种植密度对桂果蔗1号产量性状及商品性状的影响

为了解果蔗新品种桂果蔗1号在广西蔗区的适宜种植密度,为其推广应用提供配套栽培技术,于2016年分别在广西4个县蔗区对该品种进行了3.9万、4.2万、4.5万、4.8万、5.1万、5.4万株/hm~2等6个不同种植密度水平比较试验。结果表明:不同种植密度对桂果蔗1号株高、田间蔗汁锤度影响较小;茎径、商品蔗率随种植密度的增加而降低;茎产量、商品蔗产量、经济收入随种植密度的增加有先增后降的趋势。4.8万株/hm~2处理蔗产量最高,达到149 077.1kg/hm~2。商品蔗产量以4.8万、4.5万株/hm~2处理最高,分别达到144 325.3kg/hm~2和144 069.9kg/hm~2,经济纯收入以4.5万株/hm~2处理最高,达102 132.3元/hm~2;梢腐病的发病率为0.25%~0.89%,不同种植密度间没有明显的发生规律。桂果蔗1号在广西的适宜种植密度是4.5万株/hm~2,在实际生产中要因地制宜。     

青贮玉米高产群体生理特性及其对密度的响应

为了探讨不同密度水平对青贮玉米高产群体生理特性及农艺性状的影响,以高产、广适青贮玉米杂交种大京九26为材料,设置5.25万,6.00万,6.75万,7.50万,8.25万,9.00万株/hm~2 6个密度水平,研究其产量突破21 000 kg/hm~2的高产群体生理特征、农艺性状对密度的响应。结果表明,青贮玉米生物产量随种植密度的增加而增加,突破21 000 kg/hm~2处理为6.75万,7.50万株/hm~2,分别为21 751.1, 22 551.1 kg/hm~2,5.25万株/hm~2处理产量最低,7.50万株/hm~2处理较5.25万株/hm~2处理增幅为30.4%,达极显著水平。不同种植密度的群体叶面积系数吐丝期达最大值。其中6.75万,7.50万株/hm~2 2个处理最高,分别达5.19,5.32,青贮收获期分别为3.68,3.85。光合势随种植密度的增加而增加,为正向效应,总光合势为326.51×10~4～384.37×10~4(m~2·d)/hm~2;玉米光合生产率随密度的增加而下降,平均光合生产率为6.50～7.64 g/(m~2·d);密度对农艺性状影响大小依次为单株鲜质量(17.6%)单株干质量(15.5%)穗位高(4.7%)持绿性(3.0%)植株含水量(2.1%)茎粗(1.9%)株高(1.8%)。青贮玉米生物产量突破21 000 kg/hm~2的最佳种植密度为7.50万株/hm~2。     

高蛋白大豆生长发育及干物质积累分配对密度的响应研究

以高蛋白大豆冀豆12为材料研究了株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累分配及产量对种植密度的响应。结果表明:随密度的增加,株高和最大叶面积指数呈上升趋势,单株干物质积累量和各器官干物质积累量逐渐减小。群体干物质积累量随着生育进程表现为先增加后下降趋势,鼓粒期达到峰值,鼓粒期以后开始下降;群体干物质积累量随密度升高也呈先增加后下降的趋势,以密度22.5万株/hm~2处理最大。密度为22.5万株/hm~2时,群体产量3 736.67kg/hm~2,为最高。     

施氮水平对油棉连作棉花氮磷钾吸收、分配与利用的影响

为研究油棉连作模式下施氮水平对氮、磷、钾的吸收、分配与利用的影响,于2014,2015年在湖南省常德市开展了氮肥不同用量试验,设置了5种施氮量:0,90,180,270,360 kg/hm~2。结果表明:在0~360 kg/hm~2施氮量内,随着施氮水平的提高,棉株氮素、磷素、钾素养分累积逐渐提高;氮素的积累分配与磷素、钾素的积累分配呈现良好的一致性,棉株氮磷钾养分累积均在施氮360 kg/hm~2条件下最大,其中在90~360 kg/hm~2施氮量内,棉铃氮素、磷素、钾素的分配比例均在施氮270 kg/hm~2条件下最大。在0~360 kg/hm~2施氮量内,氮肥的表观利用率、农学利用率、偏生产力与生产效率均随着施氮量的增加而降低,而棉株对磷素与钾素的吸收则表现为随着施氮量的增加而增加;增施氮肥促进了棉株生物量的积累与棉花产量的提高,当施氮水平提高到270 kg/hm~2后,其增施效果不再显著且生物量与产量均为最高。在0~360 kg/hm~2施氮量内,马克隆值随着施氮量的增加而降低,整齐度和伸长率则没有显著的变化;在180~270 kg/hm~2施氮量内,纤维长度和断裂比强度最高。适宜的施氮量利于棉株对氮素、磷素、钾素的吸收,促进干物质积累,提高棉花产量与品质,该试验条件下,推荐施氮量250~270 kg/hm~2。     

