草履蚧的生活史及越冬卵在土壤中的分布调查

草履蚧在陕西１ 年发生１ 代,一般情况下越冬卵孵化盛期为２ 月中下旬,若虫２ 月中旬至３月下旬上树危害,雌成虫４ 月下旬至６ 月中旬下树,下树雌虫在树干周围的地面杂物下、土缝、疏松土层内产卵越夏和过冬。蚧虫卵在树冠下土壤中的分布规律、分布量与距树干的距离远近有关,集中分布于距离树干６０ ｃｍ 范围内地面以下０～５、６～１０ ｃｍ 的土层中。以土壤中草履蚧的卵量作为该虫的防治指标时,指标值确定为树冠下在离树干６０ ｃｍ 范围内、０～１５ ｃｍ 土层中１００ ｃｍ ２ 面积下有卵（８～１０）±２ 粒     

草履蚧的生活史及赵冬卵在土壤中的分布调查

草履蚧在陕西１年发生１代,一般情况下越冬卵 孵化盛期为２月中下旬,若虫２月中旬至３上旬上树危害,雌成虫４月下旬至６月中旬下树,下树雌虫在树干周围的地面杂物下、土缝、疏松土层内产卵越夏和过冬。蚧虫卵在树完下土壤中的分布规律、分布量与距树干的距离远近有关,集中分布于距离树干６０ｃｍ范围内地面以下－～５．６～１０ｃｍ的土层中。以土壤中草履蚧的卵量作为该虫的防治指标时,指标值确定为树冠下在离树干６０ｃｍ范     

草履蚧的生活史及赵冬卵在土壤中的分布调查

草履蚧在陕西１年发生１代,一般情况下越冬卵 孵化盛期为２月中下旬,若虫２月中旬至３上旬上树危害,雌成虫４月下旬至６月中旬下树,下树雌虫在树干周围的地面杂物下、土缝、疏松土层内产卵越夏和过冬。蚧虫卵在树完下土壤中的分布规律、分布量与距树干的距离远近有关,集中分布于距离树干６０ｃｍ范围内地面以下－～５．６～１０ｃｍ的土层中。以土壤中草履蚧的卵量作为该虫的防治指标时,指标值确定为树冠下在离树干６０ｃｍ范     

山地石榴覆草试验

山地石榴覆草试验山东枣庄市峰城区石榴中心１９８９年于山地４０年生石榴园进行覆草试验。４月开始覆草，每株覆草５０ｋｇ、草厚１５ｃｍ左右，以后每年４月补覆一次，株用草１５ｋｇ。３年后调查，树盘覆草土壤（０—２０ｃｍ土层）含水量比不覆草高２４５％～６０?..     

楸树幼林根系调查研究

对楸树１～３年生幼林进行了单株根系测定。１、２、３年生林木根系的水平分布分别达９５ｃｍ、２１０ｃｍ、４１５ｃｍ；垂直分布分别达８０ｃｍ、１８０ｃｍ、２００ｃｍ。单株根系集中分布范围：１年生林木深度４０ｃｍ以上，水平６０ｃｍ见方，占根系总干重的９３．６％；２年生林木深度１００ｃｍ以上，水平１００ｃｍ见方，占９４．８％；３年生林木深度１４０ｃｍ以上，水平２２０ｃｍ见方，占９４．３％。根系含水量６２．１％～８０％，愈接近根端部位，其组织愈幼嫩，含水量愈高     

毛竹混交林鞭系结构特征的研究

采用固定标准地法,对尤溪县包溪林业采育场１９７４年在毛竹林皆伐迹地上营造杉木纯林后形成的杉木毛竹混交林进行地下结构的调查。结果表明,杉木对毛竹地下结构的生长有一定的促进作用,对毛竹竹鞭向纵深延伸、壮芽数的比例提高有促进作用。杉木密度为９００～１３５０ 株／ｈｍ ２时,壮龄鞭比例比较高,毛竹地下结构比较优化,更新快;毛竹竹鞭有９２．８％ 分布在０～４０ｃｍ 土层中,其中０～２０ｃｍ 土层中占６０ 以上,大于４０ｃｍ 土层中仅占７．２％ ;杉木能促进竹鞭向纵深发展,随杉木密度的增加,０～２０ｃｍ 层鞭根减少,２０ｃｍ 以下鞭根明显增加,岔鞭数加大。     

阔叶树人工幼林生长调查与分析

阔叶树人工幼林生长调查与分析欧阳遂华薛朝荣（江西省遂川县五指峰林场３４３９０９）关键词：人工幼林阔叶树生长情况１基本概况五指峰林场海拔４００～１０００ｍ，平均坡度２６°，土壤为黄红壤，土层厚１ｍ左右，石砾含量２５％，腐殖质层４０～６０ｃｍ。原生植物群...     

龙王帽仁用杏生长与结果习性观测研究

“龙王帽”仁用杏在陕北安塞县川地根系垂直分布主要集中在２０～６０ｃｍ的土层中,水平分布集中在距主干６０～１８０ｃｍ的范围内。根系１年有３次生长高峰,其中果实采收后根系生长量最大。花束状结果枝、短果枝占全树枝数的７０％,其上完全花比例高。果实发育呈“慢—快—慢—快”的“双Ｓ”曲线。果实出核率１２．６％,出仁率３．５０％～３．７７％。     

杉木毛竹混交林的毛竹地下鞭根结构特征研究

采用固定标准地法,对尤溪县包溪林业采育场１９７４年在阔叶树毛竹混交林皆伐迹地下营造杉木纯林后形成的杉木毛竹混交林进行地下结构的调查。结果表明,杉木对毛竹地下结构的生长有一定的促进作用,对毛竹竹鞭向纵深延伸、壮芽数的比例提高有促进作用。杉木密度为９００～１３５０株／ｈｍ＾２时,壮龄鞭比例比较高,毛竹地下结构比较优化,更新快;毛竹竹鞭有９２．８％分布在０～４０ｃｍ土层中,其中０～２０ｃｍ土层中占６０％     

太行山主要植被类型根系分布及对土壤结构的影响

对太行山五种主要植被类型根系系分布及其改善土壤孔隙状况的效果进行了调查，结果表明乔，灌，草７０％以上的根系分布在０ｃｍ－２０ｃｍ深的土层中，因而该土层土壤容重比荒坡降低１５．０４％－３６．１５％，且在土壤总孔隙度提高的基础上，土壤的毛管孔隙度占总孔隙度比例与荒坡相比平均提高４．５０％－６．３７％，     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.