杂交辣椒营养成份与农艺性状、抗病性、净光合速率的灰色关联分析

用灰色关联法分析了农艺性状、抗病性、净光合速率与杂交辣椒营养成份之间关系的密切程度。结果表明,农艺性状与营养成份间总体关联度大小顺序为叶长、首花节位、株幅、叶宽、叶柄长、株高、果长、主茎高、果宽、肉厚、侧枝数。抗病性性状与营养成份间总体关联度大小顺序为疫病、CMV、TMV、疮痂病。净光合速率与营养成份间总体关联度大小顺序为结果中期、结果前期、结果后期。     

基于农艺性状解析乐都长辣椒种质分化情况

为更好地提出保护和开发青海地方蔬菜种质资源乐都长辣椒策略,通过在同样栽培条件下比较分析来自青海不同产区的4个乐都长辣椒品系(LD1、LD2、LD3、LD4)的农艺性状,解析该资源当前的种质分化情况并就此探讨下一步对其保护和利用的对策。结果表明：（1）纯种乐都长辣椒LD1相对于其他3个品系具有良好的综合农艺性状,LD1的农艺性状综合评价最高为0.55,LD2次之为0.54,LD3最低为0.34。（2）供试的乐都长辣椒4个品系间已存在显著的农艺性状变异,种质分化明显,急需提纯复壮和创新改良。它们的单株产量和单果重的变异系数较大,分别为19.61%和19.70%,果肉厚度次之为16.56%,果实纵径变异系数最小为3.08%。（3）乐都长辣椒的产量与单株果数、果肉厚度和单果重呈极显著正相关,辣椒单果重与果肉厚度、商品果横径呈极显著正相关。可优先考虑在增加单株果数、果实横径及果肉厚度等方面着力,以提纯复壮和创新改良乐都长辣椒种质。     

茄子花培后代的观察与应用

对从长茄杂交种“牟尼卡”（编号06-1001）进行花药培养获得的花培品系二代（DH2）和三代（DH3）的主要植物学性状进行了观察与比较。结果表明,从同一接种材料可以获得不同类型的花培品系,其始花节位、果形指数和单果重变异幅度很大,15个二代品系中,有46.7%的品系始花节位与接种材料达到显著或极显著差异标准,有40.0%的品系果形指数与接种材料达到显著或极显著差异标准,有33.3%的品系单果重与接种材料达到显著或极显著差异标准。同一品系不同世代间始花节位、果实横径、果实纵径、果形指数和单果重能稳定遗传;品系内个体间始花节位、果实横径、果实纵径、果形指数和单果重变异系数较小(<10%),系内整齐一致。此外,初步选育的花培品系“06-139”和以花培品系为亲本的杂交组合“05-203”开始在农业生产中应用。     

海南6个主要产区山柚籽性状研究

采集海南6个主要产区20个乡镇的山柚籽,测定了纵径、横径、果形指数等10个性状指标,进行了平均数多重比较和聚类分析,统计了性状分布频率。结果表明,海南山柚果、籽、仁性状在部分产地间具有一定的差异性和相似性,其中3号纵径、横径、单果质量,14号籽实个数,9号、10号出籽率,8号纯仁率,20号百粒质量与其他产地山柚果差异显著;根据性状,海南山柚果可聚为4类;海南山柚籽与内地多数油茶性状有较明显的差别,与高州油茶差别不明显。     

密度和行距互作下色素辣椒产量及相关性状的多重分析

为解决色素辣椒优质高产问题，以色素辣椒品种0409为试材，采用裂区试验设计，通过多重分析法研究密度（A1：82 500株?hm-2，A2：67 500株?hm-2，A3：52 500 株?hm-2）和行距（70 cm+50 cm、60 cm+60 cm、80 cm+40 cm）互作对色素辣椒产量及相关性状的影响。结果表明：不同密度、相同行距处理下，色素辣椒生物产量和果实产量均随密度增加而递增（A1>A2>A3）；同一密度、不同行距处理下，均以行距80+40的生物产量和果实产量最高，其次为行距70+50，并且A1高密度下3种行距配置差异显著；随密度的增加，果长、果肩径、单果重、单株果重以及商品果数等产量性状均逐渐减小，但是除单株果重，其他性状差异不显著；商品果数（0.8357*）、单果重（0.8196*）和果肩径（0.7681）与果实产量的相关系数较大，而株高（-0.8394*）与果实产量呈显著负相关；多元逐步回归分析得出，株高、果肩径、单果重以及商品果数是影响果实产量的重要指标，相关系数R= 0.9998；将相关指标进行主成分分析得出，前2个主成分累计贡献率95.91%，其反应的信息与色素辣椒产量及相关性状的相关分析和通径分析结果基本一致。综上所述，高密度82 500株?hm-2、行距80+40时为色素辣椒最佳栽培方式，群体增产潜力最大。     

