农田不同肥力条件下玉米秸秆腐解效果

为了探讨农田不同肥力对玉米秸秆腐解转化和能态变化的影响,该文采用砂滤管法在陕西关中高、中等、低3种肥力塿土上进行了480 d的玉米秸秆腐解试验,研究了腐解进程中玉米秸秆的分解率以及有机碳组成和能态变化。结果显示,随着腐解进行,腐解产物中的苯–醇溶性、水溶性组分下降,半纤维素和纤维素含量先上升后下降,而木质素增加;腐解物的能态呈现上下起伏、下降和相对稳定3个阶段的变化,总体是一个放能过程。腐解产物的热值与其有机碳、苯–醇溶性组分、水溶性组分、半纤维素和纤维素呈显著正相关,但与其灰分、木质素、腐殖物质含量呈显著负相关。腐解480 d,3种肥力间比较发现,玉米秸秆在中等肥力田块上矿化率最高,低肥力田块上的最低;中等肥力土壤能够促进玉米秸秆中的水溶性有机组分和木质素的分解,而高肥力土壤能够促进苯–醇溶性组分和半纤维素、纤维素分解,并有利于腐殖物质的形成,而且腐解物的能态最高。     

土壤中溶解性有机质分组组分的结构特征研究

以Leenheer的分组方法为基础 ,用XAD 8树脂将黄泥土中水溶性有机质 (DOM)按极性和电荷特性分为结构较为均一的不同组分 ,并采用元素分析、1 H NMR以及CP/MAS1 3 C NMR研究各组分的性质。初步认为 :三种不同利用方式下 (桑园、水田、水杉 )黄泥土中的DOM组成中疏水碱性组分 (HOB)含量很少 ,疏水中性组分 (HON)相对含量为 7%～ 1 5 %,亲水性组分 (HIM)是土壤DOM中最大组成部分 ,约占 35 %。元素分析、1 H NMR以及1 3 C NMR分析结果表明 :DOM各组分结构特征差异显著。HON以含有大量的长链烷烃为主要结构特征 ,并含有较多氨基酸、多肽类物质 ;疏水酸性组分 (HOA)的结构特征相似于土壤FA ,含有大量羧基 ,但与FA相比芳香族物质减少 ,碳水化合物增多 ;酸不溶组分 (AIM)以多酚类、腐殖质结合的碳水化合物为主要组成物质 ;HIM中则含有大量碳水化合物。     

秸秆施用后土壤溶解性有机质的动态变化

采用室内培养方法研究了水稻秸秆腐解对土壤溶解性有机质（Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM）含量及其化学组成的动态影响。结果表明,秸秆腐解的前7 d显著增加了土壤溶解性有机碳（DOC）含量,7 d后则无明显影响;同时,秸秆腐解增加了土壤中溶解性糖（DS）、溶解性酚酸（DP）以及芳香族化合物含量。随着腐解时间的延长,溶解性糖在DOC中所占比例下降,而芳香族化合物逐渐上升,表明秸秆腐解不同阶段DOM的化学组成发生了变化。溶解性总氮（TDN）的变化表明,秸秆腐解增加土壤氮素的固定。     

不同农作物秸秆腐解规律及模型预测评价

青海省东部农业区气候干旱冷凉、土壤肥力低，导致该地区有机物料腐解规律与其他地区不同。因此，明确该地区农作物秸秆腐解规律变化特征对于青藏高原地区有机物料还田具有重要意义。本试验采用尼龙袋填埋法，以马铃薯秸秆（MLS）、油菜秸秆（YC）、菊芋秸秆（JY）、小麦秸秆（MG）和绿肥毛叶苕子（MS）为试验材料，研究物料还田后的腐解规律，并利用有机组分含量预测腐解方程的特征参数。结果表明，各处理的腐解残留率均表现出前期（0～42 d）快速下降，后期缓慢下降的特征。至腐解结束，MLS、YC、JY、MG、MS的腐解残留率分别为37.86%、40.75%、47.18%、48.35%、18.08%。纤维素、半纤维素和木质素腐解率分别为63%～84%、53%～69%、23%～40%。相关系数矩阵分析结果显示，物料腐解速率与纤维素含量、半纤维素含量、木质素含量、土壤温度、气温、降水呈显著或极显著负相关，与土壤湿度呈极显著正相关。物料质量残留率与腐解时间的关系可用双库指数衰减模型模拟，方程的决定系数均大于0.96。通过多元逐步回归得到该地区有机物料的腐解方程，且物料的初始纤维素、半纤维素和木质素含量可以很好地预...     

