用主要体现在伴矿景天新叶上:在溶液中外加Cd时,Zn对伴矿景天新叶中Cd浓度具有“低促高抑”效应,而Cd处理对新叶中Zn浓度具有拮抗效应.土培试验也表明,添加Zn显著促进伴矿景天对土壤中Cd的吸收,外加Cd对伴矿景天Zn吸收具有拮抗效应;但无论Zn或Cd,外加量过大均会显著抑制伴矿景天的生长,降低修复效率.     

滇东地质高背景区土壤镉的伴矿景天修复及其对后茬水稻的影响

云南是我国典型的重金属元素地球化学高背景区,超积累植物能否有效修复镉（Cd）地质高背景土壤,从而实现农产品安全生产,尚鲜见报道。以云南石林、富源和罗平等三地的典型Cd地质高背景农田土壤为对象,开展温室盆栽试验,探究Cd、锌（Zn）超积累植物伴矿景天对土壤Cd的吸取修复效果,及对后茬水稻生长和Cd吸收的作用。结果表明,种植三季伴矿景天使三地土壤全量Cd分别下降24.8%、30.9%和58.8%;伴矿景天在富源玄武岩风化物母质发育的土壤上长势最好,与富源土壤肥力相对最高有关;伴矿景天在罗平石灰岩风化物发育的土壤上重金属吸取修复效果最佳,与罗平土壤呈中性、酸化作用更为明显有关,这些差异由土壤母质、养分与重金属有效性等综合影响所致。经伴矿景天吸取修复三季后,全生育期淹水种稻,其糙米和秸秆Cd浓度均大幅降低,可实现糙米Cd安全生产。未经植物吸取修复,旱作处理下水稻糙米Cd存在超标风险。植物吸取修复后种植水稻,再结合水分管理措施,可进一步降低稻米中Cd浓度,实现稻米安全生产,为Cd地质高背景区土壤的农作物安全生产提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

里氏木霉FS10-C对伴矿景天吸取修复镉污染土壤的强化作用

为提高伴矿景天对Cd污染土壤的修复效果,通过盆栽模拟试验,研究了木霉(Trichoderma)对伴矿景天生和Cd修复效率的影响.结果表明:Cd的加入抑制了伴矿景天的生长;伴矿景天在Cd含量为5 mg/kg模拟污染土壤中对Cd提取效率最高.在不同Cd污染水平下,里氏木霉(T.reesei)FS10-C使伴矿景天地上部干重比对照组增加了17.1％ ～42.5％,显著提高伴矿景天地上部对Cd的积累;在15 mg/kg Cd处理下,里氏木霉FS10-C处理组植物地上部Cd积累量高于对照组46.2％但对于土壤中NH4OAc提取态Cd含量影响不显著.说明里氏木霉FS10-C能提高伴矿景天对Cd的抗性,增加其生物量,从提高其修复效率.因此,里氏木霉FS10-C具有强化伴矿景天修复Cd污染土壤的应用潜力.     

水分特征对伴矿景天生长和重金属吸收性的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了水分特征对伴矿景天生长和重金属吸收性的影响.结果表明:在70% 土壤最大田间持水量(70%WHC)处理下,伴矿景天生长最好,其地上部鲜重显著高于其他处理;70%WHC处理伴矿景天对重金属吸收能力最强,其茎中Zn的浓度显著高于其他处理,茎中Cd的浓度分别比35%WHC、100%WHC、淹水处理高27.1%、29.0%、63.1%;叶中的Zn浓度表现出与茎中相同趋势,叶中Cd的浓度与茎中不同,以100%WHC处理最高.70%WHC处理下,植物提取Zn、Cd的效率最高,其修复效率均显著高于其他处理.这些结果表明,土壤水分状况在土壤重金属污染伴矿景天植物吸取修复中起着重要作用.     

植物吸取修复及钝化处理对后茬水稻镉吸收的影响

采集湖南湘潭县某地镉(Cd)污染酸性农田土壤及其经伴矿景天分别吸取修复两季和三季后的土壤,采用盆栽试验研究了经伴矿景天修复及钝化改良与否对土壤pH、有效态Cd、Zn以及水稻生长和稻米Cd、Zn浓度的影响。结果表明:未改良的处理,随着修复次数的增加,土壤pH显著降低,降低幅度为0.26~0.38个单位;且修复两季、三季土壤CaCl_2提取态Cd浓度较未修复土壤分别降低19.4%、24.0%;修复后土壤种植水稻品种W184,其糙米中Cd浓度显著降低,但依然超标;修复三季土壤种植低积累水稻品种IRA7190,其糙米中Cd由0.47 mg/kg降为0.03 mg/kg。施加钝化剂海泡石和石灰(10 g/kg+1 g/kg)后,修复两季、三季土壤的pH显著升高,较未施钝化剂处理土壤pH分别提高0.95、0.72;土壤CaCl_2提取态Cd浓度分别降低79.8%、79.5%;修复两季、三季土壤上水稻W184糙米的Cd浓度与未施加钝化剂相比,分别降低27.3%、44.4%,均降至国家食品安全限值0.2 mg/kg以下;无论是否添加钝化剂,伴矿景天吸取修复三季的土壤上水稻IRA7190糙米中Cd浓度均仅0.03 mg/kg。     

