森林土壤酶的研究进展

土壤酶在土壤生态系统的物质循环和能量流动方面扮演重要的角色。目前 ,在几乎所有的森林生态系统研究中 ,土壤酶活性的监测似乎成为必不可少的研究内容。森林凋落物分解过程中的酶活性动态 ,植被特征与土壤酶活性的关系 ,土壤微生物与土壤酶的关系 ,植物 -土壤界面的土壤酶 ,森林土壤质量评价指标的土壤酶及人类活动干扰对森林土壤酶活性的影响等是当前森林土壤酶学的研究重点。由于土壤酶的功能和生态重要性 ,森林土壤酶研究可能包括 :(1 )土壤酶系统分异 ;(2 )作为森林土壤质量综合评价指标的土壤酶活性 ;(3)植被动态与土壤酶的关系 ;(4 )退化森林生态系统的土壤酶活性特征 ;(5 )人工林土壤酶活性特征 ;(6 )人类活动对森林土壤酶系统的影响。本文从土壤酶系统分异和生态系统的角度对土壤酶在森林生态系统中的作用和地位进行了综述 ,这对于加深理解森林生态系统中的物质循环、土壤酶的生态重要性以及森林生态系统退化机理有重要作用     

全球气候变化及森林生态系统的适应性管理

人类活动所引起的温室效应及由此造成的全球气候变化对全球生态环境的影响正越来越引起人们的关注。森林作为全球陆地生态系统的一个重要组分, 对全球气候变化的响应较为敏感。文中系统总结了全球气候变化对物种和森林类型分布、森林生态系统结构和物种组成、森林生产力、森林土壤碳氮循环和森林灾害等几个方面的影响, 以及森林生态系统管理面临的挑战, 在此基础上提出了适应未来气候变化的森林生态系统管理策略。     

森林土壤养分空间异质性研究进展

森林土壤养分的空间异质性直接关系着林地生产力、生态恢复的方向与途径,是植物群落空间格局形成的重要影响因素,对生态系统的演替有重要作用,因此近年来有关土壤养分空间异质性的研究成为国内外研究的热点。文中就海拔高度、土层深度、坡向、植被类型等环境因素对森林土壤养分空间异质性的影响进行了综述,指出目前该研究领域存在的主要问题是结合多种环境因子对土壤进行季节动态变化的研究比较缺乏,基于林分或更大尺度下对森林生态系统土壤空间异质性的形成机制、土壤空间变异规律同人为干扰、物种空间分布格局等关系的研究应该得到更多重视,并提出今后研究的方向。     

竹林水土保持功能研究进展与展望

竹林作为我国重要的森林资源,是集经济、生态和社会效益于一体的优良物种,特别在各主要竹产区生态环境建设中发挥着日益重要的作用。为了全面认识竹林的水土保持功能,掌握其水土保持作用的机制和条件,本文综述了竹林生物学特征与水土保持功能的关系以及截留降水、涵养水源、改善土壤理化性质和减少土壤侵蚀等水土保持作用方面的进展,阐明了竹林在我国区域生态环境保护方面的重要作用,并对竹林水土保持功能研究进行了展望。     

Suggestions on management measures of pine forest ecosystems invaded by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</Emphasis>

Pine wood nematode （PWN）, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus （Steiner et Buhrer） Nickle is an important invasive alien species in forests of China and has become one of the most destructive forest diseases. In order to improve the resistance and resilience of pine forest ecosystems against B. xylophilus invasion and make the pine forest ecosystem more timely responsive to PWN invasion, we made some recommendations based on five years of intensive observations. We advocate a set of management measures with the theme “Prevention is priority, but integrated with curative techniques and ecological resilience” on the pine forest ecosystem invaded by B. xylophilus; details of accurate measures are proposed. The aim is to discover the underlying problems of present pine forest ecosys-tems and to take, correspondingly, administrative measures and strategies, which will encourage the pine forest ecosystem to develop in a benign way.     

Abundance and diversity of soil invertebrates in annual crops, agroforestry and forest ecosystems in the Nilgiri biosphere reserve of Western Ghats, India

Biologically mediated soil processes rely on soil biota to provide vital ecosystem services in natural and managed ecosystems. However, land use changes continue to impact on assemblages of soil biota and the ecosystem services they provide. The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of land use intensification on the distribution and abundance of soil invertebrate communities in the Nilgiri, a human-dominated biosphere reserve of international importance. Soil invertebrates were sampled in 15 land use practices ranging from simple and intensively managed annual crop fields and monoculture tree plantations through less intensively managed agroforestry and pristine forest ecosystems. The lowest taxonomic richness was found in annual crops and coconut monoculture plantations, while the highest was in moist-deciduous and semi-evergreen forests. With 21 ant species, agroforestry systems had the highest diversity of ants followed by forest ecosystems (12 species). Earthworms and millipedes were significantly more abundant in agroforestry systems, plantations and forest ecosystems than in annual crop fields. Ants, termites, beetles, centipedes, crickets and spiders were more abundant in forest ecosystems than in other ecosystems. It is concluded that annual cropping systems have lower diversity and abundance of soil invertebrates than agroforestry and natural forest ecosystems. These results and the literature from other regions highlight the potential role that agroforestry practices can play in biodiversity conservation in an era of ever-increasing land use intensification and habitat loss.     

