Studies on the mode of action of asulam in bracken (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn) II. Biochemical activity in the rhizome buds

The effect of asulam (methyl (4-aminobenzenesulphonyl) carbamate) on the synthesis of RNA and protein was investigated in bracken sporeling plants and excised rhizome bud tissue. Foliage application of asulam (4.4 kg/ha) reduced the RNA levels in frond buds and young fronds within 3 days, while protein levels were significantly reduced after 14 days. A significant reduction in respiratory activity of buds was observed after 2 weeks, the level of inhibition being 54% after 8 weeks. During a 3-h incubation period, O₂ uptake by excised bud issue was stimulated by 5 and 10 ppm asulam and inhibited by higher concentrations; ₃₂P uptake was inhibited at all concentrations. Asulam (5 ppm and above) inhibited bud growth and reduced RNA and protein levels in incubated buds (20 h at 30°C), and the incorporation of [₁₄C]orotic acid into RNA and [₁₄C]leucine into protein. Reduction of RNA levels and inhibition of [₁₄C]ladenine incorporation into RNA in buds occurred entirely in the ribosomal and supernatant fractions of the cellular extract. Inhibition of RNA synthesis by asulam (50 ppm) as measured by [₁₄C] orotic acid incorporation into RNA was completely antagonized by CEPA (3-chloroethylphosphonic acid) (50 ppm) and partially by 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) (50 ppm) and GA (Gibberellic acid) (50 ppm). These results suggest that the interference of asulam with RNA and protein synthesis at the metabolically active sinks (rhizome buds) could be one of its major mechanisms of action in bracken.     

Factors influencing the control of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum(L.) Kuhn) with asulam

In three experiments at two sites the influence of date of application, dose and additives on activity of asulam on bracken (Pieridum aquilinum) was investigated Asulam was only effective when it was applied to live bracken foliage. Of the foliar treatments. July applications were more effective than those applied in June or September. A dose of 1-1 kg/ha asulam gave inadequate control but 2-2 kg/ha and above applied in July gave good control. Increasing the dose increased the degree of control and also lowered the rate of regeneration. Adding 0·5%, Agral 90 or tributyl phosphate at 0·25%, and 0·5%, with or without Agral 90 at 0·5%, had little useful effect on asulam activity, 4·5 kg/ha dicamba or aminotrizole given in July were less effective than asulam at 2·2 kg/ha. Dicamba was the most active of the herbicides tested in the absence of viable bracken foliage. Facteurs influençant l'action de l'asulame sur la fourgére aigle (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) Dans trios essays studés en deux endroits différents, les auteurs ont étudié l'influence de la date d'application de la dose et de divers additives sur l'efficacité de l'asulame contre la fourgére aigle (Pteridium aquilinum). L'asulame n'a été efficace que lorsqu'il a été appliqué sur le feuillage vivant de la fourgére. Parmi les traitements foliaires, ceux effectués en juillet ont été plus efficacies que ceux effectués en juin ou septembre. Une dose d'asulame de 1.1 kg/ha n'a pas n'a pas donné de bons résultats, mais la dose de 2.2 kg/ha appliquée en juillet s'est montrée efficace. L'accroissement de la dose a augmenté l'efficacité et a baissé le taux de régénération. L'addition d'Agral 90 á 0.5% ou de tributyl phosphate á 0.25% et 0.50% avec ou sans Agral 90 á 0.50% n'a pratiquement pas eu d'influence sur l'activité de l'asulame. Une dose de 4.5 kg/ha de dicamba ou d'aminotriazole apportée en juillet s'est montrée moins efficace que l'asulame à 2.2kg/ha. Le dicamba a été le plus efficace des herbicides essayés sur la fougére en l'absence de feuillage vivant. Einflussgrössen bei der Bekämpfung von Adlerfarn (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) mit Asulam In drei Experimenten an zwei Standorten wurde der Einfluss von Bekämpfungszeïtpunkt, von der Aufwandmenge und von Additiven auf die Wirkung von Asulam auf Adlerfarn (Pteridium aquilinum) unterucht. Asulam Zeigte nur dann eine Wirkung, wenn es auf lebendes Blattwerk des Farns ausgebracht wurde. Blattbehandlungen im Juli waren erfolgreicher als solche im Juni order September. Aufwandmengen von 1.1 kg/ha. Asulam führten zueinem unzulänglichem, von 2.2 kg/ha und darüber. im Juli ausgebracht, zu einem guten Bekämpfungserfolg. Mit zunehmender Aufwandmenge wurde der Bekämpfungserfolg verbessert und die Regenerationsrate verringert. Die Zumischung von 0.5% Agral 90 order von 0.25% und 0.5% Tributylphosphat mit order ohne Zusatz von 0.5% Agral 90 zeigten nur einen geringen Nutzeffeki auf die Asulamaktrivität. Dicamba order Aminotriazol (4.5 kg/ha). im Juli ausgebract, war weniger wirkungsvoll als Asulam mit 2.2 kg/ha. Von den Herbiziden, mit denen bei Nichtvorhandensein lebender Farnblätter Versuche angestellt wurden, war Dicamba das aktivste.     

