湘北四川桤木人工林根系空间分布特征

对湘北地区6年生四川桤木(Alnus cremastogyne)人工林不同径级根系生物量分布、根长、比根长、根长密度的空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明:四川桤木人工林大根、中根、小根、细根生物量分别占林分根系生物量总和的55%、22%、14%、9%;约66%的根系生物量集中在0～30cm土层;不同径级根系根长变化趋势是:细根小根大根中根,比根长的变化趋势是:细根小根中根大根;各径级根长密度变化趋势各不相同:垂直方向上,在0～60cm土层,大根的根长密度随土层深度的增加先增后降,中根、小根、细根的根长密度随土层深度的增加而减小,水平方向上,在0～80cm距离,大根的根长密度随距树干距离的增加而减小,细根的根长密度随距树干距离的增加而增大,中根、小根的根长密度在距树干0～60cm内逐渐减小,而在距树干60～80cm又略有增加。     

不同造林密度马尾松人工林的根系生物量

采用全根挖掘法和土钻法,分别测定5种造林密度20年生马尾松林分平均标准木的单木和行间根系生物量,结果表明:平均标准木单木根系总生物量随林分密度的增大而减少,不同级别根系生物量的排序为根桩>粗根>大根>中根>小根,其中根桩和粗根占根系生物量构成的90%以上.行间不同径级根系生物量的排序为中根>细根>小根.不同密度对中根、小根和细根生物量呈现出随密度增加而逐渐变小的趋势.5种密度马尾松林分的根系主要分布在0～30 cm的表层土壤中,占根系总生物量的82%以上.随着土层深度的增加,不同密度林分行间根系生物量逐渐减少.数学模型拟合的结果表明,平均标准木单木各级根系生物量与林分平均胸径、平均树高及密度有较强的相关性,除了小根以外,相关系数均达到0.8以上,林分行间各级根系生物量与林分密度也表现出较好的相关性.     

坡向与林分密度对麻栎林生物量的影响

以坡向和林分密度对麻栎(Quercus acutissima)林生物量的影响进行了调查研究,结果表明:麻栎生长在南坡要好于生长在东南坡和北坡,在不同林分密度中以1 430株/hm~2的密度生物量最大,乔木层生物量比1 220株/hm~2的密度高39.2%,比1 660株/hm~2的密度高4.3%。根系生物量以大于1.0 cm粗的根系最大,占60%左右;其次是小于0.2 cm的细根,占13.7%~13.9%;0.2~0.5 cm的细根占11.2%~11.8%;大于0.5 cm的细根占11.4%~12.3%。     

林分密度对湿地松根系生物量及其分布的影响

为了确定湿地松中龄林的施肥位置和准确估测根系生物量,以湘北11年生5种造林密度湿地松为研究对象,采用全根分层挖掘法,对其根系生物量及其空间分布规律进行了研究。结果表明:湿地松根系发达,单株根系生物量随林分密度的增大而减小,林分根系生物量基本随林分密度的增大而增大。根桩和大根是构成根系的主体,合计占总根量的85.8%-89.4%。不同密度林分根系生物量随土层深度的增加而明显减小,63.1%以上的根系生物量集中分布在0-40 cm土层内,81.4%以上的根系(含根桩)生物量集中分布在距树干0-50 cm范围内,因此应在1/2株行距、20 cm深度的位置施肥最好;根系与树干相关性最大;建立的单株各径级根系生物量估测模型精度较高,可根据林木胸径、树高及林分密度估测根系生物量。     

中幼龄闽楠生长及生物量分配特征研究

对不同造林地不同林龄的闽楠生长及生物量分配特征进行研究,研究结果表明:随着树龄的增大,闽楠叶生物量显著增大,但占总生物量的比例显著下降;闽楠主干生物量占总生物量的比例随着树龄的增长而显著上升,造林26a后,树干生物量比例占62.8%;闽楠根生物量随着树龄的增大显著上升,但占总生物量的比例反而显著下降,这些数据说明闽楠生物量累积优势不断转向地上部分。闽楠在整个生长过程前8a叶、枝、根生长速度及总生物量积累速度均比8~26a快,但干的生物量积累则是在8~26a速度加快,本研究的结论表明闽楠是适合培养大径材的珍贵用材树种,其径材培育周期远超过26a,研究结果可为闽楠人工林高效培育与经营管理提供理论依据。     