不同密度对马铃薯‘陇薯9号’农艺性状及产量的影响

在大田试验条件下设6.0万、6.75万、7.5万、8.25万、9.0万株/hm~25个密度处理,研究不同密度对淀粉加工型马铃薯新品种陇薯9号农艺性状及产量的影响。结果表明:随着密度的增加,植株高度和单株主茎数呈增高趋势、主茎粗呈下降趋势。不同密度对马铃薯单株薯块数、单株产量和商品薯率有一定影响,而对淀粉含量影响不明显。陇薯9号在张掖市种植的最佳密度为7.5万株/hm~2,在此密度下平均产量达62674.4kg/hm~2,单株结薯数达到7.7个,单株产量0.98 kg。     

两种密度对不同类型玉米品种产量及农艺性状的影响

裂区设计,以4.5万株/hm~2和5.7万株/hm~2两个密度为主处理,以平展型至半紧凑型和紧凑型两种类型7个玉米品种为副处理进行随机区组排列,研究对玉米品种产量和农艺性状的影响,试验结果表明:5.7万株/hm~2产量较4.5万株/hm~2产量有所提高,并且差异极显著(P=0.004 8﹤0.01),品种间产量差异极显著(P=0.000 1﹤0.01),其中冠玉568在5.7万株/hm~2的密度下产量达13 850.7kg/hm~2,较4.5万株/hm~2的产量11 017.2kg/hm~2增产25.7%,差异极显著;冠玉1129在5.7万株/hm~2的密度下产量达12 525.6kg/hm~2,较4.5万株/hm~2的产量10 575.5kg/hm~2高18.4%,差异极显著。两种密度下,各品种的生育期变化极小,株高、穗位高、百粒重差异不显著,穗长、穗行数和单穗粒重差异极显著。冠玉568和冠玉1129两个品种在西南地区即可以4.5万株/hm~2的密度栽培,也可以5.7万株/hm~2的密度栽培,冠玉164只适宜4.5万株/hm~2的密度栽培。     

密度和施氮量对超高产夏玉米干物质积累和产量形成的影响

为明确种植密度和施氮量对超高产夏玉米干物质积累和产量形成的影响,以夏玉米品种农单902为研究材料,于2013年在河北省藁城市进行了密度(设5.25万,6.00万,6.75万,7.50万,8.25万株/hm~2共5个水平)和施氮量(300,375,450 kg/hm~2共3个水平)的二因素裂区试验。结果表明,密度和施氮量对干物质积累量和产量性状的互作效应不显著。同一施氮量下,随密度增加,干物质积累量和每公顷穗数逐渐增加,但收获指数、穗粒数、千粒质量逐渐减小,吐丝后干物质积累量、吐丝后干物质贡献率及产量则先增加后减少。密度对果穗秃尖长、穗粒数的影响最大,对穗行数的影响最小。同一密度下,随施氮量增加,各生育时期的干物质积累量(除拔节期)、吐丝后干物质积累量、收获指数、籽粒产量及3个产量构成因素都是先增加后降低,以施氮量375 kg/hm~2最高。本研究条件下,以种植密度6.75万,7.5万株/hm~2,施氮量375 kg/hm~2的处理产量构成因素最为协调,获得了最高的产量,分别为12 797.3,12 425.5 kg/hm~2。     

播期和密度对芸豆生长、干物质积累及产量的影响

基于黑龙江省芸豆主栽地区春季频繁发生低温干旱,生产上经常晚播的生产实际,为了寻求适应实际生产条件的播期和密度协调栽培技术,在大田试验条件下探讨了5月15日(I)、5月25日(II)、6月04日(III)3个播期和15万株/hm~2(D1)、20万株/hm~2(D2)、25万株/hm~2(D3)、30万株/hm~2(D4)4个种植密度对芸豆植株性状、干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明:相比于第I播期,第II和III播期条件下,芸豆的株高、茎粗、主茎节数和分枝数均有所下降,但芸豆的生长率有所增加。同时,随播期的推迟,芸豆花后的单株干物质积累和群体干物质积累逐渐下降趋势,单株荚数和单株粒数呈先增后减趋势。II-D2处理的产量最高,其次为I-D2和III-D3处理,分别比不同播期下D1处理多27.18%~45.31%、17.57%~34.34%、14.92%~31.31%。总体来看,在3种播期下,合理的种植密度能够使芸豆生长率、花后群体干物质积累增加,构建优良群体结构,在晚播(III)时适度密植(D3)的增产稳产优势更明显。     

