布鲁氏菌病的诊断与防治

布鲁氏菌病又称传染性流产。本病是由布鲁氏菌引起的人畜共患的一种慢性传染病。病原菌侵害生殖系统，引发子宫、胎膜、关节、睾丸等炎症，临床上以母牛流产和不孕、公牛睾丸炎和不育以及关节炎等为特征。     

布鲁氏菌S19疫苗应用及研究进展

布鲁氏菌病（布病）是由布鲁氏菌引起的一种重要的人兽共患病,该病对畜牧业和人类健康均构成严重威胁,使用疫苗免疫是防控布病的重要措施之一。光滑型牛种布鲁氏菌19（S19）活疫苗是世界上第一个被广泛应用且效果良好的布病疫苗,至今为止仍是使用最广泛的疫苗之一。本文主要从应用情况及目前研究进展两大方面对S19疫苗进行概述,以期为日后使用该疫苗预防布鲁氏菌病提供借鉴及为疫苗研究提供思路。     

广西黑山羊羊种布鲁氏菌的分离和鉴定

为了对一起黑山羊流产死胎的病原进行诊断,采集10份黑山羊血清进行布鲁氏菌病抗体检测,并采集流产胎儿进行细菌的分离。虎红平板凝集试验结果表明10份血清全为阳性,试管凝集试验检测有8份血清为阳性;对流产死胎分离出的细菌进行PCR鉴定证实该细菌为羊种布鲁氏菌。     

AMOS PCR在布鲁氏菌种型鉴定中应用的研究

AMOSPCR是近年来在布鲁氏菌上尝试使用的一种布鲁氏菌检测方法,可作为布鲁氏菌诊断及菌种类型鉴定的PCR方法,可区分牛种布鲁氏菌1、2、4型,羊种布鲁氏菌、猪种布鲁氏菌、绵羊附睾种布鲁氏菌。本试验用来自国内的疫苗S2,M5及国际上常用的布鲁氏菌疫苗S19,104M试验AMOSPCR的效果,同时对AMOSPCR扩增条带进行测序。结果表明,除国内布鲁氏菌S19检测结果与国外菌株不同外,其余的几种疫苗株都得到典型的特征性条带。同时测序结果也表明各种属条带无交叉反应,为今后国内诊断布鲁氏菌病诊断方法研究指出一个方向。     

猪布鲁氏菌病的流行与防控

猪布鲁氏菌病是由布鲁氏菌引起的一种慢性细菌性传染病。仔猪和老龄猪对该病具有一定抵抗力,症状表现不明显,性成熟期猪易感性增高,母猪表现为流产、死胎、不孕等,公猪表现为睾丸炎、腱鞘炎和关节炎等。文章主要从猪布鲁氏菌病的病原学、流行病学、诊断及防控措施等几个方面进行阐述,以期为该病的防控提供参考。     

牛羊布病的诊断及防治

布鲁氏菌病(是由布鲁氏菌引起的一种广泛分布于世界各地的人畜共患传染病。该病的主要特征是侵害牲畜的生殖系统和关节,妊娠母畜表现为流产、关节肿大、胎衣不下、生殖器官和胎膜发炎、不育及各种组织的局部病灶。公畜表现为睾丸炎及不育等。人通过接触患畜及污染物而发病,表现为发热、出汗、疲倦无力和全身疼痛等。布氏杆菌病对畜牧业的发展和人民身体健康危害十分严重,因此必须在养殖过程中做好防治措施。     

猪布鲁氏菌病的诊断与防控措施

猪布鲁氏菌病是由布鲁氏菌引起的一种慢性细菌性传染病。仔猪和老龄猪对该病具有一定抵抗力,症状表现不明显,性成熟期猪易感性增高,母猪表现为流产、产死胎、不孕等,公猪表现为睾丸炎、腱鞘炎和关节炎等。文章主要从猪布鲁氏菌病的病原学、流行病学、临床症状、病理变化、诊断及防控措施等几个方面进行阐述,以期为该病的诊断及防控提供参考。     

鹿布鲁氏菌实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

本研究依据布鲁氏菌的特异性基因Omp25c的部分片段作为靶基因,设计探针引物,且优化了反应体系,筛选出引物、探针的最优浓度配比。将扩增产物连接到PGEM-T载体上,制备标准品及标准曲线,建立鹿布鲁氏菌荧光定量PCR检测方法,并对其特异性、稳定性、敏感性进行评价。由标准曲线可知该方法的最低检测浓度可达到36拷贝/μL,比常规PCR灵敏度高出很多。     

动物布鲁氏菌病的研究进展

布鲁氏菌病(Brucellosis)是由布鲁氏菌(Bruceua)引起的人畜共患的传染变态反应性疾病。在世界各地都有广泛流行，该病不仅损害人群健康，还影响着包括乳、肉及其制品、皮、毛、医药等在内的民生需求，严重时可影响畜牧业发展和民间致富乃至国际贸易及旅游事业，而且还被国外列为生物战剂之一。据世界统计资料表明，每年因布鲁氏菌病造成的经济损失近30亿美元，我国就新疆、青海两地概算，每年因布鲁氏菌病造成的直接经济损失约1亿元。而且它引起的人类波状热、慢性感染以及反刍动物流产和睾丸炎等，至今尚无根治方法。     