兴安落叶松天然林粗根生物量及分布特征的研究

森林粗根生物量是森林生态系统生物量的重要组成部分,以兴安落叶天然林粗根生物量为研究对象,利用平均标准木法和全部挖掘法测定了不同年龄兴安落叶松天然林的粗根生物量,研究了粗根根系的空间分布格局,并建立了粗根生物量回归模型。结果表明:林分粗根生物量随林龄的增加而增加,幼龄林(26a,38a)的根系生物量为7.92 t/hm2,中龄林(49a,68a)为39.77 t/hm2,近熟林(96a)为49.80 t/hm2,成过熟林(132a)为74.11t/hm2;兴安落叶松根生物量占林木个体生物量的15.12%～27.25%,且根系生物量的65%以上集中分布在0～20 cm土壤层中;根生物量随着土壤深度的增加呈幂函数降低;建立的胸径—粗根生物量模型B=0.011314D2.7629达到极显著水平(R2=0.97)。     

大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松天然林单木地上生物量

基于大兴安岭北部林区19块样地内104株天然兴安落叶松实测生物量数据,建立兴安落叶松天然林地上总量和分量相容性生物量模型,分别采用权函数和联立线性方程组消除方程的异方差和度量误差。结果表明：1)含度量误差的单木生物量相容性模型能解决总量生物量模型和分量生物量模型不兼容的问题,而且模型的预估精度高于经验模型;2)所建模型参数的决定系数 R2和模型偏差统计量,估计值的标准差 SEE、平均估计误差MPE、平均相对偏差 ME、平均相对偏差绝对值 MAE 分别为0.907～0.947,1.887～17.368,1.011%～2.703%,-4.937%～6.998%,5.408%～10.886%;3)对大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松天然林样木实测值进行统计分析,得到兴安落叶松天然林单木干材生物量占地上生物量的60.37%～76.80%,所占比例随年龄增加先增加再减小。树皮生物量占地上生物量的7.15%～20.11%,所占比例随年龄增加而减小;树枝生物量占地上生物量的8.51%～14.29%,所占比例随年龄增加基本呈现增加趋势;树叶生物量占地上生物量的5.12%～7.09%,在低林龄期时所占比例最大。     

典型针阔混交林白桦生物量和碳储量研究

以木兰林管局北沟林场内的针阔混交林为对象研究,对标准地白桦等树种进行了详细的调查研究,利用分层法对白桦生物量等进行测定,建立生长模型并推算林分中白桦生物量和碳储量,结果表明:1)幂函数为白桦生物量最优模型。2)白桦生物量的最优模型推算林分中白桦的总生物量为43 921.27 kg/hm2,碳储量为21 433.58 kg/hm2,各器官分别占总碳储量的49.72%(树干)、21.04%(树枝)、6.14%(树叶)、23.10%(树根);林分碳储量分配情况为干根枝叶。     

泡桐生物量的研究*

本文通过对1－8年生兰考泡桐生物量的研究，揭示了各器官之间的内在联系以及变化规律；泡桐各器官生物量与（－／D1.3^2H)有密切相关关系；树干生物量向上呈递减趋势；在中、幼龄阶段、细枝所占的比例较大，其次为中枝、大枝，6－7年以后大枝最重，其次为中枝、小枝；在树根生物量中，根桩所占的比例最大（40％－60％），各级根系生物量随树龄而异，树龄增加，较粗的根占的比例增大，而直长4cm以下的根呈减小趋势，全株各器官生物量3年生前顺序为：根＞干＞叶＞枝；3年生后为：干＞枝＞根＞叶＞花＞果。     