酸性肥在南疆棉花上的滴施效果研究

通过对2种滴灌配肥的示范观察表明,与滴施常规配肥[尿素300 kg/hm~2+KH2PO4150 kg/hm~2+专用肥(34-7-11)600 kg/hm~2]相比,滴施绿多利牌酸性大量元素水溶配肥[尿素532.5 kg/hm~2+酸性水溶肥(16-35-8+TE)330 kg/hm~2+酸性水溶肥(10-20-30+TE)150 kg/hm~2]处理的棉花株高降低了8.3 cm,茎粗、总干物质、生殖器官干物重、果枝台数和单株结铃数分别增加了0.8 mm、6.54 g/株、5.31 g/株、0.6台和0.8个,籽棉和皮棉产量分别增加l 767.6 kg/hm~2和342.9 kg/hm~2,增幅达10.8%和12.9%,增效5 823.2元/hm~2,说明,滴施绿多利牌酸性大量元素水溶配肥对促进棉株生长、增产增效有较好的效果。     

种植方式和密度对小豆产量及干物质积累的影响

为探讨黑龙江西部半干旱地区小豆高产高效栽培技术措施,采用裂区设计,在平播、65cm垄作、110cm垄作方式下,研究9、13、17、21、25万株/hm~2密度对小豆子粒产量及干物质积累动态的影响。结果表明,不同种植方式的单株荚数和单株粒数均在9万株/hm~2时最高,110和65cm垄作主茎荚数随密度增加呈降低趋势;相同种植方式下,不同密度处理对小豆百粒重的影响较之对其他性状(分枝数除外)稍小,不同种植方式随密度增加小豆茎叶干物质积累量呈现先上升后下降的趋势,小豆荚和子粒干物质积累量随生育进程呈上升趋势。平播和65cm垄作在17万株/hm~2时小豆产量最高,分别为1 387.67和1 723.53kg/hm~2;110cm垄作条件下,21万株/hm~2时小豆产量最高,为1 901.07kg/hm~2;故黑龙江西部半干旱地区110cm垄作,密度21万株/hm~2为小豆适宜种植模式。     

家蚕抗菌肽attacin基因植物表达载体的构建

抗菌肽是昆虫抵御外界微生物侵染的主要物质。本文利用双酶切将pBI121载体上的植物启动子CaMV35S克隆到植物表达载体pCAMBIA2300上,构建重组表达载体pCAMBIA2300-CaMV35S。PCR扩增家蚕抗菌肽attacin基因编码区全长并利用T载体成功克隆（GenBank登陆号：GU244351）,然后利用双酶切将attacin 基因亚克隆到pCAMBIA2300-CaMV35S上,通过PCR鉴定,成功构建了attacin基因的植物表达载体pCAMBIA2300-CaMV35S-attacin。为研究attacin基因在植物抗病性方面的应用奠定基础。     

镍胁迫对玉米幼苗氮、磷、钾积累与分配的研究

研究发现吉林省黑土中镍含量逐年增加,造成土壤理化性质恶化和玉米产量、品质降低,因此,了解镍胁迫对玉米植株生长特性的影响有重要意义。采用盆栽试验,研究了不同镍浓度（0、50、100、200、400 mg/kg）胁迫处理下玉米植株各部位的生物量、生物量分配格局以及氮、磷、钾积累和分配特征。结果表明,（1）镍浓度为50 mg/kg时,增加了玉米幼苗根、茎、叶生物量和总生物量,镍浓度大于50 mg/kg时,减少了各部位生物量及总生物量;（2）各部位对镍的吸收和积累随土壤外源镍浓度的增加而增加;（3）镍浓度为50 mg/kg时,增加了各部位的钾含量和根、茎钾的积累比例,而植株中的氮、磷含量随土壤中镍含量的增加呈降低趋势。因此得出,镍浓度为50 mg/kg的处理增加了玉米植株的生物量、根茎叶中钾含量及养分积累,改变了养分在玉米植株内的分配格局,而浓度大于50 mg/kg时抑制了玉米生长,降低了根茎叶中氮和磷的含量及积累。     