添加不同外源氮对水稻秸秆腐解和养分释放的影响

探究添加不同外源氮对水稻秸秆腐解规律和养分释放特征的影响,为提高水稻秸秆养分利用提供理论依据。该研究采用室内恒湿网袋培养法,设置4个处理：不添加外源氮（CK）;添加尿素（PU）;添加尿素硝酸铵（UAN）;添加石灰氮（CaCN2）。结果表明：水稻秸秆腐解规律表现为0～5 d腐解速率最大,为0.39～0.47 g/d;5～30 d腐解速率较快,为0.12～0.16 g/d;30～150 d腐解缓慢并趋于平稳,腐解速率为0.045～0.050 g/d。与CK相比,添加外源氮可以显著提高水稻秸秆的累积腐解率（P < 0.05）。虽然秸秆累积腐解率在不同外源氮处理间差异不显著,但是不同外源氮的添加对水稻秸秆不同时期的腐解特征有着显著影响。主要表现在0～30 d PU、UAN和CaCN2处理水稻秸秆腐解速率分别为0.21、0.20和0.19 g/d,PU处理比UAN和CaCN2处理分别高5.00%和10.53%;在该时间段纤维素和半纤维素腐解率占累积腐解率的比例分别为63.65%和47.02%,这表明纤维素和半纤维素腐解主要集中在秸秆腐解前期,且PU处理对纤维素和半纤维素的促腐效果最佳。30～150 d PU、UAN和CaCN2处理腐解速率分别为0.046、0.046和0.050 g/d,CaCN2比PU和UAN处理高8.70%;在该时间段木质素腐解率占累积腐解率的比例为82.45%,这表明木质素腐解主要集中在秸秆腐解后期,且CaCN2处理对木质素的促腐效果最佳。由此可见PU处理前期促腐效果最佳,CaCN2处理后期促腐效果最佳。综合不同外源氮对水稻秸秆的促腐效应,建议不同种类外源氮进行配施,以达到最佳促腐效果。     

还田秸秆及其腐解产物的吸水能力研究

[目的]研究水稻、小麦和油菜作物秸秆的腐解规律及其对秸秆吸水能力的影响,为农田秸秆资源有效利用和田间水分管理提供相应的理论依据。[方法]采用尼龙网袋法进行试验研究。[结果]在土壤水分饱和状态下,3种秸秆腐解速率均表现为前期快,后期缓慢的特点。培养结束(110d)时,水稻、小麦和油菜秸秆的累积腐解率分别为67.8%,55.5%和49.2%。光学显微镜结合红外光谱结果显示,与对照相比,水稻秸秆经过110d的腐解,其物质组成、化学结构和形貌特征均发生显著变化,小麦和油菜秸秆变化不明显。腐解0d时,水稻、小麦和油菜秸秆饱和吸水量依次分别为3.87,2.51,3.61g/g。随着秸秆组分、结构和形貌的变化,秸秆及其腐解产物饱和吸水量也有显著性差异。水稻秸秆在腐解15d时的饱和吸水量最大,为5.17g/g,之后其饱和吸水量逐渐下降并趋于稳定;小麦和油菜秸秆的饱和吸水量在腐解5d时达到最低值,分别为1.87,2.59g/g;之后其饱和吸水量逐渐增加。单位秸秆的吸水效果表明,3种作物秸秆在腐解初期的持水量最大,之后随着腐解时期的延长而有所降低。[结论]还田作物秸秆的吸水能力受到还田秸秆质量和腐解时期的双重影响,故在开展秸秆还田(尤其翻压)时,应注意秸秆含水量,还田时期和田间水分管理,降低由秸秆吸水产生的负面效应。     

有机物料腐解过程胡敏酸的分级研究

采用培养试验,在研究玉米秸、绿豆秸、猪粪、羊粪4种有机物料腐解过程腐殖物质的组成(H/F比)、胡敏酸性质动态变化的基础上,利用酒精沉淀法对胡敏酸进行分级,研究了不同腐解期胡敏酸的级分组成变异。结果表明,有机物料腐解形成的胡敏酸以级分3、4、5所占比例较多,级分1、2相对较少。级分3在整个腐解过程明显增加;级分1、2前期有所波动,后期呈增加趋势,级分4、5以减小趋势为主。胡敏酸性质变化与其级分组成变化有密切关系。     