新型动物疫苗佐剂的研究进展

疫苗佐剂是使疫苗免疫原性充分发挥的工具,目前动物疫苗佐剂主要以铝盐佐剂和油乳佐剂为主。近年来基因重组疫苗和亚单位疫苗发展迅猛,而这些新型疫苗与传统疫苗相比免疫原性较弱,这就对佐剂提出了更高的要求。当前针对佐剂的研究层出不穷,部分佐剂如MF59、AS01、AS03等已经在人用疫苗中成功应用,但应用于动物疫苗还有技术难题需要攻破。蜂胶佐剂目前在动物疫苗中应用较广,且已经占有了一定的市场份额。为充分比较现有新型疫苗佐剂的优缺点,为后续疫苗佐剂的研究提供参考,就目前广泛研究的新型动物疫苗佐剂进行综述。     

禽流感DNA疫苗研究进展

禽流感（avian influenza,AI）是由禽流感病毒（AIV）引起的一种禽类烈性综合征,威胁动物和人类公共健康,严重影响中国养禽业发展,接种疫苗一直是控制禽流感病毒传播最有效的手段。基于基因工程技术的不断发展,各种新型疫苗相继研发并投入使用。其中,禽流感DNA疫苗具有安全性高、制备方法简单、易于储藏和运输等优点,受到了广泛关注。常见的禽流感疫苗有HA DNA疫苗、NA DNA疫苗、M DNA疫苗、NP DNA疫苗等。禽流感DNA疫苗是将含有目的基因序列的重组质粒导入动物细胞,诱导动物机体产生体液和细胞免疫应答。为了提高禽流感DNA疫苗的免疫效果,国内外学者通过添加合适的佐剂、将目的基因导入理想质粒载体、对抗原序列优化,增强DNA疫苗的转染效率和基因表达水平,取得了一定的研究成果。自DNA疫苗开始研发至今,H1、H3、H5、H7、H9等众多亚型禽流感DNA疫苗逐步研发。2018年,由中国农业科学院哈尔滨兽医研究所研制的禽流感H5亚型DNA疫苗获得国家一类新兽药证书,是中国首个获得批准的禽流感DNA疫苗,极大地推动了DNA疫苗的发展。文章主要论述了禽流感DNA疫苗的载体构建、免疫机制、佐剂和载体选择以及疫苗研发等方面的研究进展和创新,并对其应用前景进行简要分析,旨在为科研工作者研制新型禽流感疫苗提供新的思路和参考。     

Review of DNA Vaccine for Avian Influenza

Avian influenza (AI) is a kind of avian virulent syndrome caused by avian influenza virus (AIV),which threatens animal and human public health and seriously affects the development of poultry industry in China.Vaccination has always been the most effective means to control the spread of avian influenza virus.Based on the continuous development of genetic engineering technology,a variety of new vaccines have been developed and put into use.Among them,avian influenza DNA vaccine has many advantages,such as high safety,simple preparation,easy storage and transportation.Common HA DNA vaccine,NA DNA vaccine,M DNA vaccine,NP DNA vaccine.Avian influenza DNA vaccine introduces a recombinant plasmid containing the target gene sequence into animal cells to induce a humoral and cellular immune response.In order to improve the immune effect of avian influenza DNA vaccine,researchers at home and abroad have made some achievements in enhancing the transfection efficiency and gene expression level of DNA vaccine by adding appropriate adjuvants,introducing target genes into ideal plasmid vectors and optimizing antigen sequence.Since the development of DNA vaccines,many subtypes of avian influenza DNA vaccines,including H1,H3,H5,H7 and H9 subtypes,have been gradually developed.In 2018,the H5 subtype DNA vaccine developed by Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences obtained the National Class Ⅰ Veterinary Medicine certificate,which is the first DNA vaccine of avian influenza to be approved in China,greatly promoting the development of DNA vaccines.This review mainly discusses the development and innovation of avian influenza DNA vaccine in terms of vector construction,immune mechanism,adjuvant and vector selection,and vaccine research and development,and briefly analyzes its application prospect,in order to provide new ideas and references for researchers to develop new avian influenza vaccine.     

Parasite vaccines--a reality?

Over the last decade, the anti-parasitics market has been the fastest growing sector of the overall $18 billion animal health market. While drugs for the treatment of parasites of livestock still dominate this sector and will continue to be developed or re-formulated, because of consumer demands for chemical-free food and of concerns regarding the environment and animal welfare there is a growing interest in the development of safe and effective vaccines. There is also a call for vaccines in the lucrative $3 billion-plus companion animal market. These demands for vaccines will add a greater impetus to an area that has seen tremendous success in the last 15 years. A number of anti-parasite vaccines have been developed, e.g. the recombinant 45w and EG95 oncosphere proteins against Taenia ovis and Echinococcus granulosis, respectively, and the Bm86 vaccine against Boophilus microplus. In addition, the cathepsin L vaccines against the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, and the H11 vaccine against Haemonchus contortus are progressing well. There are also many additional vaccine candidates for H. contortus and for other nematodes such as Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus spp. that may ultimately lead to broad-spectrum gastrointestinal worm vaccines. Live or attenuated-live vaccines are available for the control of avian coccidiosis, toxplasmosis in sheep and anaplasmosis in cattle, although molecular vaccines against protozoans are still proving elusive. The wealth of information in genomics, proteomics and immunology that has been forthcoming together will new methods of vaccine production and delivery should see many new vaccines reach the marketplace in the near future.     