Agroforestry and its application in amelioration of saline soils in eastern China coastal region

Some environmental problems, especially soil salinity hinder the regional sustainable development of eastern China coastal region. Salinity mainly comes from tide weave, seawater flooding and seawater intrusion. Over exploitation of groundwater,which is the result of unfitful land use systems, leads to seawater intrusion and salt concentration increase. Agroforestry systems can enrich soil fertility and prevent soil salinization, furthermore help maintain biodiversity and enhance productivity. For the intergrated multiple ecosystems the most critical issue is to select optimum tree species and rationally arrange these plants. The basics of this multiple ecosystem is that different plants will occupy variable ecological niches within an area, both in space and in soil depth.Shelterbelts and trees intercropping with agricultural crops are major types of the multiple ecosystem. Shelterbelts can reduce wind speed and consequently lessen evaporation and erosion of the soil, increase pasture growth by up to 60% on exposed sites, increase crop yields by up to 25%. Besides intercropping with jujube, other agroforestry multiple ecosystem such as forestry plus agriculture,forestry plus agriculture plus fishery, and forestry plus animal husbandry are the most appropriate ways to utilise land resource in this region.     

冰雪灾害对森林土壤性质的影响

冰雪灾害是一种常见的自然灾害,易对森林造成巨大破坏。在全球变化加剧的背景下,冰雪灾害发生的频率和强度呈现上升趋势。文中综述了冰雪灾害后森林土壤物理性质、土壤化学性质、土壤微生物群落和土壤酶活性的变化,以便为受损森林生态系统的修复提供参考。今后的研究热点是加强对灾后森林养分循环、土壤微生物和土壤种子库的长期研究,开展土壤微生物群落、土壤呼吸和土壤理化性质相互关系及作用机理研究,运用3S技术监测不同立地条件下土壤灾后动态变化、建立更科学精准的受灾森林生态系统评估体系,以及建立生态修复模型预测冰雪灾害后的森林恢复过程。     

Hydrogeomorphic controls of early post-logging successional pathways in a southern floodplain forest

Successful management or restoration of southern floodplain forest ecosystems requires an understanding of how subtle changes in environmental conditions such as site hydroperiod affect species suitability as well as the importance of recruitment limitation. In this research, we examined the effects of elevation, modeled flood regime, soil conditions and forest proximity on early, post-logging succession in clearcuts on the Congaree River floodplain near Columbia, South Carolina. Analyses of community composition clearly demonstrated that regeneration was structured along environmental gradients associated with site hydroperiod, with obligate wetland species dominating sites with the lowest elevations and deepest projected flood inundation depths. The effects of soil characteristics on site composition were in some cases inter-correlated with site hydroperiod, reflecting the influence of flood regime on soil drainage, aeration, and soil redox potential. In other cases, though, site composition was distinguished along a second, but equally important, orthogonal axis that was more reflective of the effects of geomorphic history on edaphic conditions. There was no evidence that fine-scale dispersal limitation affected succession, in part because of the effects of resprouting, but it is possible that past human activities have altered landscape-scale patterns of commercially valuable species such that seed and sprout sources for advance regeneration may have been absent at the time of the most recent clearcutting. Our examination of regeneration patterns, processes and controls clarified the relationships between current conditions and community composition, but, because patterns of elevation, flooding and soil characteristics across a floodplain have their roots in geomorphic processes, they are also ultimately a reflection of past hydrogeomorphic events.     