栗树苗期生物量的研究

连续2年使用80株1年生与2年生栗树播种苗为试材,采用全株取样对根、枝干、叶片等各器官生物量进行测定,分析栗树苗期各器官生物量分配情况以及地径、苗高与各组分生物量的相关性,并建立以地径平方乘以苗高(D2H)为自变量,各组分生物量(W)为因变量的回归模型。研究结果表明:栗树苗期随着树龄增加,根生物量所占比例逐渐降低,枝干生物量所占比例逐渐增加,而叶片生物量所占比例变化不大;同一树龄不同苗高分级的苗木株数及其生物量近似于正态分布;单株生物量随幼苗的生长而明显增加;地径平方乘以苗高(D2H)与根、枝干、叶片、地上部分以及全株等各组分生物量(W)的幂函数回归方程模型回归性较高(决定系数R2=0.895 9～0.971 2,平均相对误差绝对值MAPE=16.59%～23.01%),具有一定估测价值。     

The vertical distribution of fine roots of five tree species and maize in Morogoro,Tanzania

In order to assess the possibility of root competition in agroforestry, the vertical distribution of fine roots (< 2 mm in diameter) of five tree species in pure two-year-old stands was compared to that of mature maize.Cassia siamea, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Leucaena leucocephala andProsopis chilensis had a rooting pattern similar to that of maize, i.e. a slow decline in fine root mass from 0–100 cm soil depth.Eucalyptus camaldulensis had its roots evenly distributed down to 100 cm. On an average, the fine root biomass of the tree species was roughly twice as that of the maize. We conclude that the studied tree species are likely to compete with maize and other crops with a similar rooting pattern for nutrients and water.     

The vertical distribution of fine roots of five tree species and maize in Morogoro,Tanzania

In order to assess the possibility of root competition in agroforestry, the vertical distribution of fine roots (< 2 mm in diameter) of five tree species in pure two-year-old stands was compared to that of mature maize.Cassia siamea, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Leucaena leucocephala andProsopis chilensis had a rooting pattern similar to that of maize, i.e. a slow decline in fine root mass from 0–100 cm soil depth.Eucalyptus camaldulensis had its roots evenly distributed down to 100 cm. On an average, the fine root biomass of the tree species was roughly twice as that of the maize. We conclude that the studied tree species are likely to compete with maize and other crops with a similar rooting pattern for nutrients and water.     

Above- and below-ground biomass dynamics in a sole cropping and an alley cropping system withGliricidia sepium in the semi-deciduous rainforest zone of West Africa

A considerable amount of data is available about above-ground biomass production and turnover in tropical agroforestry systems, but quantitative information concerning root turnover is lacking. Above- and below-ground biomass dynamics were studied during one year in an alley cropping system withGliricidia sepium and a sole cropping system, on aPlinthic Lixisol in the semi-deciduous rainforest zone of the Côte d'Ivoire. Field crops were maize and groundnut. Live root mass was higher in agroforestry than in sole cropping during most of the study period. This was partly due to increased crop and weed root development and partly to the presence of the hedgerow roots. Fine root production was higher in the alleys and lower under the hedgerows compared to the sole cropping plots. Considering the whole plot area, root production in agroforestry and sole cropping systems was approximatly similar with 1000–1100 kg ha^–1 (dry matter with 45% C) in 0–50 cm depth; about 55% of this root production occured in the top 10 cm. Potential sources of error of the calculation method are discussed on the basis of the compartment flow model. Above-ground biomass production was 11.1 Mg ha^–1 in sole cropping and 13.6 Mg ha^–1 in alley cropping, of which 4.3 Mg ha^–1 were hedgerow prunings. The input of hedgerow root biomass into the soil was limited by the low root mass ofGliricidia as compared to other tree species, and by the decrease of live root mass of hedgerows and associated perennial weeds during the cropping season, presumably as a result of frequent shoot pruning.     

