李仙江鱼类资源的现状与保护对策

2003年5月～2008年4月,对李仙江的鱼类资源进行了调查。共采集鱼类标本7195号。结合历史记录,李仙江共记录鱼类64种(亚种),分属于6目14科43属,其中6种为外来种。李仙江鱼类区系中种类最多的是鲤形目的鲤科,共24属31种;其次为鲤形目爬鳅科和鲇形目鮡科,各为4属7种。近年考察数据显示,李仙江土著鱼类资源呈下降趋势。为保护李仙江土著鱼类资源,应建立鱼类自然保护区和鱼类人工增殖放流站,加强李仙江流域环境保护、生物多样性监测和渔业管理。     

云南普洱思茅区鱼类组成及资源分布特征

为查明云南省普洱市思茅区境内鱼类资源现状,2019年7-11月在思茅区各主要河流开展鱼类资源调查.根据思茅区水系分布特征,共设置13个采样点.结果显示:共采集土著鱼类25种,隶属于4目9科20属,其中,鲤形目鱼类最多,共16种,占土著鱼类总种数的64％;其次为鲇形目,5种,占20％;鲈形目3种,占12％,合鳃目仅黄鳝1...     

三峡库区蓄水后小江鱼类资源现状

2010年3-12月对小江的鱼类资源进行了调查.7个采样点共采集鱼类标本1701尾,隶属于6目9科47属56种,其中小江汉丰湖坝上水域采集鱼类28种,坝下水域采集鱼类42种.鲤形目和鲇形目分别占种总数的69.5％和12.5％.宽鳍(鲻)(Zaco platypus)、黑尾(鳖)(Hemiculer tchangi)、鲇...     

贡山独龙族怒族自治县鱼类资源调查

野外采样时间分别在2006年9月(雨季洪水期)和2007年4月(干季、枯水期),先后2次对怒江进行调查采样.2006年9～10月对独龙江进行采样调查.结果表明,云南贡山县有鱼类30种,隶属3目、4科、17属;其中,土著鱼类25种,隶属3目、4科、15属,分布于怒江水系的鱼类15种,隶属3目、4科、11属;独龙江(伊洛瓦底江上游)水系鱼类15种,隶属3目、4科、10属.全县土著鱼类中,鲇形目鱼类最多,有13种,占总数的52%;鲤形目类有11种,占总数的44%.     

红水河龙滩水库鱼类资源调查

于2009年6月和11月对红水河龙滩水库鱼类资源进行了调查,共采集到鱼类90种,分属7目、18科、69属;其中,鲤形目(Cypriniformes)51属、64种,占总种数的71.1%;鲇形目(Siluriformes)8属、13种,占14.4%;鲈形目(Perciformes)6属、9种,占10.0%;鳗鲡目(Anguilliformes)、鲑形目(Salmoniformes)、鳉形目(Cyprinodontiformes)、合鳃目(Synbgranchiformes)均为1属、1种。结果表明,龙滩水库建设导致水域生态环境的改变是鱼类种类组成及其群落结构变化的主要因素;渔获物分析结果显示,龙滩水库鱼类资源呈现低龄化和小型化的趋势。     

三江源鱼类现状与保护对策

三江源是长江、黄河、澜沧江的发源地,从2005-2012年在三江源区进行了鱼类初步调查,土著鱼类有3目5科17属44种,其中鲑形目1科1属1种,鲤形目2科5亚科13属39种,鲇形目2科3属4种。三江源保护和濒危的鱼类有21种,国家级1种,省级12种,濒危鱼类有21种。在三江干流水域,渔业资源总体呈下降,个体趋小的趋势,局部人类活动干扰的水域鱼类生存状况较好。     