不同密度下棉花群体光辐射空间分布及生物量和纤维品质的变化

【目的】研究不同密度群体棉花生育期、光合有效辐射(PAR)分布、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质累积特征值的差异。【方法】供试品种为转Bt(Bacillus thuringiensis)基因杂交种中棉所75(CCRI 75)和常规品种鲁棉研28(SCRC 28),2012和2013年密度处理为1.5万、5.1万和8.7万株·hm~(-2)。【结果】不同密度群体在棉花不同生育期PAR存在显著差异,且冠层光透射率随密度增加而减少,不同种植密度的棉花群体冠层株型结构各不相同,不同群体棉花茎叶的空间分布决定PAR的分布;LAI随生育进程呈现出开口向下的抛物线,不同的密度群体LAI均在播种后60 d左右开始快速增加,100 d或110 d后LAI开始急速下降;随密度增加最大生物量累计值减少,且营养器官占单株总干物质的比例增加,而生殖器官所占比例下降;密度显著影响马克隆值大小,高密度下马克隆值最大。【结论】本研究为棉花田间管理、合理密植提供理论依据。     

Effects of donor plant temperature,photoperiod, and age on anther culture response of Capsicum annuum L.

Summary Effects of temperature and photoperiod for donor plant growth on embryo formation in Capsicum annuum anther culture were investigated. Donor plants were grown in glasshouses at minimum temperatures between 16 and 30° C and at photoperiods between 11 and 19 h. Anthers were collected from individual plants over five to nine week periods to test the significance of donor plant age. Embryos were obtained at all temperature regimes with a calculated optimum temperature of 26.4° C. Embryo formation was unaffected by the photoperiods tested. Embryo formation varied among successive samplings. However, a significant decline in anther culture response with increasing donor plant age was observed in all three experiments.Abbreviations AT average air temperature the week before anther incubation - EMB 100 1n (embryos per 100 anthers +1)     

Effect of High Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) Sowing Rates on Establishment Year Yield, Stand Persistence and Forage Quality

The effect of very high sowing rates on establishment year dry matter (DM) yield and stand persistence of irrigated lucerne ( Medicago sativa L.) was studied. Two cultivars ('Peace' and 'Apollo II') were sown in 1986 at two row spacings and six sowing rates from 5.6 to 50.4 kg ha⁻¹. Established seedling density (S_d) increased linearly with sowing rate (R):S_d= 24.1R. Establishment year DM yield increased at sowing rates from 5.6 to 16.8 kg ha⁻¹, levelled off as sowing rate increased to 33.6 ka ha⁻¹, and then decreased as sowing rate increased further. Thus, there was a broad optimum sowing rate that gave a maximum sowing year DM yield. Percent plant survival to the third year (1988) decreased with increasing sowing rate so that plant densities became similar for sowing rates greater than 16.8 kg ha⁻¹. Within the range 5.6 to 16.8 kg ha⁻¹, increasing sowing rate increased stand persistence measured as 1988 plant density; however, a corresponding increase in DM yield was not obtained. For all full-production years, DM yield was independent of sowing rate. Sowing rate did not affect three chemical measures of forage quality.     

不同种植模式对玉米产量与农艺性状影响分析

为了探明玉米种植的最优方式,试验采用裂区设计,研究不同耕作方式、种植密度及施N肥量对玉米的产量和农艺性状的影响。结果表明：不同的耕作方式和不同施N肥量玉米的产量差异均达显著水平,不同种植密度的玉米产量差异不显著。在各组合中,以平作耕作方式、密度67500株/hm2、施N量为112.5 kg/hm2,玉米产量最高;耕作方式对玉米棒三叶叶面积和株高影响差异达显著水平,对最大叶面积指数和茎粗影响差异不显著;密度对玉米最大叶面积指数、棒三叶叶面积和茎粗影响差异显著,对株高影响差异不显著;施氮与不施氮之间最大叶面积指数、棒三叶叶面积、茎粗和株高差异显著。     

Colchicine, trifluralin, and oryzalin promoted development of somatic embryos in Ilex paraguariensis (Aquifoliaceae)