稻麦轮作制还田秸秆腐解和养分释放特征

秸秆还田是耕地质量提升的重要措施,还田秸秆腐解能够为作物生长提供氮、磷、钾等养分。明确稻麦轮作制水稻和小麦秸秆还田后的腐解和养分释放特征,是制定秸秆还田下合理养分管理制度的理论基础。通过田间尼龙网袋法,研究了小麦秸秆在水稻季、水稻秸秆在小麦季的腐解和养分释放特征以及秸秆腐解剂的影响。结果表明,小麦和水稻秸秆快速腐解期、中速腐解期、缓慢腐解期分别为0～10、10～20、20～110和0～10、10～50、50～200 d。在秸秆腐解剂的作用下,秸秆腐解率达50%和95%的时间缩短约8和38 d。水稻生育期内小麦秸秆累积腐解率达57%,秸秆氮和磷表现为淋溶-富集-释放,释放量分别为29%～37%和36%～44%,碳和钾表现为直接释放,释放量分别为55%和92%。小麦生育期内水稻秸秆累积腐解率达到73%,秸秆碳、氮、磷、钾均表现为直接释放,释放量依次为75%、41%～51%、59%、98%。水稻季,小麦秸秆在缓慢腐解期会吸附-富集土壤溶液中的氮和磷,伴随着秸秆中纤维素和半纤维素逐渐腐解,富集的氮、磷会部分释放到土壤中;小麦季,秸秆腐解剂提高快速和缓慢腐解期氮和磷的释放量和释放速率,氮素和磷素释放量分别提高10.0%和4.7%。热重分析表明,秸秆腐解剂主要加速了小麦和水稻秸秆半纤维素和纤维素的腐解。综上所述,秸秆腐解剂可以在一定程度上提高秸秆腐解和养分释放速率,同时也应注意还田秸秆在水稻孕穗期对土壤溶液中氮、磷的吸附-富集过程,在实际生产中宜在该时期适当补充氮、磷肥,以避免秸秆与作物争养分而导致减产。     

接种微生物条件下牛粪＋麦秸堆腐过程有机组分的动态变化

大量排放的畜禽粪便若利用不当则会对环境构成威胁,经微生物发酵、制成高效有机肥料是粪肥与秸秆综合利用的一种重要方式。试验以牛粪添加不同比例的小麦秸秆为原料,在接种和非接种微生物的条件下进行堆腐,研究了腐解过程有机组分及腐殖物质的动态变化。结果表明,随着腐解进行,乙醇溶性组分含量逐渐降低;水溶性组分含量先升高再降低;半纤维素和纤维素含量随腐解进行呈现一定波动,但总体呈降低趋势;木质素含量呈增加趋势;全碳含量降低,腐殖物质碳占全碳的比例逐渐增加,H/F比值逐渐升高。秸秆的加入比例越高越有利于木质素的积累,牛粪所占比例越大则越有利于腐殖物质的形成。接种微生物可促进有机物料中各有机组分的分解,并有利于腐殖物质的形成。     

秸秆促腐还田土壤养分及微生物量的动态变化

采用盆钵培养法,通过模拟旱作覆膜条件下秸秆还田,研究了添加不同腐解剂(多个好氧性菌种复合培养而成的F1、富含分解纤维素、半纤维素、木质素和其他生物有机物质的微生物菌群F2、由芽孢杆菌、丝状真菌、放线苗和酵母菌组成的F3)后,小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆在120 d的腐解过程中,土壤养分及土壤微生物量的动态变化特征。结果表明:小麦、玉米秸秆经过120 d的腐解,各处理土壤有机质、碱解氮、全氮的增加速率一致表现为先增加后减小,土壤磷素、钾素的增加速率总体则呈现增-减-增-减的趋势;整个试验阶段小麦秸秆各处理土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)含量表现为先增后减。玉米秸秆土壤SMBC的变化与小麦秸秆差异较大,呈现波浪式变化;玉米秸秆土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)变化在100 d后则与小麦截然不同。秸秆添加腐解剂还田土壤养分增加速率和土壤微生物量碳氮含量均大于秸秆直接还田(对照),培肥土壤效果明显,能够有效增加土壤微生物量碳氮含量。小麦、玉米秸秆添加腐解剂F3的处理各养分含量高于其他处理,即内含具特殊功能的芽孢杆菌、丝状真菌、放线菌和酵母菌的秸秆腐解剂F3增加土壤养分的效果最好;相同腐解剂下不同种类秸秆处理的土壤养分含量表现为:F1,小麦玉米;F2,小麦≥玉米;F3,小麦玉米,即F1对小麦秸秆促腐优势最大,F3对玉米秸秆的促腐作用优于F1和F2,F2对小麦、玉米秸秆的促腐效果基本相似。不同腐解剂下,小麦秸秆处理SMBC、SMBN含量表现为F2F3F1;玉米秸秆处理SMBC含量F2F3≈F1,SMBN为F3F2≈F1。玉米秸秆各处理的SMBC均大于小麦秸秆,SMBN则均小于后者,与秸秆C/N的趋势一致,即C/N越大,SMBC值越大,SMBN值越小。     