咖啡果实不同成熟度对其品质的影响

以6个不同成熟度咖啡果实为对象,对果实的11个表型性状进行测定,分析不同成熟度对咖啡果实外观品质的影响。结果显示,不同成熟度咖啡鲜果的果实纵径、果实横径、果形指数、果皮厚、种子纵径、种子横径、种形指数、单果重、种子重、种子数、果实硬度间均具有显著差异(p<0.05)。随着成熟度的增加,果实纵径、果实横径、果皮厚、种子纵径、种子横径、单果重、种子重逐渐增加,果实硬度、果形指数、种形指数总体上逐渐减小。咖啡大多数果实性状指标间均具有相关性,且这种相关性在不同成熟度间存在差异。随着成熟度的增加,指标间的相关性逐渐增加,部分指标由不相关向相关性转变。主成分分析显示,11个表型性状可归纳为3个主成分,分别为果实大小因子、种子形状因子、果实形状因子。最终确定果实横径、单果重、种子重、种形指数、果形指数等5个指标作为评价咖啡外观品质的关键性指标。综合分析认为,成熟度为Ⅵ、Ⅴ时,咖啡的果实品质最好,成熟度为Ⅳ、Ⅲ果实品质较差,成熟度为Ⅰ、Ⅱ时,果实品质最差。     

33份簇生辣椒种质机械采收指标综合评价

为选育适宜机械化采收的辣椒品种,以33份簇生型辣椒资源材料为基础,开展14个主要农艺性状指标变异特性、相关性、主成分分析和综合评价。结果表明,首花节位、株高、株幅等13个性状指标均存在显著相关性,且能有效构成辣椒机械化采收综合评价指标,GZH-18-12、HSF、L 6和SD 53为适宜机械采收辣椒种质资源。     

结球莴苣产量与主要农艺性状的相关性及灰色关联度分析

以33份结球莴苣品种为材料,采用相关分析和灰色关联度分析法,对影响结球莴苣产量的9个主要农艺性状进行综合分析,以期为结球莴苣品种选择和育种提供科学依据。结果表明产量与单株重呈显著正相关,与其他性状相关不显著;单株重与展幅宽、展幅长、中心柱粗、株高均呈极显著或显著正相关关系。灰色关联度分析发现农艺性状与产量关联度依次为单株重>展幅长>展幅宽=中心柱粗>中心柱长>叶球球形指数>株高>叶球横径>叶球纵径。因此,结球莴苣产量的形成受单球重、株高、展幅长、展幅宽、中心柱粗等性状的影响,在育种过程中可以优先考虑单株重,同时结合展幅长、宽,其次适当注意中心柱粗、中心柱长和株高,最后依据育种目标选择合适的叶球纵径和横径。     

氮肥施用量对辣椒生长农艺性状及产量的影响

为探索氮肥施用量对辣椒农艺性状及产量的影响,设计6个氮肥施用处理,采用随机区组设计,测定农艺性状、果实性状和小区产量。结果表明,不同氮肥处理对辣椒株高、株幅、茎粗、果长、果肩宽、单果鲜重、单株果实鲜重、单株结果数、小区产量鲜重有显著影响,呈先增长后降低的趋势。在施氮量14.99kg/667m^2时,小区鲜椒产量达到最大值,为6913.80g,折合产量为1281.83kg/667m^2。     

引进枣种质资源果实主要性状变异及相关性分析

通过对引进的169份红枣资源的果实主要性状进行分析,结果表明:引进枣种质资源果实主要性状的变异幅度较大,在2.91％～36.83％之间,不同红枣品种间的形态与品质性状变异丰富,为优良品种的选育提供了理论基础;由相关性分析得出,果实的纵径和横径及果形指数三者呈极显著正相关,果实亮度和单果重呈极显著负相关,和果形指数呈显著...     