Studies on the mode of action of asulam in bracken (Pteridium aquilinum L. Kuhn) I. Absorption and translocation of [14C]asulam

Studies of the absorption and translocation of foliage-applied ring-labelled [¹⁴C]asulam [methyl (4-aminobenzenesulphonyl) carbamate] were carried out using glasshouse and field-grown bracken plants. Translocation of ¹⁴C from the treated frond was primarily according to a 'source to sink’pattern with intense accumulation of radioactivity in the metabolically active sinks viz. rhizome apices, frond buds, root tips and young frond tissue. In the case of field bracken, translocation and distribution of ¹⁴C was extensive in the rhizome system, accumulation occurring in the active as well as dormant buds situated on the non-frond-bearing and storage rhizome branches. Treatment of fully expanded fronds with 100μl of [¹⁴C]asulam (1 mg, 1.0–1.5 μCi) as 2 μl droplets resulted in a rapid initial uptake during the first week, followed by progressive entry and distribution with time. Basipetal translocation to the rhizome system was positively correlated with total uptake. High humidity (95%) and high temperature (30°C) stimulated uptake and subsequent basipetal translocation to a considerable degree. Uptake was greater through the stomatal-bearing abaxial than through the adaxial cuticle. Incorporation of a surfactant (Tergitol-7, 0.1%) increased penetration by up to 30%. Uptake declined markedly as the frond aged, while translocation was predominantly acropetal in young treated fronds, becoming exclusively basipetal when the fronds matured. Optimum uptake and maximum distribution of [¹⁴C]asulam in the rhizome and its associated buds was achieved when treatments were applied to almost fully expanded fronds. The translocated ¹⁴C (asulam and possibly some of its metabolites) showed a considerable degree of persistence in the rhizome system, 8% of the applied activity still remaining in the rhizome 40 weeks after treatment.     

Studies in the growth of Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (bracken). 2. Effects of shading and nutrient application

The effects of growing young plants of Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (bracken) in shaded and unshaded conditions and with differential applications of nitrogen, phosphate and balanced fertilizer are described. The results are discussed in relation to possible effects on correlative inhibition. Single applications of N and P have little effect, but addition of both together or of NPK fertilizer produces increased frond production and rhizome growth. Shaded plants produce fewer fronds and these are of greater surface area, but thinner than those of unshaded plants. It is suggested that increased frond production resulting from enhanced nitrogen supply and exposure to full light may make bracken more susceptible to herbicide applications. Etudes sur la croissance de Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (fougère). 2. Influence de l'ombre et de l'apport d'aliments Les conséquences pour la culture de jeunes plants de Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (fougère) de conditions d'ombre ou de pleine lumiere avec des apports différentiels d'azote, de phosphate et de NPK sont mises en lumière. Les résultats obtenus sont considérés par rapport aux effets éventuels sur l'inhibition correlative. Des apports de N ou de P seuls ont eu peu d'influence mais les deux ensemble, de même qu'un apport NPK, ont amené la production de frondes plus nombreuses ainsi qu'une croissance plus importante des rhizomes. Les plantes cultivées à l'ombre produisent moins de frondes que celles en pleine lumiere; ces frondes ont une superficie plus étendue mais elles sont plus minces. Il se peut que la production de frondes plus nombreuses par des plantes en pleine lumière, et recevant des apports de N plus importants, rendent celles-ci plus sensibles aux applications herbicides. Untersuchungen über das Wachstum von Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (Adlerfarn). 2. Effekt von Beschattung und Nährstoffzufuhr Es wird das Wachstum junger Pflanzen von Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (Adlerfarn) unter beschatteten und unbeschatteten Bedingungen, sowie bei differenenzierter Zufuhr von Stickstoff, Phosphor und ausgewogenen Düngergaben beschrieben. Die Ergebnisse werden unter dem Aspekt möglicher Effekte auf korrelative Hemmungen diskutiert. N und P, einzeln appliziert, haben eine geringe Wirkung; beide zusammen angewandt oder die Verabreichung eines NPK-Düngers stimulieren das Wachstum von Wedeln und Rhizomen. Schattiert wachsende Pflanzen produzieren weniger Wedel. Diese haben jedoch eine grössere Oberfläche und sind dünner als diejenigen unschattierter Pflanzen. Es wird vermutet, dass eine verstärkte Wedelproduktion, unter dem Einfluss erhöhter N-Gaben und voller Lichtexposition, Adlerfarn gegenüber Herbizidapplikationen empfindlicher mechen kann.     

