湖北省马尾松人工林生长收获模型初探

林分生长收获模型系统是由预测林地生产潜力、林分生长过程和林分收获量的所有模型构成的系统。它是建立经营模型的基础 ,是准确进行经济评价、确定合理轮伐期和研究优化栽培模式的前提。生长收获模型系统由立地指数预测模型 (优势高生长模型 )、胸径生长模型、直径分布模型、树高曲线方程等几个部分组成 :立地作为林木生长的载体 ,立地质量的评价结果 (立地指数或优势高 )是贯穿整个系统的主要变量 ,因此对立地质量的准确评价和优势高生长的预测是建立生长收获模型的根本保证 ;胸径生长模型是整个系统的核心 ;林分结构模型 (直径分布模型、…     

马尾松人工林单木竞争指标及生长模型研究

用回归分析的方法研究竞争指标与林木胸径生长量的相关关系，其结果表明，与胸径生长量的相关性，对象木相对直径（SD）最强，直径比（DR）、带距离权重的断面积比（BR）第二强，带距离权重的直径比（WDR）、断面积比（WBR）第三强、距离均值（MD）、距离平方均值（RS）、竞争木相对直径（CD）很弱，说明在一般人工林内，林木间距和竞争木大小对对象木胸径生长量的影响不明显，对象木身身的大小是引起期 生长量差异的主要因子，用模型优选方法构建的单木模型，地黔中地区中上等立地条件，正常经营密度的马尾松人工林。     

长白落叶松人工林生长模型的研究

根据黑龙江省孟家岗林场、江山娇林场的固定标准地及吉林省松江河地工的团状枝解析样地调查数据,基于Ｋｏｒｆ生长方程,导出了落叶松人工林分自然稀疏模型和断面积生长 此为核心构造了满足相窝必蝗树高曲线预估模型、林分收获预估模型落地松人工林生长模型系统,用由这４个模型构成的模型系统可模型不同林分的平均胸径、每公顷株数、林分断面积及林分蓄积的生长过程,并与实际林分很接近     

林分生长和收获模型研究进展

文中介绍了全林分模型、径级模型和单木模型3种林分生长和收获模型的特点及国内外应用情况, 并提出近几年的发展趋势。     

遗传改良林分生长和收获预估模型的研究进展

随着越来越多的遗传改良材料大规模地应用于工业用材林建设,构建能够反映改良材料本身遗传增益的生长和收获预估模型成为近年来生长模型研究的一个热点问题。本文综述了生长和收获模型的定义、分类及发展趋势,总结了20多年来国内外针对不同遗传改良材料建立生长和收获模型的研究现状,提出了遗传改良林分生长模型的研究展望。     

马尾松人工林单木生长模型的研究

根据8块马尾松人工林固定样地每木定位资料,选用简单竞争指数,建立了单木生长模型,为预估林分生长,评价森林经营措施提供了科学依据。     

林分生长和收获模型整体化思路探讨

介绍了林分生长和收获模型的概念、分类及模型整体化研究的内涵,以单木直径生长模型作为基础模型,提出了单木直径、树高、断面积、材积模型之间,林分平均直径、断面积、材积模型之间以及单木生长模型、全林分模型和径阶分布模型之间的耦合思路,对于解决不同水平模型之间的相容性、一致性及内部结构的统一具有一定意义.     

日本落叶松林分生长和收获预估模型的研究

本文根据影响林分生长的主要因子，林龄、地位指数和林分密度，以多因子综合描述的方法，采用Ｈ优１．３＋ｂ１ＳＩｂ２（１－ｅ－ｂ３Ａｔ）ｂ４ＳＩｂ５＋ε、ＳＩ＝ｂ１Ｈ优ｂ２（１－ｅ－ｂ３Ａｔ）ｂ４Ｈ优－ｂ５＋ε和增加密度指标的Ｙ＝ｂ１ＳＩｂ２（１－ｅ－ｂ３Ｎｂ４ｔ）ｂ５；收获预估采用布伦德和科拉特的ｌｏｇＣＶ＝ｂ１＋ｂ２ＳＩ＋ｂ３（１／Ａ２）＋ｂ４（１－Ａ１／Ａ２）＋ｂ５（ｌｏｇＢ）（Ａ１／Ａ２），建立日本落叶松林分生长和收获预估模型。精度验证该组模型基本满足要求。同时又据辽宁省栽培的日本落叶松早期生长受冻干危害的特点，引入了胸高年龄的概念，提高了模型的精度。     

长白落叶松林分断面积生长模型的研究

分析了理查德、逻辑斯蒂、单分子及冈珀斯生长方程之间的关系,以理查德方程为基础,研究了其它各方程的特点及性质。运用辽宁省长白落叶松林分观测数据,模拟了Richards等生长方程的林分断面积生长过程,以林分立地指数,疏密度为因变量,建立了多形长白落叶松林分断面积生长曲线模型。通过预测分析表明,Richards生长方程具有适应性强、精度高等特点。     