贡山独龙族怒族自治县鱼类资源调查

野外采样时间分别在２００６年９月（雨季洪水期）和２００７年４月（干季、枯水期）,先后２次对怒江进行调查采样。２００６年９～１０月对独龙江进行采样调查。结果表明,云南贡山县有鱼类３０种,隶属３目、４科、１７属;其中,土著鱼类２５种,隶属３目、４科、１５属,分布于怒江水系的鱼类１５种,隶属３目、４科、１１属;独龙江（伊洛瓦底江上游）水系鱼类１５种,隶属３目、４科、１０属。全县土著鱼类中,鲇形目鱼类最多,有１３种,占总数的５２％;鲤形目类有１１种,占总数的４４％。     

象鼻岭水电站库区江段鱼类资源现状及评价

牛栏江象鼻岭库区江段计有鱼类63种,隶属5目24科(亚科)44属,其中鲤形目有13科(亚科)39属(亚属)50种,鲇形目有4科5属7种,鲈形目有3科3属4种,合鳃目有1科1属1种,鳉形目有1科1属1种。鲤形目和鲇形目为主,占调查河段鱼类种数的90%,数量较多的有裂腹鱼、墨头鱼、盘鮈、圆口铜鱼、长鳍吻鮈、白缘鱼央、叉尾鮠。分析了资源现状,提出了保护和利用措施。     

建阳市崇阳溪鱼类资源现状调查与保护对策

2007年10月至2012年2月对崇阳溪鱼类资源进行了调查,共设4个断面采样。结果共采集到鱼类75种,分属5目16科54属。种类组成以鲤形目鱼类为主,共4科39属51种,占总种数的68．0%,鲶形目次之,共4科6属11种,占14．7%;按科统计,鲤科鱼类最多,共40种,占总种数的53．3%,鮠科次之,共7种,占9．3%。4个断面渔获物的鱼类种类组成基本相同,但单种鱼类重量占总渔获物重量的百分比大于5%的主要种类组成差异较大。4个断面的单船（排）平均日捕捞量不同,回瑶断面的最高,芦上断面的最低。渔获物中个体小型化、低龄化现象严重。     

红水河干流梯级运行后鱼类资源调查

于2009年6月和11月对红水河干流龙滩水库、岩滩水库、大化水库、百龙滩水库、乐滩水库、桥巩水库进行了鱼类资源调查。结果显示:调查的鱼类144种,分属10目23科93属,其中鲤形目66属100种,占种数的69.4%;鲈形目11属18种,占种数的12.5%;鲇形目同为18种,分9属,亦占种数的12.5%;其余鳗鲡目1属2种,鲱形目、鲑形目、鳉形目、脂鲤目、合鳃鱼目、鲀形目等6目均为1属1种。本次调查结果表明:红水河干流鱼类种类明显减少,渔获物中小型鱼类数量占优势。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Influence of the antibacterial herbs, Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia on the survival, growth and bacterial load of Penaeus monodon post larvae

The indiscriminate use of antibiotics and chemicals in shrimp hatcheries has led to biomagnification and that in turn could lead to rejection of a whole consignment. The application of the bioencapsulation technique as a tool for curative treatment in shrimp larvae was investigated. Herbs having antibacterial properties such as Solanum trilobatum, Andrographis paniculata and Psoralea corylifolia (methanolic extracts) were bioencapsulated in Artemia and fed to Penaeus monodon post larvae PL 1–25. The post larvae were reared in a medium inoculated with pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Vibrio sp. Post larvae reared in the non-inoculated water and fed with non-enriched Artemia exhibited 90% survival, highest specific growth rate (12.43%) and reduced bacterial load. P. monodon reared in the bacterial inoculated water and fed with the non-enriched Artemia exhibited the lowest survival (10–30%), specific growth rate (8.42–9.1%) and increased bacterial load (2.86 × 10³ to 3.76 × 10⁵ cfu/g). The methanolic extracts of the herbs helped to increase survival and specific growth rate and reduced bacterial load in the P. monodon culture system. Among the three herbal extracts, P. corylifolia enriched Artemia fed post larvae showed the tendency to higher survival (>50%), growth rate (11.5 averaged) and low bacterial load (1.12 × 10⁵ cfu/g). This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.