柠檬酸活化协同伴矿景天-玉米套作对镉轻微污染土壤的修复效果

伴矿景天-玉米套作是一种原位、绿色、边生产、边修复Cd污染土壤的有效方式,土壤中添加柠檬酸可有效提高伴矿景天的修复效率。该研究通过田间微区试验,探究了柠檬酸不同添加方式协同伴矿景天-玉米套作模式对Cd轻微污染稻田土壤修复机理及修复效果。结果表明：1）同一种植模式,添加柠檬酸可提高土壤Cd有效性,显著提高伴矿景天的修复效率;5次添加柠檬酸,伴矿景天单作时修复效率提高了2.09%,套作时提高了10.54%。2）柠檬酸添加量相同时,套种与伴矿景天单种相比,修复效率提高了3.42%～4.27%,同时减少了玉米对土壤Cd的吸收。3）5次添加柠檬酸协同伴矿景天-玉米套作,伴矿景天Cd移除量可达18.59 mg/m2,该处理伴矿景天对轻微Cd污染土壤的修复效果最佳。因此,柠檬酸协同伴矿景天-玉米套作的联合修复模式可强化伴矿景天修复效率,可运用于Cd轻微污染稻田土壤的修复,并可实现边修复边生产。     

有机物料对污染土壤上水稻重金属吸收的调控效应

采用重金属污染水稻土开展盆栽试验,研究施用有机碳源、菜籽饼和猪粪对不同水稻(汕优63,简称“SY63”;中浙优1号,简称“ZZY1”)重金属吸收的调控效应.结果表明,在重金属污染土壤上ZZY1具有一定的耐性,相同处理时ZZY1糙米、砻糠、秸秆中重金属含量均低于SY63品种,糙米中Cd含量较SY63低57.5％ ～ 83.8％,Cu含量低37.8％ ～ 69.1％,Zn含量低0.88％ ～ 31.7％,食物链风险较SY63品种低.3种有机物料中,施用菜籽饼使两水稻品种糙米中重金属含量明显低于其他处理;与对照相比,施用菜籽饼使SY63糙米中Cd、Cu和Zn含量降低73.5％、52.6％和32.1％,ZZY1糙米Cd含量降低30.5％.在供试重金属污染土壤上可选择具有一定重金属耐性的水稻品种ZZY1进行粮食生产,同时施用适量的菜籽饼以增强其抵御重金属毒害的能力,降低糙米中Cd、Cu和Zn含量及其食物链污染风险.     

Addition of Calcareous Metal Waster to Acid Soils: Consequences for Metal Solubility

A model was tested which predicts the pH and solution metal concentration in the solution phase of soil amended with (waste-) incinerator fly ash (FA). Graded quantities of calcareous metal-rich FA were equilibrated with an acid clay soil, in aerated CaCl2 suspensions (0.01 M), to give a pH range of 3.1 (100% soil) to 7.5 (100% FA). As the FA loading was increased, the concentrations of Zn, Cd and Pb in solution passed through a maximum and then declined until the pH of the soil/ash mixtures approximated that of the pure FA (pHFA). This apparently complex pattern was accurately described by a simple pH- dependent adsorption equation relating adsorbed metal (Mads) to divalent metal concentration in solution (M2+) and pH through 3 constants designated n, Kads} and m: For pH < pHFA, log (Mads (M2+)n) = Kads + m pH However, at greater ash loadings the solution metal concentration and pH remained constant with FA addition and a solubility product (Ks) could be applied: For pH ≥ pHFA, og(M2+) = log Ks - 2 pH Metal concentrations in solution [Msoln] were greatest at very low FA loadings (around 2%); at lower FA additions [Msoln] was limited by total metal concentration while at higher additions of ash the solubility of metals was suppressed by the liming effect of the fly ash. It was therefore concluded that low levels of dust transfer from disposal sites to surrounding acidic soils may be the greatest source of metal pollution to biological and aquatic systems.     