Covariation between plant biodiversity and soil systems in a European beech forest and a black pine plantation:the case of Mount Faito,(Campania,Southern Italy)

Both climate and land-use changes,including the introduction and spread of allochthonous species,are forecast to affect forest ecosystems.Accordingly,forests will be affected in terms of species composition as well as their soil chemical and biological characteristics.The possible changes in both tree cover and soil system might impact the amount of carbon that is stored in living plants and dead biomass and within the soil itself.Additionally,such altera-tions can have a strong impact on the detrital food web that is linked to litter decomposition.Although there are studies on the influence of plant diversity on soil physical and chemi-cal characteristics,the effects on soil biological activity and carbon storage processes remain largely unknown.The aim of this study was to investigate and compare chemical and biological variables in covariation with plant communities in an autochthonous beech forest (Fagus sylvatica L.) and a black pine plantation (Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold subsp.nigra).Our results confirmed that the two communities were con-siderably different,with the old-growth beech community having a lower number of plant species and the pine com-munity was in development as a consequence of anthropo-genic activities.These aspects of the two communities were also reflected in the soil,with the beech soil having higher nitrogen levels and a more specialized microbial community compared to the pine soil,with most extracellular enzymes(such as peroxidase and chitinase) showing lower activity in the pine soil.     

紫色土人工林林下植物区系与群落外貌的恢复过程

采用时空代换法,以福建省宁化县严重退化紫色土人工林生态系统为对象,按侵蚀强度由强到弱选取4种生态恢复措施Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ,研究了植物多样性与生态系统过程的关系.结果表明,该紫色土退化生态系统的植物出现43科78属86种,种子植物属15个分布类型中出现12个.沿恢复梯度,植物的生活型谱逐渐丰富,种子植物属各分布区类型出现的属数趋于增加,各种叶特征所对应的植物属数依次增多.可见,生态恢复过程中的植物区系与群落外貌越来越复杂和多样化,该紫色土生态系统渐趋稳定.     

帽儿山樟子松人工林林分轮伐期的确定

现阶段一些林区的经营管理模式存在着经营粗放等众多问题,导致森林质量下降,生态服务功能降低。尤其在人工林经营中存在诸如病虫害严重、地力衰退、生物多样性下降等情况,使得人工林森林健康经营成为目前林业中亟待解决的问题。人工林有计划的人为干预经营方式,目的是保护和维持森林生态系统各种功能,同时通过发展具有社会、环境和经济价值的物种,来满足人们日益增长的物质和环境的需要。结合2002年、2003年及2004年帽儿山樟子松人工林林分数据,实测每株树高、胸径,整理数据计算出每公顷蓄积量与平均生长量。由平均生长量最大年份可得出数量成熟龄在41年左右,确定林木最优轮伐期。     

Tree encroachment into savannas alters soil microbiological and chemical properties facilitating forest expansion

Forests have been expanding over typical savanna sites for the past 3000 years in the Neotropics.Such invasion can produce a series of environmental modifications on typical savanna;however,it remains unclear how modifications in soil properties,caused by the encroachment of woody species,facilitate the expansion of forest ecosystems under dystrophic conditions.Here we examined chemical and microbiological changes associated with tree encroachment in oxisols of a Neotropical Savanna at Assis Ecological Station,Southeastern Brazil.We predicted that tree encroachment caused by typical forest species would cause significant changes in the chemical and microbiological properties of savanna soils.Soils were sampled at Assis Ecological Station,from savanna sites differing in tree encroachment(typical,dense and forested savanna) caused by decades of fire exclusion.We analysed vegetation leaf area index and leaf litter volume deposited in the studied plots and chemical(pH,organic matter,P,K,Ca,Mg,Al,NO_3~-,NH_4~+) and microbiological(microbial C biomass and dehydrogenase activity) properties of soils under distinct encroachment conditions.Most soil chemical properties did not change along the tree encroachment gradient;however,total P,soil organic matter,soil microbial C and dehydrogenase activity increased from typical savanna to forested savanna.The changes in soil organic matter and dehydrogenase activity were correlated with the values of leaf area index and litter volume along the encroachment gradient.Our results demonstrate that forest species can increase carbon and phosphorus supplies in tropical savanna soils.     

塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林土壤节肢动物群落的研究

2006年5~8月对塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林群落土壤节肢动物进行了两次系统调查,共获得土壤节肢动物1560头,隶属6纲22目。其中弹尾目、蜱螨目、膜翅目和啮目为优势类群,蜘蛛目、鞘翅目和双翅目幼虫等为常见类群。通过4块样地对比可得出:天然次生林群落土壤节肢动物类群数、个体数多于落叶松人工林,多样性也高于人工林;落叶松人工林和天然次生林土壤节肢动物剖面分布具有明显的表聚性,并且随着土壤层次的加深,类群数和个体数也随之减少;落叶松人工林和天然次生林群落中的土壤节肢动物群落有比较高的Jaccard相似性系数,表明两类林分在土壤节肢动物类群和个体数量分布上有较大的相似度。     

森林不同组分对降水的生态效应研究进展

森林是一个复杂的生态系统, 森林水文学是近年来研究的热点.大气降水作为森林生态系统养分来源之一, 是目前研究森林生态系统养分循环不可或缺的因子.典型的森林生态系统一般通过乔木层、灌草层、凋落物层和土壤层等组分对降水进行分配.文中系统阐述了国内外研究者关于森林生态系统各组分对降水生态效应的研究进展, 同时对森林降水中营养物质的输入和输出研究作了简述, 指出目前相关研究中存在的问题和今后努力的方向, 旨在为今后的研究提供参考.     