Influence of Agroforestry and Traditional Management of Maize (Zea mays L.) on Soil Fertility

The aim of the work was to evaluate soil nutrient concentration at 0–5, 5–10, and 10–20 cm in maize (Zea mays L.) grown in sequence with black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.) under Leucaena diversifolia alley cropping agroforestry system (AFS) and traditional management system/sole crop (without trees–TS), following a randomized block design. The experiment was carried out at the Brazilian Association of Biodynamic Agriculture, in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. The treatments were: control (C), chemical fertilizer (F), biomass of L. diversifolia alley cropping (B), and biomass of L. diversifolia alley cropping + chemical fertilizer (B+F).

After 2 yr, it was observed that pH, organic matter, and nutrient content had a tendency to show higher values in the treatments biomass+fertilizer, biomass, and fertilizer application, in both systems. Higher values in pH, organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sum of bases, cation exchange capacity, percentage base saturation, boron, copper, and manganese tended to occur in the agroforestry system.     

Estimates of additional Maize (Zea mays) yields required to offset costs of tree-windbreaks in Midwestern USA

Field windbreaks can increase crop yield within a protected zone. However, they also take land out of crop production and compete with adjacent crops. Although the beneficial aspects are generally recognized, the question arises whether the windbreak will increase crop revenue enough to offset costs over time. Achieving additional yields to offset windbreak costs might be a sufficient incentive for a producer to plant a windbreak. Additional maize (Zea mays) yields necessary to break even with costs are calculated for four typical Midwestern USA field windbreaks: poplar (Populus spp.), mixed tree/shrubs (Populus spp., Acer saccharinum L./Physocarpus spp., Viburnum spp., Cornus spp.), and two and four-row spruce (Picea spp.) windbreaks. Five lifespans, two management and two cost scenarios, and three protected zone widths to account for changing sheltering effects are evaluated. Greatest additional yields are for a 4-row spruce windbreak with intensive management at high cost and a 10-year lifespan: 15.38 Mg ha^–1 yr^–1 within 6H, 7.69 Mg ha^–1 yr^–1 within 12H and 6.15 Mg ha^–1 yr^–1 within 15H. If a 50-year lifespan is implemented, the additional yields are about 11% of those in 10-year lifespan. Smallest additional yields are for a mixed tree/shrubs windbreak with extensive management at low cost and a 50-year lifespan: 0.56 Mg ha^–1 yr^–1, 0.28 Mg ha^–1 yr^–1 and 0.22 Mg ha^–1 yr^–1, respectively. The mixed windbreak is likely to have actual maize yield increases comparable to the added maize yields required to break even as long as the lifespan is 30 years or longer with a minimum protected zone of 12H. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Intercropping Acacia albida with maize (Zea mays) and green gram (Phaseolus aureus) at Mtwapa,Coast Province,Kenya

Long-term agroforestry demonstrations/trials using Acacia albida and other nitrogen fixing multipurpose trees/shrubs were initiated in mid-1982 to assess soil and crop productivity at a coastal lowland site characterized by low soil fertility, weed problems and consequent poor crop yields. Growth performance (height and diameter at breast height, dbh) of Acacia albida under eight densities rotationally intercropped with maize (Zea mays) and green gram (Phaseolus aureus), crop grain yields, soil fertility changes and weed control were assessed for a 5-year period (May 1982 to March 1987). A parallel-row systematic spacing field layout was used. Intercropped Acacia albida mean hight and dbh were 140 and 24% respectively higher than tree-only controls by the fifth year. Growth rate was low during the first year but increased in subsequent years to mean height and dbh of 9 m and 10 cm respectively by March 1987. While differences in dbh were significant, those between stand heights were not. Crop yields, especially under higher tree densities, declined considerably due to unexpected shade which also caused significant reductions in weed biomass. Soil fertility levels remained unchanged during the experimental period relative to the initial status, and differences between the intercropped Acacia albida plots and the tree — or crop — only control appeared not to be significant. We conclude that an understanding of the mechanism regulating leaf fall/retention phenomena of Acacia albida is crucial towards determining the intercropping potentials of the species.     