水稻抗稻瘟病Pigm(t)基因的分子标记辅助选择与利用

旨在快速改良武运粳29196的稻瘟病抗性。采用定向回交育种策略,运用分子标记辅助选择技术和花药培养技术,快速改良武运粳29196的稻瘟病抗性。以籼稻品种谷梅4号为稻瘟病抗性基因Pigm(t)的供体,以高产易感稻瘟病的品系武运粳29196为受体,在连续回交和自交过程中,利用与Pigm(t)紧密连锁的In Dels标记S95477和S29742进行分子标记辅助选择。在BC2F1世代,进行花药培养,获得185个双单倍体群体(DH群体),从中筛选出82个含有Pigm(t)基因的改良株系。在经过对农艺性状、稻瘟病抗性的系统鉴定与稻米品质性状测定后,发现改良株系DH036和DH158的综合性状与武运粳29196已十分相近,且稻米品质有所提升,保持了武运粳29196丰产性的同时,稻瘟病抗性有了明显的提高。利用定向回交、花药培养和分子标记辅助选择相结合的技术体系,可明显提高稻瘟病抗性改良的预见性和准确性,缩短育种年限、加快育种进程。新育成的武运粳29196抗性改良系,为稻瘟病抗性育种提供了重要的遗传资源。     

辣椒DH群体果实性状的分离及与F2群体的比较

为分析DH群体的遗传稳定性及其DH群体内性状分离与同来源的F2群体之间异同，本研究利用辣椒花药培养技术，构建一个由“羊角椒(97403)×方灯笼甜椒(97410)”的杂交而成的牛角椒组合作为供体的且由103个DH系组成的DH群体，对该DH群体进行单果重等5个主要果实性状的遗传表现进行分析，并与同来源的F2群体进行比较。结果表明：原供体及其双亲的5个果实性状的变异系数均较小，三者之间的各性状均存在显著差异，说明原供体及其双亲的整齐一致性；对DH群体和F2群体各性状的平均值、变异系数及其性状分离区间的分析和对比结果表明，5个果实性状均是受多基因控制的数量性状，且由于基因重组无论是DH群体还是F2群体均能产生正向和负向两个方向的超亲基因型。但DH群体与F2群体比较各性状的分离区间明显增大，超亲分离类型明显增加，且获得的各DH系均为稳定遗传的自交系，提高了花培育种的选择效率。     

Rye doubled haploids as a research and breeding tool – a practical point of view

Doubled haploid (DH) plants were produced using anther culture from out‐crossing rye, including breeders’ lines, cultivars and F₁ plants with DH parents, to examine the feasibility of using the DH technique for breeding and specifically for developing mapping populations. Only 10–36% of green regenerants produced via anther culture were suitable for research or breeding purposes because of low survival rate or low fertility. Spontaneously arising DH regenerants were more often fertile compared with the colchicine‐treated ones. The fertility of spontaneous DHs varied from sterile to half that found in a normal rye population, which has implications for the design of a crossing scheme and subsequent anther culture. In the reciprocal crosses within one DH population, fertility was the lowest observed, probably because of self‐incompatibility factors, whereas in the DH crosses with normal heterozygous cultivars fertility was the highest. Two mapping populations using DHs were established, the first for out‐crossing rye it would seem. These populations will be used for mapping two important traits, the semi‐dwarf growth habit and preharvest sprouting resistance in rye.     

Agronomic performance of anther‐derived doubled haploid and single seed descent lines in crosses between primary and secondary winter triticale

Octoploid (8x) and hexaploid (6x) primary triticales (xTriticosecale Wittm.) can be used as crossing parents with secondary 6x triticales to enlarge the genetic basis of a breeding programme or introgress traits. Doubled haploid (DH) production permits to develop homozygous lines more rapidly from a segregating generation than other breeding methods such as single seed descent (SSD). Both anther‐derived DH and SSD lines were produced from reciprocal cross‐combinations between 8x and 6x primary and 6x secondary triticales. Field experiments of DH and SSD lines were conducted in three environments as two‐replicate lattices to measure seven agronomic traits. A tendency for higher grain yield, taller plants and a higher 1000‐kernel weight of SSD lines compared with DH lines was found. Significant genetic variation for all traits in both breeding methods was revealed, indicating their suitability to select superior genotypes. Hexaploid and even more so 8x primary triticales can profitably be included as crossing parents in a commercial breeding programme. In such crosses, the primary triticales should be used as the male parents if followed by DH method.     