Metal contents of phosphate rocks

Abstract

Significant amounts of phosphate rocks (PRs) are mined around the world annually. The rocks are either applied directly to soils or manufactured to produce water‐soluble phosphorus (P) fertilizers. In this study, we analyzed 12 PRs obtained from various deposits in Africa, United States, and Peru for total P, ten trace metals [cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), lithium (Li), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), rubidium (Rb), and zinc (Zn)] and eight nontrace metals [aluminum (Al), barium (Ba), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and strontium (Sr)]. The empirical formulae and the unit‐cell a dimension of the apatite contents were also determined. Results showed that the values of the unit‐cell a dimension ranged from 9.324 Å for North Carolina PR to 9.365 Å for Tahoua PR. The total P contents ranged from 109 g/kg for Kodjari PR to 176 g/kg for Parc W PR. The concentration of the trace metals in the PRs varied considerably. Expressed in mg/kg PR, the ranges and median values were: Cd (5–47, 10), Co (6–104, 22), Cu (5–41, 8), Cr (18–331, 46), Li (2–9, 2), Mn (11–6553, 263) , Ni (1–61, 10) , Pb (7–43, 14), Rb (3–18, 6), and Zn (54–576, 124). The corresponding values of the nontrace metals expressed in g/kg were: Al (1.7–20.0, 5.6), Ba (0–4.4, 0.4), Ca (211–330, 298), Fe (1.4–45.7, 6.8), K (0.3–10.9, 1.4), Mg (0.6–16.9, 2.2), Na (1.0‐ 22 .8, 10.4), and Sr (0.3–6.7, 1.0). At the detection limit of 5 ng/mL, no cesium (Cs) was found in the PR analyzed.     

Crystallization of Metal Substituted Ferrihydrites

The effects of a series of divalent, first row transition elements, i.e. Mn²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ on the crystallization of ferrihydrite have been compared. With the exception of Mn²⁺, the metal ions considered, stabilized ferrihydrite and enhanced the amount of haematite in the reaction product. The stabilizing ability of these ions could be related to the increase in covalency of these metals along the series. With more than 15 mole% divalent metal ion present, ferrihydrite transformed to a spinel phase by a dissolution/reprecipitation mechanism. These metals can replace some Fe³⁺ in the structures of the crystallization products. Factors that influence the extent of isomorphous substitution are the match between the radii and charges of Fe³⁺ and the substituent ions and also, the congruency of dissolution of the M/ferrihydrite coprecipitate.     

有色金属采选冶基地周边土壤中重金属纵向分层研究

土壤中重金属元素的纵向分布特征是土壤自身理化性质和外界环境影响下的综合反映,探寻这个特征对于了解土壤中重金属污染程度和研究修复治理技术意义重大。本研究通过对大型有色金属采选冶企业下风向7种不同土地利用类型的土壤进行纵向采样分析,对重金属元素Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr的纵向分布及累积指数进行了研究,为进一步探寻重金属元素的环境行为及来源,了解重金属污染现状,制定修复方法提供技术参考。研究结果表明:研究区域土壤中重金属含量整体上受到了外源干扰,不同用地类型与不同深度土层重金属含量大小关系不一,证明了不同植被与不同土壤性质对重金属迁移有影响;研究区域重金属整体下移较为活跃,Cr元素表现最为明显;土壤样本中重金属含量均高于内蒙古土壤背景值,重金属元素有不断富集的趋势。     

西北地区金属尾矿地根瘤菌的重金属抗性及其系统发育研究

对分离自陕西、甘肃金属尾矿废弃地寄主为刺槐、鸡眼草、草木樨等23种豆科植物的188株根瘤菌进行了7种重金属的抗性分析、最大抗性水平（MRL）的确定和抗性菌株的系统发育研究。结果表明,菌株之间对重金属的耐受性存在较大差异,大部分菌株表现出对Hg^2＋、Cd^2＋、Cr^6＋（〈0.5 mmol·L^-1）敏感,而对Pb^2＋（〈2.5 mmol·L^-1）不敏感。在液体培养基中,CCNWSX0403和CCNWSX0360可耐受4.0 mmol·L^-1 Zn^2＋,分别可耐受2.4 mmol·L^-1 和2.8 mmol·L^-1 Cu^2＋,CCNWGS0139可耐受0.4 mmol·L^-1 Hg^2＋,CCNWSX0003可耐受2.4 mmol·L^-1 Ni^2＋,CCNWGS0284和CCNWGS0142可耐受4.8 mmol·L^-1 Pb^2＋。9株抗性菌株的16S rDNA全序列分析表明：CCNWGS0122和CCNWSX0003分别属于中慢生根瘤菌属（Mesorhizobium）和中华根瘤菌属（Sinorhizobium）;4株对Pb^2＋、Hg^2＋耐受性较强的菌株CCNWSX0386、CCNWGS0139、CCNWGS0284和CCNWGS0142均属于土壤杆菌属（Agrobacterium）;而属于慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium）的3株菌CCNWGS0309、CCNWSX0403和CCNWSX0360对Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋耐受性较好。总体上Agrobacterium对Hg^2＋和Pb^2＋的耐受性较好,Bradyrhizobium比Rhizobium、Sinorhizobium、Mesorhizo     