Studies in the growth of Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. (bracken) 1. Regeneration of rhizome segments

The patterns of regeneration of Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. (bracken) rhizome segments grown in pot culture are described. The overall capacity for regeneration was unaffected by the rhizome type planted, i.e., whether it consisted of only a length of frond-bearing ‘short shoote’ or whether this was attached to part of the main storage and exploratory ‘long shoot’. In all cases rhizomes extended, produced new lateral buds and developed fronds during the first summer. Regenerative capacity was also similar for segments with or without apical buds. Different patterns of growth were observed in plants grown from different types of segment: in particular, more new lateral buds were produced on rhizome segments originally lacking an apex. As rhizomes extended, the distance between successive lateral buds increased. The results are discussed in relation to the possible roles of correlative inhibition and patterns of translocation between fronds and rhizomes and to information on field populations.     

Control of bracken (Pteridium esculentum G. Forst (Cockayne)) in pasture with asulam

Asulam was tested for the control of bracken in non-arable pasture on the North Coast of New South Wales between 1971 and 1976. Satisfactory results were obtained with applications between April and early July, providing treated fronds were mature. The degree of control varied between years and sites. Rates of 4–8 kg a.i./ha reduced frond numbers from 70 to 100% after 6 months but recovery commenced as early as 9–12 months after application. Whole plants and sections of rhizome were excavated 4, 6 and 9 months after treatment and a sequence of events is described for the effect of asulam on bracken. The effects of frond maturity, frond density and frost are discussed in relation to herbicide effectiveness and ecological implications of the results are discussed in relation to increasing productivity of bracken-infested pasture.     

Studies on the mode of action of asulam,aminotriazole and glyphosate in Equisetum arvense L. (field horsetail). II: The metabolism of [14C]asulam, [14C]aminotriazole and [14C]glyphosate

The metabolism of [¹⁴C]asulam (methyl 4-aminophenylsulphonylcarbamate), [¹⁴C] aminotriazole (1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylamine) and [¹⁴C]glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) were assessed in Equisetum arvense L. (field horsetail). Following application of the test herbicides (4mg?0.3 °Ci herbicide/shoot) to the shoots of 2-year-old pot-grown plants, the total recovery of ¹⁴C-label after 1 week and 8 weeks was high for all three herbicides (>80-0% of applied radioactivity). Asulam was persistent (>69-7% of recovered radioactivity) in both shoots and rhizomes. Sulphanilamide, a hydrolysis product of asulam, accounted for the remainder of the recovered radioactivity. Aminotriazole showed evidence of conjugation in shoots and rhizomes. The principal ¹⁴C-labelled component in shoots was composed of high proportions of aminotriazole (>76-3%) together with the metabolites: X (ninhydrin positive), β-(3-amino-1,2,4-triazolyl-1-)α-alanine, Y (diazotization positive) and various unidentified compounds. Rhizomes generally contained lower proportions of intact aminotriazole (>59.4%) together with the metabolites X,Y and unidentified compounds. The proportion of aminotriazole did not decrease with time in shoots or rhizomes; however, the ratio of metabolite X: Y moved in favour of Y as the interval after treatment increased. Glyphosate was extensively metabolised in shoots and rhizomes to yield aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and various unidentified compounds. Differential metabolism appears to be one of the factors which may govern the persistence and toxicity of the test herbicides in E. arvense.     