Alley cropping maize (Zea mays var.Jeka) with cassia (Cassia siamea) in The Gambia: crop production and soil fertility

The relative contributions of cassia prunings and inorganic fertilizer to yield of maize (number of ears and weight of grain, ears, cobs and stover), maize grain quality (weight of 3 largest size fractions) and soil pH, N, P, K and organic matter contents were investigated at a semi-arid site in The Gambia. Four treatments: control (no prunings or fertilizer applied), only prunings applied, prunings plus half the recommended rate of fertilizer, and the full recommended fertilizer rate plus prunings, were replicated in a Latin square design. At the full fertilizer rate, 125 kg/ha of NPK (82424) plus 43.5 kg/ha urea was broadcast at the time of sowing followed by 100 kg/ha of urea applied as side dressing two weeks after crop germination. Soil N, P, K organic matter and pH were not significantly different either before cropping or after crop harvest in both 0–10 and 10–15 cm soil depth.Crop yield, as measured by number and dry weight of ears, stover, grain and cob weights, was significantly different among treatments (p=0.0001, p=0.0001, p=0.0001, p=0.0001 and p=0.0001, respectively). The application of prunings plus full recommended fertilizer produced the highest yields. The weights of the three largest grain size fractions, grades A, B, and C, differed significantly between treatments (p=0.0026, p=0.0001 and p=0.0001, respectively). Yield of grade A grain increased by 202% over control with application of prunings plus full rate fertilizer and declined by 31% relative to the control with application of only prunings. More grade A, B and C grain was produced with application of full rate fertilizer plus prunings than in control treatments. However, application of half rate fertilizer plus prunings produced a higher proportion of grade A grain.     

Nitrogen uptake of maize (Zea mays. L) from isotope-labeled biomass of Paraserianthes falcataria grown under controlled conditions

Roots can be an important though poorly quantified source of nitrogen (N) in agroforestry systems. Nitrogen uptake of maize using P. falcataria below- and aboveground biomass separately, and their combination, as source of N, was assessed in a controlled experiment using ¹⁵N isotope labeling techniques. The ¹⁵N-direct and the ¹⁵N-indirect labeling techniques were compared for discrepancies in measuring N cycling from P. falcataria tree residues. N contribution to maize production was as follows; 40–57% from below ground biomass and 10–18% from above ground biomass (P < 0.05). Residue N use efficiency (%rNE) by maize was between 99 and 106% for belowground biomass, 4–4.5% for aboveground biomass. This implies that though nutrient release characteristics of aboveground biomass are commonly used as a basis for selection of agroforestry trees, those of belowground biomass would be of fundamental importance as well. Combining P. falcataria below and aboveground biomass did not result in significant (P < 0.05) effects on N recovered by maize, suggesting the absence of decomposition interactions between the two bio-chemically contrasting residues. There were no significant methodological differences reflected in measured N cycled by maize from leaves (Ndfr); 15% and 18% as estimated by ¹⁵N direct and indirect method, respectively. The two methods compared very well (P < 0.05) as tools of estimating N cycling from surface applied leaves. However, the ability of the direct method to measure N without disturbing either the tree or the soil, would make it a more attractive and valuable tool in N cycling studies in agroforestry systems.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于数字高程模型的区域地形因子提取方法

基于数字高程模型(DEM),分别论述提取小班的海拔域值、平均海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位等地形因子的方法及算法设计,并举例计算,对所得结果进行误差分析后认为结果可靠、准确,能替代传统方法用于小班地形因子的提取.     

林分断面积生长模型研究评述

林分断面积生长模型是林分生长和收获预估模型的体系的主要组成部分。在对常用的新面积生长模型Ｒｉｃｈａｒｄｓ型和Ｓｃｈｕｍａｃｈｅｒ型分析的基础上，总结出断面积生长模型研究中应注意的４个问题；（１）选择的自变量应为３个，即立地质量指标、年龄和林分密度指标；（２）间伐林分模型应与未间伐林分模型同时考虑，进而详细介绍了用于间伐林分断面积预估的被压指数法；（３）间伐指标的构造需要伐前和后伐后的林分因子；（４     

The influence of coppiced teak (Tectona grandis L.F.) regrowth and roots on intercropped maize (Zea mays L.)

Trenching and shoot removal showed the relative influences of living roots and the canopy cast by teak (Tectona grandis L.F.) coppice regrowth on the growth and yield of interplanted maize (Zea mays L.). Teak and maize were planted at 1.8 × 1.8 m and 0.3 × 1.8 m spacing respectively.Competition for light started about four weeks after planting and caused etiolated height growth of maize. When combined with root competition it caused stunted growth. Shading also substantially reduced total dry matter production, grain yield, number of cobs per plant, average cob weight, and weight of grains per cob of maize (P<0.01). Living teak roots alone did not have a significant effect (P>0.05) on maize height growth, total dry matter production, grain yield, number of cobs per plant,average cob weight and weight of grains per cob. However, combined with shading, living roots of teak appreciably reduced total dry matter yield and average cob weight of maize (P<0.01).     

武陵毛竹竹株生长规律分析及经济利用研究

本文用实测标准地法分析研究武陵毛竹林分各项因子相关关系，着重研究了竹株生长规律，竹株直径，竹高，内外径与用材长关系，提出经济用材长概念，并通过标准竹轮 ，叶片数，叶片面积，叶片重，求出生长效率及与经济利用关系，经济材长与不同地区竹株效益比较。