海南州实施草畜平衡工程及减畜情况调查报告

为了更好的实施草畜平衡工程 ,采用抽样调查方法 ,对海南州 5县、1 8个乡、6 2个村、1 6 3户牧户进行了畜草平衡调查。结果表明 :1 998年与项目实施之初的 1 994年相比 ,饲草干物质总量增加 1 970 0 .0 7万kg ,理论载畜量增加 44 .97万羊单位 ,实际载畜量减少 90 .0 7万羊单位 ,超载量下降 1 35 .0 4万羊单位     

玛多县防灾基地建设效益调查

玛多县自 1 993年实施防灾基地建设项目以来 ,到 2 0 0 0年底全县累计建成“三配套”建设户 1 0 99户 ,建成牲畜暖棚 1 0 0 1幢、6.0 1× 1 0 4 ,建成围栏草地 2 .0 9× 1 0 4 h ,累计种植一年生饲草饲料 88h 。通过项目实施 ,项目区每年增加收益 334.79万元。     

东营市发展肉用山羊的潜力

1　发展潜力1 1　饲草饲料资源充足全市拥有 1 9 2万ｈｍ2 天然草场 ,可利用面积达 1 3 47万ｈｍ2 。据调查 ,天然草场和作物秸秆的载畜量可达 86个牛单位 ,现有食草畜禽仅 41万个牛单位 ,发展食草畜禽的饲草饲料资源十分充足。在此基础上 ,东营市大力推广了三元结构种植和三青饲养 ,目前 ,种植优质饲草饲料作物 5万亩 ,围栏轮牧场 6 0 0亩 ,实行种草养畜。东营市不仅草地面积广阔 ,作物秸秆丰富 ,可以说资源优势在全省是独一无二。仅就作物秸秆资源。全市年产饲用作物秸秆 1 0亿ｔ,每年搞秸秆青贮微贮 1 0万ｔ,可利用的还达不到 1 0 %。…     

小尾寒羊链球菌病的诊治

20 0 0年 7月中旬 ,本区于洪乡李某饲养小尾寒羊 ,总存栏 1 2 0只相继发病 ,死亡 3 9只 ,诊断为链球菌病 ,报告如下。1　发病情况　 2 0 0 0年 7月中旬 ,当时正处于阴雨连绵季节 ,圈舍潮湿。该畜主快速育肥的阉割小公羊2 5只 ,仅 1周左右该畜主饲养的 1 2 0只羊发病 92只 ,发病     

青海省草原鼠虫害防治效益分析

1990~2004年青海省草原鼠虫害累积发生面积8 186.25万hm2,平均每年发生面积545.75万hm2,占可利用草原面积的17.27%,每年成灾面积350.503万hm2,占发生面积的64.22%,每年平均防治面积129.07万hm2,占成灾面积的36.82%。连续防治后,牧草每年可减少损失187.25万t,相当于102.00万只羊单位的载畜能力;植被恢复后,防治第2~3年每年牧草增产148.76~247.93万t,相当于增加81.51~135.85万只羊单位载畜能力;由于载畜能力增加,每年直接和间接产生的经济收益可达1 841.1~3 576.75万元,相当于防治投入费用的1.90~3.69倍。每年恢复草地生态系统服务价值8 021.73万美元,其中草地畜牧业的生产价值1 122.24万美元,其余均为生态功能价值。     

大通县农业综合开发项目效益明显

农业综合开发项目在大通县通过 1 996年— 1 998年的实施取得明显效果。现报告如下 :1　农业综合开发项目完成情况1 996年～ 1 998年项目共扶持牛羊养殖规模示范户 61 2户 ,完成总投资 70 4万元 ,其中 :中央和省农发资金 3 1 4万元 ,市县配套资金 2 9万元 ,群众自筹 2 3 8万元 ,农业综合开发专项贷款投入 1 2 3万元 ;完成饲草料基地建设 3 47.0 7ｈ ,改良草场 1万ｈ ,其中灭鼠 0 .66万ｈ ,补播 0 .3 4万ｈ ,围栏草场 0 .1 4万ｈ ;建成标准化砖木结构半棚式塑料保温羊舍 61 2座 ,2 .2万 ;修建饲草氨化池 2 0 0座 0 .2万 ;配置小型饲草…     

新疆于田县饲草饲料资源及其开发利用

新疆于田县 1999年末各类牲畜存栏 6 6 .35万头 (只 ) ,其中羊 57.50万只 ,占总存栏畜的 86 .3%。全县耕地面积 2 .6 3万 hm2 。人口 2 0万 ,粮食总产量10 2 96 4万 kg。于田县有丰富的饲料资源 ,饲草料加工基础好 ,现已达每个村民小组拥有一台铡草粉碎机的水平。1　饲草料资源利用现状于田县 1999年饲草饲料资源及利用现状饲草料种类 总储量(万 kg)利用率( % )可利用量(万 kg)饲草(干重 )小麦秸秆 4 90 4 .3 0 70 3 4 3 3 .0玉米秸秆 1 3 4 93 .70 70 94 45.60杂草　　 3 2 52 6.2 0 70 2 2 4 0 9.50苜蓿　　 1 3 2 6.80 952 65.60树叶　　…     

四川昭觉畜牧业生产取得突破性发展

1999年 ,昭觉畜牧业深化草料建设、强化绵改育种、重点建设家庭牧场 ,狠抓疫病防治工作 ,促进了该县畜牧业生产突破性发展。据统计 ,年末四畜存栏数达 6 5 91万头 (只 ) ,较1 998年的 5 9 2 6万头 (只 )净增 6 6 4万头 (只 ) ,增长 1 1 2 0 % ,其中半细毛羊及改良羊存栏达 2 3 1万只 ,较上年 1 9 73万只增长 1 7 0 8% ;四畜出栏 2 6 6 3万 (头 )只 ,较上年增长6 6 3% ,出栏率达 43% ;绵羊毛产量 5 98吨 ,较上年增长1 7 0 3% ;肉类总产量达 1 2 333吨 ,较上年增长 1 8%。1 999年该县进一步深化草料建设 ,种植优质豆科牧草光叶…     

内蒙古开展冷季饲草储量及适宜载畜量监测工作

近日,内蒙古自治区草原监督管理所、草原勘察设计院采用地面监测与“3S”技术,结合气象资料,对全区33个牧业旗冷季饲草储量及适宜载畜量进行了分析。结果表明:全区冷季可食饲草总储量达138亿kg,总适宜载畜量3619万个羊单位,6月末实际存栏牲畜5930万个羊单位,超载牲畜2311万个羊     

2009年黄南州草地初级生产力、项目区效益及家畜补饲现状调查

通过对黄南州2009年草地生产力、草地载畜量、生态建设工程项目区效益及家畜补饲人户调查情况的统计与分析,结果表明：全州冬春草场理论载畜量126．83万只羊单位,实际载畜量360．38万只羊单位,超载233．55万只羊单位;夏秋草场理论载畜量81．56万只羊单位,实际载畜量360．38万只羊单位,超载278．82万只羊单位;全州全年理论载畜量124．4万只羊单位,实际载畜量360．38万只羊单位,超载235．98万只羊单位,需要出栏235．98万只羊单位。生态建设工程项目区生态效益显著,区内产草量明显增加。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.