土壤中水溶性有机质的结构特征及其与富里酸、胡敏酸的比较

采用元素分析、1HNMR和FTIR研究了黄泥土中水溶性有机质组成及结构特征,并与富里酸、胡敏酸进行比较。结果表明:胡敏酸含有大量的芳香族不饱和物质,烷基链烃多,支链长;富里酸以含有大量的羧基为主要结构特征;水溶性有机质主要由碳水化合物组成,含有大量的羟基,芳香族不饱和物质少。     

Soil Organic Matter Quality and Zinc and Lead Sorption as Affected by a Sewage Sludge Or a Sewage Sludge Compost Application

Sewage sludge (SS) or sewage sludge compost (SSC) were applied to soil under controlled conditions, at rates of 0 or 200 Mg ha^?1, to investigate changes in dissolved organic matter (DOM), humic acids (HA), and Pb and Zn sorption in the soil. Infrared spectroscopy, visible spectrophotometry, and sorption isotherms (mono-metal and competitive sorption systems) methods were used to assess the changer. The E₄/E₆ ratio (λ at 465 / λ at 665 nm) and the infrared spectra of DOM and HA showed aromatic behaviour in compost-soil (SSC-S); in contrast sewage sludge-soil (SS-S) showed an aliphatic behaviour. Application of either SS or SSC increased the Pb and Zn sorption capacity of soil. The Pb and Zn sorption increased in soil and soil mixtures with a competitive metal system. The metal affinity sequence for soil, SS-S, and SSC-S was compared with the predicted affinity sequences obtained from metal properties. Poor correspondence was observed between the metal affinity sequence and the metal affinity sequence predicted by ionic potential, indicating that metals bonding to soils were not predominantly electrostatic. An affinity sequence based on Pearson's theory agreed with the metal affinity sequences for soils. A statistical analysis showed that the bands assigned to esters (1080 cm^?1) of DOM, phenolic OH (1420 cm^?1), amide I (1650 cm^?1), carboxyl and carbonyl C=O stretches of different nature, C=O stretch of aromatic esters, aliphatic cetone, aldehyde (1720 cm^?1), ethers and esters (1230 cm^?1), aliphatic alcohols (1125 cm^?1), and lignin (1380 cm^?1) of HA were correlated with Zn constants of Langmuir adsorption isotherm (P < 0.05).     

水溶性有机物与多环芳烃结合特征的红外光谱学研究

水溶性有机物（DOM）与多环芳烃（PAHs）之间的相互作用一直是尚未弄清的理论问题。对其正确阐释有利于更好地理解DOM对PAHs环境行为与生态效应的影响及科学地评估PAHs的环境风险，并对PAHs污染土壤的修复具有极其重要的意义。本研究以有机物料猪粪、污水污泥和带根茬水稻土作为DOM的提取材料，以菲（Phenanthrene，Phe）和芘（Pyrene，Pyr）为PAHs代表，采用红外光谱学技术研究DOM与PAHs的相互作用。红外图谱显示，供试DOM在4000—3000cm^-1、2969—2900cm^-1、1700-1375cm^-1、1300—1000cm^1和900-600cm^-1存在明显的吸收峰，这说明DOM中含有-OH或酚-OH、-NH、苯环、-C-O及-CH2等功能团。对比DOM与DOM—Phe／Pyr的图谱发现，DOM—Phe／Pyr在4000—3000cm^-1、1700—1375cm^-1和900—600cm^-1的吸收峰发生不同程度的朝长波方向飘移，表明NH-π和π-π作用参与了DOM与Phe及Pyr结合物的形成。     

CPMAS 13C NMR and IR spectra of spruce and pine litter and of the Klason lignin fraction at different stages of decomposition

Fresh and decomposed spruce and pine litter and the Klason lignin fraction of spruce needles at different stages of decomposition were studied by CPMAS ¹³C NMR and IR spectroscopy as well as by chemical methods. It was shown that decomposition of needles is accompanied by an increase in aliphatic substances and carboxyl group content; the amount of polysaccharides is reduced. It is assumed that stable aliphatic compounds like cutin and lipids of microbial origin will accumulate during litter decomposition and humification. Aromaticity is low and does not alter drastically. The NMR spectra of the Klason lignin fraction show pronounced peaks at 30, 55, 115, 130, 150 and 175 ppm. Obviously, this fraction contains appreciable amounts of aliphatic and carboxyl carbon besides the typical aromatic units of lignin. During decomposition aromaticity decreases whereas the relative amounts of aliphatic substances and carboxyl groups increase. This is probably due to splitting of aromatic ring structures and side chains. The findings agree with the results from chemical analyses.     