Potential use of doubled haploid lines for the screening of resistance to yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) in hexaploid wheat

Doubled haploid lines derived from anther culture of two Iranian spring wheat genotypes‘Ghods’susceptible and‘9106’resistant to yellow rust in Iranian field conditions, and their F₁ hybrids were used in this study. Seedlings of 36 doubled haploid lines, selected out of 96 according to their agronomic traits and the two parental genotypes were inoculated with eight races of yellow rust. The parental genotypes (‘Ghods’and‘9106’) were segregating for some of the races but their doubled haploid lines were either resistant or susceptible to them.‘Ghods’was susceptible to three of the races studied but three doubled haploid lines derived from it were resistant to them. Five selected doubled haploids from the‘9106’genotype and six from F₁ hybrid plants were resistant to all eight races tested. After further investigations in Iranian field conditions it was found that some of these lines can be used as donor genotypes for resistance to yellow rust in wheat breeding programmes. Use of these genotypes should be possible if the French yellow rust races used for selection also represent the dominant races in Iran. It can be concluded that anther culture provides an efficient method for fixing genes of resistance to yellow rust and desirable doubled haploids from F₁ plants can be derived.     

Inheritance of rust resistance genes and molecular markers in microspore-derived populations of flax

The inheritance patterns of rust resistance genes and molecular markers in microspore‐derived populations of flax were investigated. Plants were produced from anther culture of F₁ plants from two crosses. Microspore‐derived plants in anther culture of flax were identified using molecular markers. Two rust resistance genes and three out of six molecular markers were inherited in expected Mendelian ratios in microspore‐derived populations. Distorted segregation for the other three molecular markers was shown to be the result of over‐representation of genomic fragments from the more responsive parent in the F₁ donor plant. The implication of this study in relation to androgenesis and flax breeding using anther culture is discussed.     

望水白和苏麦3号构建的DH群体赤霉病抗性比较

利用抗病品种望水白和苏麦3号分别与感病品种Alondra’s杂交，F1花药培养诱导单倍体，经染色体加倍构建了2个DH群体。2001－2003年连续3年在赤霉病常发重病区福建省建阳市进行了赤霉病抗性鉴定。通过聚类分析把2个DH群体分成稳定的抗病DH系、稳定的感病DH系、稳定的中抗DH系以及抗性不稳DH系4类，4种类型在2个DH群体中的比例     

Use of androgenesis in intersubspecific hybrid rice breeding

Significant differences of callus induction, green plant regeneration and culture efficiency were observed among restorer lines and their hybrids in rice. Average callus induction percentage of F₁, hybrids was about twice that of their parents. Twenty doubled haploid (DH) lines that showed normal fertility with both indica and japonica CMS lines, were selected as widely compatible restorers (WCRs). TG8 derived from CPSLO17/Minghui 63 not only showed normal fertility to both indica and japonica test varieties and CMS lines, but also exhibited superior agronomic traits, in particular short plant, desired plant type, high tillerability, large panicles, good grain quality and resistance to rice blast disease. Strong heterosis for yield was observed in crosses between indica or japonica CMS lines and TG8. TG8 possessed a dominant, widely compatible gene (WCG) that was inherited from the variety CPSLO17. Results confirmed that the anther culture technique is a quick and effective way of developing widely compatible restorers in rice and that it is applicable to the direct use of intersubspecific heterosis with the three-line method.     

Variation in Doubled Haploid Plants of Wheat Obtained through Wheat (Triticum aestivum) × Maize (Zea mays) Crosses

Variation was investigated in 110 doubled haploid (DH) lines of wheat derived from wheat × maize crosses. Field observation revealed visible variations in 15 DH2 lines such as extreme dwarfism, low seed fertility, alteration of spike type and stripes. Six agronomic traits, i.e., heading date, spike number/ plant, culm length, spike length, seed fertility and grain weight were statistically analyzed in the DH2 and DH3 generations. Out of the 88 DH2 lines/DH3 groups, 26 %/64 % showed significant differences from the parental variety in the means of one or more traits. Ranges of the DH3 lines were larger than those of the DH2 lines, except for spike number/plant. Furthermore, analyses of variance within and between DH lines showed the presence of heterogeneity/heterozygosity in the DH2 lines/plants. These results indicated the occurrence of gametoclonal variation in the DH lines. It is considered that most of the variations detected were due to the colchicine treatment rather than to the 2,4-D treatment or in vitro culture.