退耕地三倍体毛白杨林地细根生物量及其与土壤水稳性团聚体的关系

以未退耕的陡坡耕地作对比,对退耕还林(草)4年后2种草本层模式的三倍体毛白杨林地进行≤1 mm细根生物量及土壤水稳性团聚体(WSA)含量的研究.结果表明:2种林地的林木细根生物量均为上层＞中层＞下层,比值均约为50:30:20,黑麦草林地林木细根年平均生物量约为自然草林地的2倍;但就总细根量来说,自然单根系大于黑麦草根系,是黑麦草的4.4倍;林地的水稳性团聚体含量和未退耕地在总量上差别不大,但林地上层和中层大粒级的水稳性团聚体含量明显高于未退耕地;相关性分析结果表明,≤1 mm细根能提高大粒级及水稳性团聚体含量及水稳性团聚体总量.     

Biomass of fine roots and its relationship with water-stable aggregates in a composite ecosystem of triploid Populus tomentosa in the conversion of farmland to forest

A study on the biomass of fine roots and its relationship with water-stable aggregates (WSA) was conducted in two herbaceous models, triploid Populus tomentosa + Lolium multiflorum (TL) and triploid P. tomentosa + natural grass (TN). Both of the model triploid P. tomentosa stands were four years old converted from agriculture. Unconverted steep slope farmland was used as a control site. Results showed that the biomass of fine roots (⩽ 1 mm) in different layers varied in the following descending order: upper layer, middle layer and lower layer, at approximate ratios of 50:30:20. The average annual biomass of fine roots in ryegrass was twice that of the mixed natural grass-forest land. The total amount of natural grass roots was 4.4 times that of the ryegrass model. Water-stable aggregates of the upper, middle and lower layers and the unconverted farmland did not show any significant differences, whereas the amounts of water-stable aggregates of big-particles in the upper and middle layers were much larger than those of unconverted lands. The amounts of water-stable aggregates of natural grass-forest lands (TN model) were higher than those of managed grass-forest lands (TL model). Two-way analysis of variance indicated that fine roots (≤ 1 mm) could significantly enhance water-stable aggregates and total water-stable aggregates. We conclude that the program of converting agricultural lands to forest-grass lands is an effective way in improving soil anti-erosion capability. __________ Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2007, 43(5): 24–29 [译自:林业科学]     

Analysis of root fractal characteristics in remote areas of the Taklimakan desert, China

Fractal geometry is a potential new approach to analyze the root architecture, which may offer improved ways to quantify and summarize root system complexity as well as yield ecological and physiological insights into the functional relevance of specific architectural patterns. Fractal analysis is a sensitive measure of root branching intensity and fractal dimension expresses the ＂space filling＂ properties of a structure. The objective of this study was to find out the fractal characteristics of root systems in a remote area of the Taklimakan desert in China. The entire root system of two naturally occurring species were excavated and exposed with shov- els in 2007. The species were Tamarix taklamakanensis and Calligonum roborovskii. A one-factorial ANOVA with species as factor showed statistically a highly significant difference in fractal dimensions, indicating differences in their pattern of root branching. There was no relationship between root diameter and two parameters of fractal root models a and q, representing general characteris- tics of root systems, for either species （a： the ratio of the sum of root cross-sectional areas after a branching to the cross-sectional area before root division; q： the distribution of the cross-sectional areas after branching）. We have found significant linear relation- ships between the diameter after branching and root length and biomass respectively, because of the self-similarity of root branching. Branching rules are the same for roots of all sizes and lengths. Root biomass for the root systems of entire trees can be estimated by measuring the diameter of each root at the base of the trunk or the diameter after branching. We have shown that the diameter of each root at the base of the trunk and the diameter after branching are effective indices that can be measured easily in order to estimate the root lengths, biomass and other parameters of root architecture.     