A protocol for somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of Ilexparaguariensis St. Hil. from embryos cultures was developed. Heart stage zygotic embryos were removed from seeds of immature, light green fruit and treated with antimicrotubule agents (0.1; 0.2, and 0.5% colchicine for 24 and 48 h; 1; 10, and 20 M of either trifluralin, - trifluoro- 2,6-dinitro-N,N- dipropyl-p-toluidine, or oryzalin, 3,5-dinitro-N₄, N-dipropylsulphate during 48 h). The embryos were cultured aseptically on quarter-strength Murashige and Skoog medium containing 3% sucrose, 0.65% agar (1/4MS), and 0.46 M zeatin. Cultures were incubated in darkness at 27 ± 2 °C. All thetreatments provoked a diminution of the number of germinated embryos and in some of the treated embryos somatic embryogenesis was induced. Somatic embryo maturation and conversion into whole plants could be achieved by culturing the embryos on 1/4MS lacking hormones and incubated at 27 ± 2 °C, 14 h photoperiod (116 mol m^-2s^-1). Mostof the plants regenerated from somatic embryos appeared morphologically normaland grew under greenhouse conditions. Only 2 plants out of 152 studied contained the tetraploid number of the chromosomes (2n = 4x = 80), meanwhile the rest of the plants had the normal diploid number of chromosomes (2n =2x = 40). Somatic embryos with abnormal morphology were also observed.     

Somaclonal variation for some morphological traits, herb yield, essential oil content and essential oil composition in an Indian cultivar of rose-scented geranium

Somaclonal variation for plant height, plant spread, leaf shape, leaf size, leaf form, herb yield, essential oil content and 10 important constituents of the essential oil was studied in an Indian cultivar, ‘Bourbon’ of rose‐scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens). Significantly larger variance was observed among in vitro‐regenerated plants of the SC1 generation (first generation following an in vitro phase) than among parental plants raised from stem cuttings for herb yield, plant height, leaf size, essential oil content, and for the contents of cis‐rose oxide, trans‐rose oxide, isomenthone and 10‐epi‐γ‐eudesmol in the essential oil. Plants of the SC₁ generation showing values beyond the higher or lower limit (depending on the trait) of the range observed among parental plants for different traits were developed into clones by their multiplication through stem cuttings, and evaluated again in the SC₂ generation (second generation following the in vitro phase). Somaclones selected for plant spread, and for the contents of linalool and trans‐rose oxide in their essential oils did not breed true in the SC₂ generation. However, for the remaining traits studied, 13–100% of the selected clones retained their selected traits in the SC₂ generation, suggesting that the changes in these somaclones were due to genetic causes.     

浅析球形植物造景元素在园林绿地中的应用

球形植物造景元素是指自然生长或者经人工修剪而成的球形或近似球形的植物材料,在现代的园林绿地中,有着广泛而大量的运用。在分析常见种类的基础上,指出球形植物造景元素具有亲切性、联想性、简洁性、易融合性、灵活性等特点,并总结出球形植物造景元素在园林绿地的空间构成以及植物景观中的应用方式,希望能对园林绿地中的植物景观营造提供参考。     

Stickstoffdüngung und chemischer Pflanzenschutz in einem Dauerfeldversuch und die Ertragsgesetze von Liebig, L.iebscher, WOLLNY und MITSCHERLICH

Nitrogen fertilization and chemical plant protection in a long-term field experiment and the yield response laws of L iebig , L iebscher , W ollny and M itscherlich
An interpretation of L iebig 's "law of the minimum", L iebscher 's and W ollny 's "law of the optimum" and M itscherlich 's "law of constant activity" for two growth factors is presented. With three-quadrant diagrams (crop yield vs. N fertilization, crop yield vs. N uptake, N uptake vs. N fertilization) a long-term field experiment in Göttingen (Ackerbau-Systemversuch) is analyzed. This experiment started 1981 with the following treatments: 1. crop rotation (a: short rotation, sugar-beet, winter-wheat, winter-barley/vetch-green-manure; b: long rotation, sugar-beet, winter-wheat, winter-barley, lucerne, maize, faba beans); 2. chemical plant protection (a: with; b: without); 3. mineral nitrogen fertilization procedure (a: N-fixed, cumulative effects; b: N-rotating, one year's effects of different N fertilization); 4. mineral nitrogen fertilization (a: nil; b: suboptimal; c: optimal; d: hyper-optimal doses).
Without chemical plant protection resource use efficiency of applied nitrogen decreased according to L iebscher 's and W ollny 's "law of the optimum". In most cases this "law of the optimum" was applicable to the empirical data. L iebig 's "law of the minimum" and M itscherlich 's "law of constant activity" are exceptional cases, whereas L iebscher 's and W ollny 's "law of the optimum" has more general validity. For maximal resource use efficiency the growth factors have to be combined in optimal amounts.