Strengthening Urban Forest Development Improving Urban Ecological Environment

1 IMPROVEMENT OFURBANECOLOGICALENVIRONMENT:NATURAL TREND OFURBANDEVELOPMENT1.1 Accelerated Urbanization’s Requirements forImprovement of Urban Ecological EnvironmentPresently, the ecological and environmentaldevelopment in China’s cities does not match up withthe rapid urbanization. The number and the scale ofcities/towns are rapidly increasing, making the long-existed urban environmental problems increasinglyprominent. This imposes new requirements forimprovem…     

Predicting the distributions of suitable habitat for three larch species under climate warming in Northeastern China

The larch (Larix) genus is the most important species group in the forest ecosystems in Northeastern China, occupying about 25% of the forest areas. The high tolerance to coldness and relatively fast growth rate make this genus the main species group for forestation. According to the predictions of the global circulation model CGCM3, temperature could rise by 2–4 °C over the next 100 years. Few studies have been conducted on the response of larch species to climate warming in Northeastern China. Such studies are becoming increasingly needed due to the economic and ecological significance of this genus. This paper studies the potential distribution ranges of three larch species under the current and the warming climate conditions. A new classification and regression tree technique, Random Forest, was used to investigate the potential distributions of three larch species, based on 18 environmental variables which reflect the climate, topography and soil conditions of Northeastern China. The results showed that the biological coldness index (BCI) is the most important factor for Dahurian larch, annual precipitation (AP) is the most important factor for Korean larch and elevation (DEM) is the most important factor for Prince Rupprecht larch.     

森林生态系统与生物多样性保护

森林生态系统是地球陆地生态系统的主体,我国具有热带、亚热带、暖温带、温带和寒温带森林生态系统,也是生物物种资源最丰富、最多样的系统。我国森林生态系统有16大类,含185类.它由无数的物种组成,具有复杂的层次结构.巨大的生物产量和强大的物质与能量交换能力,在维持生态平衡方面具有重要的作用。生物物种是经过漫长岁月的自然演化而生存下来的。具有独特的适应生存环境的本领和遗传基因的多样性,抗逆性,蕴藏着巨大的生产潜力。目前各类森林生态系统正遭到严重破坏,丰富多彩的生物物种正面临着逐渐灭绝的境地。保护生物多样性必须保护森林生态系统,也就是保护其生存环境,因为地球上有半数以上的生物物种都栖息在森林生态系统之中.建立自然保护区,加强对保护区领导,明确职责,认真执行有关政策和法令,是保护生物多样性的有效方法。     

森林凋落物层的节肢动物与森林健康的关系

森林凋落物层的节肢动物是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,与森林健康关系密切.基于凋落物层的节肢动物的生态功能、群落结构组成和生物学特性,简要概述其作为指示生物的理论基础;主要选取弹尾目弹尾虫、鞘翅目步甲和膜翅目蚂蚁等节肢动物的生态特性、均匀度和丰富度等生物多样性指标,讨论凋落物层的节肢动物与森林健康间的密切关系;总结适宜作为指示生物的主要节肢动物类群,包括9目、12科,及其在森林生态系统中的生态功能;介绍最新的选择用于评价森林健康指示生物的方法-IndVal法,该方法通过比较不同生境间物种频率高低评价森林健康状况,简便易行、准确度高.同时,以凋落物层的节肢动物作为指示生物评价热带雨林的生态环境为案例进行分析,并指出以森林凋落物层的节肢动物作为指示生物监测和评价森林健康所存在的问题,提出利用多种指示物种建立综合指标的建议.     

森林土壤动物生态功能研究进展

森林土壤动物是森林土壤生态系统中不可分割的重要组成部分,对森林土壤生态系统的物质循环和能量流动起着重要作用。文中综述了近10年森林土壤动物生态功能的相关研究进展,包括森林土壤动物对土壤理化性质、微生物、植物的影响以及外来土壤动物入侵对土壤生态系统的影响等;展望了我国森林土壤动物的未来研究方向,未来研究应多关注森林土壤动物生态功能的作用机制、森林土壤动物对全球变化的响应、外来土壤动物入侵对森林生态系统的影响、森林土壤动物种类的研究范围以及新技术的应用,以期为我国森林土壤动物生态功能、土壤动物与生态系统、可持续利用土壤动物等领域研究提供科学参考。