Metal binding properties of Klebsiella oxytoca

Bacterial surfaces are generally negatively charged in the environmental pH-range and may therefore interact with metal cations, thus influencing the mobility of metals in soil and natural waters. In the present work the acid capacity and metal binding properties of Klebsiella oxytoca have been studied. A total acid capacity of 120 meq kg^–1 was determined from potentiometric titrations of a suspension of starved bacteria in 0.1 M KC1. The adsorption of trace elements (Cs, Sr, Eu, serving as model systems, as well as Hg, Zn, and As) on starved bacteria was determined by a batch technique using radio tracers and with variation of pH (3 to 9). The adsorption followed the order Cs < sr,=" as=">< zn=">< hg=">< eu=" (at=" ph=" 5=" to=" 7).=" the=" uptake=" of=" eu=" was=" drastically=" increased=" when=" ph=" increased=" from=" 3.5=" to=" 4.5,=" indicating=" a=" surface=" complexation=" (with=" carboxylic=" or=" phosphate=" groups).=" a=" desorption=" of=" eu=" at=" ph=" above=" the=" acid=" equivalence=" point=" (ph=" 6.9)=" could=" be=" an=" indication=" of=" the=" release=" of=" a=" metal=" complexing=" exudate=" from=" the=">     

A Single Metal, Metal Mixture, and Whole-Effluent Approach to Investigate Causes of Metal Mine Effluent Effects on Fathead Minnows (Pimephales promelas)

Although many studies have examined effects of metal mine effluents (MMEs) on receiving environments, few have compared the roles of individual and mixed metals relative to whole effluents. The objective of the present set of studies was to examine whether Cu, Ni, or Se, alone or in a mixture, causes comparable effects to those observed in fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) exposed to an environmentally relevant MME (45 % process water effluent [PWE]). Metal bioaccumulation, fathead minnow (FHM) morphometrics, and egg production were compared between treatments over a 21-day exposure. FHMs were exposed to similar waterborne concentrations and species of metals in single and mixed metal treatments relative to 45 % PWE. FHMs were also exposed to similar concentrations of metals in single and mixed metal treatments relative to 45 % PWE through the diet (Chironomus dilutus — a representative prey species). However, only FHMs exposed to 45 % PWE had reduced egg production (60–80 % less than controls). Our findings indicate that Cu, Ni, and Se exposures and bioaccumulation did not contribute to decreased reproductive output in FHMs under the conditions that were examined. We also found no evidence to believe that these metals were responsible for decreased egg production in PWE. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that these metals have limited potential to cause reproductive effects in MMEs with similar composition and water chemistry conditions. Overall, this study highlights the importance of examining single and mixed metal exposures prior to suggesting that adverse effects in fish exposed to MMEs occur due to bioaccumulation of metal(s).     

Heavy Metal Uptake by Rape

Abstract

In pot experiments, the effect of single and combined pollution of soil by lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) and uptake of heavy metals in Brassica napus L. were investigated. There were two main factors that affected the assimilation of Pb, Cd, and Zn by rape: (i) level of soil pollution by the particular element and (ii) the combined influence of Pb, Cd, and Zn. In general, with the increase of the concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in the soil, there were increases in the concentrations of those elements in the roots, stems, and seeds. The main part of the Pb and Zn amounts taken up by the roots from the soil are fixed and accumulated in the roots, and small amounts of them move through the conductive system to the seeds. Cadmium moves relatively easily from root to stem and is accumulated in higher concentrations in the top of the plant.

There is a well‐expressed synergistic interaction between Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺, as well as of Cd²⁺ and Zn²⁺. Zinc has a highly depressing effect on the assimilation of Cd²⁺, as does Pb²⁺ on the assimilation of Zn²⁺. The combined pollution by Pb, Cd, and Zn stimulated the assimilation of these elements by the roots and foliage and eliminated the effect of Zn²⁺ on Cd²⁺ and of Pb²⁺ on Zn²⁺.     

金属工件边缘塌角的测量方法

文章以链片塌角的测量方法为例提出了一种金属工件边缘塌角的测量方法。用激光器作为光源,ＣＣＤ作为接收器件,并用单片机进行数据处理。本方法尤其适用于体积较小、生产数量较多的金属工件的在线自动测量。