Immunogenic and protective antigens of Brucella as vaccine candidates

Brucella is an intracellular pathogen that causes abortion in domestic animals and undulant fever in humans. Due to the lack of a human vaccine against brucellosis, animal vaccines play an important role in the management of animal and human brucellosis for decades. Strain 19, RB51 and Rev1 are the approved Brucella spp. vaccine strains that are most commonly used to protect livestock against infection and abortion. However, due to some disadvantages of these vaccines, numerous studies have been conducted for the development of effective vaccines that could also be used in other susceptible animals. In this review, we compare different aspects of immunogenic antigens that have been a candidate for the brucellosis vaccine.     

中药有效成分对动物疫苗的免疫佐剂效果及相关机理研究进展

佐剂作为疫苗的重要组成部分,其自身的安全性及对疫苗的免疫增强效果受到广泛重视。动物疫苗佐剂种类较多,包括铝佐剂、油乳佐剂和脂质体佐剂等。但由于可应用的佐剂有限,疫苗的需求量增大,因此寻求更加安全有效的疫苗佐剂成为新的研究热潮。中药具有易获取、毒性低和免疫活性强等特点,有潜力成为新型疫苗佐剂。笔者对中药有效成分的佐剂活性、联合疫苗后的免疫调节效果及作用机制进行综述,阐明中药有效成分作为动物疫苗佐剂的可能性及研究进展,为新型佐剂的研制提供理论依据。     

禽流感新型疫苗研究进展

禽流感是由A型流感病毒引起的一种急性呼吸道传染病,家禽、野鸟和部分哺乳动物均可感染.禽流感给中国养殖业造成了巨大的损失,同时,随着病毒的种间传播,人类的生命安全也受到了严重威胁.目前,疫苗免疫仍是防控禽流感最主要的手段,传统的疫苗主要有鸡胚灭活苗和禽流感弱毒疫苗.虽然在过往几次禽流感暴发过程中,传统疫苗发挥了重要作用,但其自身却存在诸多弊端,因此研制新型疫苗来弥补传统疫苗的不足是很有必要的.文章主要对禽流感重组活载体疫苗、基因工程亚单位疫苗、DNA疫苗和病毒样颗粒疫苗等新型疫苗的研究进展进行综述,旨在为禽流感的防控提供参考.     

Research Progress on Novel Vaccine of Avian Influenza

Avian influenza (AI) is an acute respiratory disease caused by influenza A virus.Avian influenza virus (AIV) can infect poultry,wild birds and some mammals including human.AI is a big threat to both poultry and human health because the virus can cross the species barrier to get the capacity of transmitting from poultry to human.Vaccination is the most efficient measure against AI outbreaking.Traditional vaccines include inactivated vaccine based on chick embryo and attenuated vaccine.Although the traditional vaccines play important roles in the past AI epidemics,many disadvantages have been proved to exist in traditional vaccines.Forced by major drawbacks of traditional vaccines,several studies focused on the development of novel vaccines.In this review,we reviewed recombinant live vector vaccine,subunit vaccine,DNA vaccine and virus-like particle vaccine of AI in order to provide some references for prevention and control of AI.     

FIV vaccine development and its importance to veterinary and human medicine: a review FIV vaccine 2002 update and review

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a natural infection of domestic cats that results in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome resembling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in humans. The worldwide prevalence of FIV infection in domestic cats has been reported to range from 1 to 28%. Hence, an effective FIV vaccine will have an important impact on veterinary medicine in addition to being used as a small animal AIDS model for humans. Since the discovery of FIV reported in 1987, FIV vaccine research has pursued both molecular and conventional vaccine approaches toward the development of a commercial product. Published FIV vaccine trial results from 1998 to the present have been compiled to update the veterinary clinical and research communities on the immunologic and experimental efficacy status of these vaccines. A brief report is included on the outcome of the 10 years of collaborative work between industry and academia which led to recent USDA approval of the first animal lentivirus vaccine, the dual-subtype FIV vaccine. The immunogenicity and efficacy of the experimental prototype, dual-subtype FIV vaccine and the efficacy of the currently approved commercial, dual-subtype FIV vaccine (Fel-O-Vax FIV) are discussed. Potential cross-reactivity complications between commercial FIV diagnostic tests, Idexx Snap Combo Test and Western blot assays, and sera from previously vaccinated cats are also discussed. Finally, recommendations are made for unbiased critical testing of new FIV vaccines, the currently USDA approved vaccine, and future vaccines in development.