Spectroscopic and Thermal Investigation Of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Fractions Of Dissolved Organic Matter

Hydrophobic (HO) and hydrophilic (HI) fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) isolated from several substrates including a source separated urban waste compost, a mechanically separated urban waste compost, an anaerobically digested municipal sewage sludge, a composted sewage sludge and a cow slurry were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), monodimensional fluorescence spectroscopy in the emission, excitation and synchronous scan modes, tridimensional excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The FT-IR spectra indicated that the HI fractions were rich in both aromatic and aliphatic structures, whereas the HO fractions were rich in carboxylic groups and polysaccharides. The synchronous scan spectra of HO fractions showed the main peak at a wavelength much longer than that of the HI fractions, which indicated a greater molecular complexity of the HO fractions with respect to HI fractions. The ¹H-NMR data indicated a great percentage of aliphatic structures in all samples, whereas the HO samples were also characterised by the presence of aromatic structures. The DSC curves confirmed the more distinct aromatic nature of HO fractions, as compared to the corresponding HI fractions.     

Characterization of dissolved organic matter derived from rice straw at different stages of decay

Purpose  

Returning of rice straw into paddy field, which not only can increase the organic carbon content of soil but also can introduce dissolved organic matter (DOM) into soil, is a popular farm management strategy. However, chemical and structural heterogeneities of DOM derived from rice straw are not well characterized. The aim of this paper was to study the chemical and structural characteristics of DOM derived from rice straw at the different stages of decay.     

Partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) to water-soluble soil organic matter

The mobility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in soils can be influenced by the presence of dissolved organic matter. Partition coefficients of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, ranging from 3-ring to 6-ring compounds, to water-soluble soil organic matter (WSSOM) were determined. Partition coefficients were determined for WSSOM obtained from two soils under agricultural use and forest and for commercially available humic acid (Aldrich), taking advantage of a reversed phase (C₁₈) separation method. The WSSOM was characterised with regard to charge and hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties with a dissolved organic matter (DOM) fractionation method. No sorption to WSSOM was found for the tri- and tetracyclic PAH, whereas the penta- and hexacyclic PAH showed a significant binding to both types of WSSOM and to Aldrich humic acid. The affinity of penta- and hexacyclic PAH to WSSOM was considerably lower compared to the affinity to Aldrich humic acid. This is suggested to be due to the lower amount of hydrophobic fractions, c. 30%, in the natural WSSOM as compared to Aldrich humic acid. Effective partition coefficients (Koc_eff) for the sorption of PAH to bulk soil calculated from K_DOC and DOM in the naturally occurring concentration range were only 60–70% of the K_oc values in pure water. The impact of DOM on pollutant transport is further influenced by non-equilibrium behaviour of PAH in soils and by sorption of DOM to the solid-soil matrix. Several scenarios are described in which the effect of DOM on pollutant transport may become important.     

Changes in properties of soil-derived dissolved organic matter induced by biodegradation

Properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) determine its biodegradation. In turn, biodegradation changes the properties of the remaining DOM, which may be decisive for the formation of stable organic carbon in soil. To gain information on both mechanisms and controlling factors of DOM biodegradation and the properties of biodegraded DOM, we investigated changes in the composition of 13 different DOM samples extracted from maize straw, forest floors, peats, and agricultural soils during a 90-day incubation using UV absorbance, fluorescence emission spectroscopy, FTIR-spectroscopy, ¹H-NMR spectroscopy, pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectroscopy (Py-FIMS), and ¹³C natural abundance before and after incubation. Changes in the DOM properties were related to the extent of biodegradation determined by the release of CO₂. Increasing UV absorption and humification indices deduced from fluorescence emission spectra, and increasing portions of aromatic H indicated relative enrichment of aromatic compounds during biodegradation. This enrichment significantly correlated with the amount of DOC mineralized suggesting that aromatic compounds were relatively stable and slowly mineralized. ¹³C depletion during the incubation of highly degradable DOM solutions indicated an enrichment of lignin-derived aromatic compounds. Py-FI mass spectra indicated increasing contents of phenols and lignin monomers at the expense of lignin dimers and alkylaromatics during incubation. This partial degradation of higher-molecular, lignin-derived DOM compounds was accompanied by relative increases in the proportions of lower-molecular degradation products and microbial metabolites. Carbohydrates, especially when abundant at high initial contents, seem to be the preferred substrate for microorganisms. However, four independent methods suggested also some microbial production of carbohydrates and peptides during DOM degradation. After incubation, the composition of highly degradable DOM samples became similar to relatively stable DOM samples with respect to aromaticity, carbohydrate content, and thermal stability. We conclude that DOM biodegradation seems to result in organic matter properties being a precondition for the formation of stable carbon. These structural changes induced by DOM biodegradation should also result in stronger DOM sorption to the soil matrix additionally affecting DOM stabilization.     

青藏高原小麦秸秆和箭筈豌豆混合腐解规律和养分释放特征

掌握麦秆、绿肥混合腐解和养分释放规律,对于青藏高原东部农区的地力培育和减肥增效具有重要意义。该研究在田间设置麦秆、箭筈豌豆、低量和高量麦秆与箭筈豌豆混合4个处理,研究有机物料的腐解和养分释放规律。结果表明,各处理下有机物料的腐解呈现前期快后期慢的变化规律,至腐解结束,麦秆、箭筈豌豆、低量和高量麦秆与绿肥混合处理的累积腐解率分别为51.5%、82.2%、78.6%和75.2%,氮素释放率分别为21.3%、81.5%、79.3%和79.0%,磷素释放率分别为60.1%、76.2%、74.2%和82.2%。物料中氮素和钾素释放主要集中在填埋后0～33 d,占总释放量的70%～83%和95%以上。箭筈豌豆磷素释放主要集中于0～33d,麦秆主要在0～97d。双库指数衰减模型可以很好地表征物料腐解过程的干物质量、氮素和磷素的残留过程,方程的决定系数大于0.93。物料混合显著提高了氮素的易分解比例(P0.01),延长了易分解氮素的平均周转周期,低量和高量麦秆与箭筈豌豆混合的氮素易分解比例分别比预测值提高了14%和25%,周转天数延长了5和6 d。高量麦秆与绿肥混合使磷素的易分解比例提高了21%。物料混合显著改善了氮素和磷素的释放特征,其中高量麦秆和绿肥混合提高了氮素和磷素的可利用率,延长了氮素释放周期,更有利于后茬作物的吸收利用。研究结果可为青藏高原东部农区秸秆还田的实施提供理论和技术指导。     

Aliphatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments of the Gulf of Trieste (northern Adriatic)—sources and spatial and temporal distributions

Purpose

A medium-term study of sedimentary aliphatic hydrocarbons in the Gulf of Trieste was performed. The content of the aliphatic hydrocarbons, including their spatial and temporal distributions and origins, was determined. The collected data on the content of these compounds for the period of 2004–2013 were then processed using different evaluation indices and statistical analyses.

Materials and methods

Sediment samples were collected using a gravity core sampler. Hydrocarbons were extracted with hexane and dichloromethane (1:1), and their concentrations were determined by gas chromatography (using an FID detector). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to establish the differences between the different sampling sites.

Results and discussion

The study’s results reveal spatial and temporal variabilities in the aliphatic hydrocarbons within the investigated area. The mean concentrations of total aliphatic hydrocarbons were in the range of 17.9–84.6 μg g^?1 d.w., while the concentrations of n-alkanes from C12 to C34 were 934–5232 ng g^?1 d.w. The results of the analyses show higher concentrations of hydrocarbons in the coastal areas, with a decrease toward the central part of the Gulf of Trieste. The interannual differences in hydrocarbon concentrations were generally larger close to river estuaries and pollution sources, where degradation processes are more intensive. Different evaluation indices revealed the hydrocarbons to have different origins. The temporal distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons shows a decrease in concentrations over the past few years at certain sites. Important changes in the concentration and composition of the aliphatic fraction were observed in and after 2010, characterised by intensive fluvial input and long-lasting decreased salinity.

Conclusions

The content and distribution of aliphatic hydrocarbons are largely dependent on coastal sources of these compounds. Although the investigated area could be considered only slightly to moderately contaminated by hydrocarbons, the recently applied measures for pollution reduction should be continued and intensified.