植物细根生产和周转研究进展

细根是植物根系最重要的组成部分,作为衡量植物生产力的重要因素,对森林生态系统生产力具有重要影响。前人研究表明,细根的生产与周转对细根的寿命、分解和生物量估算具有重要意义,并且会影响森林生态系统碳、养分和水循环过程。文中系统阐述了细根生产和周转的研究进展,介绍了细根的3种主要研究方法（根钻法、内生长法和微根管法）,进一步分析细根生产和周转的影响因素,即除了受植物内在因子（细根构型、根序和化学组成）的制约外,细根生产和周转还受到纬度、海拔、气候、土壤条件、土层深度等环境因子及生物因子的影响;探讨了在植物细根研究中存在的问题,并对今后的发展趋势进行了展望,以期为植物细根深入研究和根系生态学学科发展提供参考。     

长白山系榛子灌木林根系对优先流的影响

[目的]通过调查分析榛子灌木林下不同土层深度内不同根系径级对土壤优先流现象发生程度的影响,了解该区域内土壤水分的运动规律,查看森林系统生态恢复情况。[方法]选取长白山系张广才岭余脉丘陵区内榛子灌木林为研究对象,采用野外示踪法示踪优先流路径分布特征,分析其与不同土层深度下不同径级的根长密度、根生物量的关系。[结果]表明:灌木林内优先流以大孔隙流,漏斗流和环绕流为主,发生迅速,伴有环绕特征。随土壤深度的增加,根长密度逐渐减小,根系径级d1 mm,1d3 mm,3d5 mm,5d10 mm的根长密度对优先流贡献率分别为67.9%,64.9%、55.2%、59.3%,以d1 mm根系的优先流贡献率最大,且均值在58.5%以上。根长密度在不同土层深度及不同径级下变幅为2.59%31.2%和1.16%11.07%。研究点内优先流区根生物量大于基质流区,整体仅高出约1.1%,根生物量对优先流路径的发生不起决定性作用。[结论]不同土层内的不同根系径级的根长密度对榛子灌木林下的土壤优先流影响极为明显,d1 mm影响效果最大,根系生物量对其优先流的产生不起决定性作用。     

Response of root distribution of Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings to irrigation amounts in the hinterlands of the Taklimakan Desert, China

We excavated soil to study root distribution in Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings grown with different amounts of irrigation (35, 24.5 and 14 kg water for each plant each time) in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert. The results indicated that: 1) With decreasing irrigation amounts, the root biomass tended to be distributed in deeper soil layers. Underground biomass had a significantly negative logarithmic relationship with soil depth under different irrigation amounts. 2) Maximum horizontal spread of roots was twice that of vertical root spread, and horizontal distribution of root biomass was similar under all irrigation amounts. 3) Vertical distribution of fine roots was nearly consistent with vertical changes in soil moisture, and all had a unimodal curve; but peak values of fine root biomass in different soil layers varied with different irrigation amounts. The smaller the amount of irrigation, the deeper were the fine roots concentrated in soil layers. 4) Root length, root surface area and root volume all exhibited a unimodal curve under different irrigation amounts; the less the irrigation amount, the deeper the peak values appeared in soil layers. 5) Rootshoot ratio and ratio of vertical root depth to plant height both increased as irrigation amounts decreased. __________ Translated from Journal of Plant Ecology (Chinese Version), 2007, 31 (5): 769–776 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

北美红杉幼苗对不同供N水平的生长反应

采用温室盆栽的方法探讨了北美红杉1年生幼苗对不同N供应水平(0、0.05、0.11、0.16、0.21、0.32、0.42和0.63 g.L-1,0.21 g.L-1为对照)的生长反应,结果表明:(1)幼苗在完全供N水平(对照)时,苗高净增量为31.2cm;当供N水平降到一半(0.11 g.L-1)以下时(N3~N1),苗木的生长明显减缓,苗高净增量分别是对照的92.6%、83.0%和29.8%;供N水平增加2倍(0.63 g.L-1)时,苗高净增量为对照的70.8%。(2)当N供应水平降低(N4~N2)或缺N(N1)时,幼苗地下部分与地上部分比率(R/S)增加,缺N时为对照的2.1倍;净增生物量分配给根系的比例也明显增大,缺N时为56%。(3)在低N供应条件下,幼苗细根(D≤2 mm)的特定根长增加尤为明显,缺N时为14.9 m.g-1,是对照的169%;N供应过量时,细根的特定根长减小,在0.63 g.L-1供N水平(N8)时为6.0 m.g-1,约为对照的68%。