Studies on the mode of action of asulam,aminotriazole and glyphosate in Equisetum arvense L. (field horsetail). I: The uptake and translocation of [14c]asulam, [14C]aminotriazole and [14C]glyphosate

The uptake and translocation of [¹⁴C]asulam (methyl 4-aminophenyl-sulphonylcarbamate), [¹⁴C]aminotriazole (1-H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylamine) and [¹⁴C]glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) were assessed in Equisetum arvense L. (field horsetail), a weed of mainly horticultural situations. Under controlled-environment conditions, 21°C day/18°C night and 70% r. h., the test herbicides were applied to 2-month-old and 2-year-old plants. Seven days following the application of 0.07-0.09 °Ci (1.14mg) of the test herbicides to young E. arvense, the accumulation of ¹⁴C-label (as percentage of applied radioactivity) in the treated shoots, untreated apical and basal shoots was as follows: [¹⁴C]asulam, 13.2, 0.18 and 1.02%; [¹⁴C] aminotriazole, 67.2, 3.65 and 1-91%; [¹⁴C]glyphosate, 35.9, 0.06 and 0.11%. The equivalent mean values for the accumulation of ¹⁴C-label in 2-year-old E. arvense were [¹⁴C]asulam, 12.0, 1-15 and 1.74%; [¹⁴C]aminotriazole, 58.6, 9.44 and 4.12%; [¹⁴C]glyphosate, 33.1, 0.79 and 2.32%. In the latter experiment, test plants received 0.25-0.30 °Ci (4mg) of herbicide, they were assessed after a 14-day period and the experiment was carried out at 3-week intervals between 2 June and 25 August on outdoor-grown plants. Irrespective of test herbicide or time of application, very low levels of ¹⁴C-label accumulated in the rhizome system. Only 0.2% of the applied radioactivity was recovered in 2-year-old plants and 0.4% in 2-month-old plants. In the young plants [¹⁴C]asulam accumulated greater amounts and concentrations of ¹⁴C-label in the rhizome apices and nodes than [¹⁴C]aminotriazole or [¹⁴C]glyphosate treatments. Inadequate control of E. arvense under field conditions may be due to limited basipetal translocation and accumulation of the test herbicides in the rhizome apices and nodes.     

Studies of the mechanism of action of asulam in plants. Part I: Antagonistic interaction of asulam and 4-aminobenzoic acid

Studies have been carried out on the herbicidal action of asulam [methyl (4-aminophenylsulphonyl)carbamate] and sulphanilamide, alone or in association either with 4-aminobenzoic acid (4ABA) or 4, 6-diamino-1-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 2-dihydro-2, 2-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazine (DCDT). The soaking of wheat seeds (Triticum estivum L.) for 12 h at 30°C in asulam and DCDT in a 10:1 ratio doubled the inhibition of root growth produced by soaking in asulam alone; the addition of 4ABA partially reversed the activity of asulam. Foliar applications of a mixture of asulam + DCDT (1.1 + 0.55 kg ha^?1) markedly increased the activity of asulam in susceptible wheat, wild oat (Avena fatua L.), tolerant flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), and in Stellaria media L. The activity of asulam at 1.1 kg ha^?1 was reversed by 4ABA at 2.2 kg ha^?1 by about 50% in wheat and wild oat, 82% in flax and 100% in S. media. The results indicate that asulam and sulphanilamide act by similar mechanisms in apparently inhibiting the biosynthesis of folic acid.     

Studies of the mechanism of action of asulam in plants. Part II: Effect of asulam on the biosynthesis of folic acid

The possible relationship between folate levels in plants and their tolerance to asulam has been examined. Plants with a high content of folates were relatively less susceptible to asulam. There was evidence of a depletion of the folates in the shoots of plants treated with asulam, either alone at 1. 1 kg ha^?1 or in combination with 4, 6-diamino-1-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 2-dihydro-2, 2-dimethyl-1, 3, 5-triazine (DCDT) at 1.1 kg ha^?1. In wheat shoot tips (Triricum estivum L.), asulam at 1.1 kg ha^?1 reduced the levels of the N⁵-methyl, N¹⁰-formyl and N⁵-formyl derivatives of 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydrofolates, particularly when applied in combination with DCDT. Studies with cell-free extracts of wheat seedlings revealed that asulam inhibited the enzymic synthesis of 7, 8-dihydro-pteroateina manner similar to sulphanilamide inhibition. The biochemical site of action of asulam in plants is discussed.     

Application timing of asulam for torpedograss (Panicum repens L.) control in sugarcane in Okinawa island

Field and glasshouse experiments were conducted from 1995 through 1996 to evaluate application timing of asulam (methyl sulfanilylcarbamate) for torpedograss (Panicum repens L.) control in relation to plant age in sugarcane. Above‐ground shoots of torpedograss were completely controlled with asulam at 2–4 kg active ingredient (a.i.) ha^?1 applied 60 or 80 days after planting (DAP) in artificially infested pots. But some newly developed rhizome buds survived after asulam application resulting in 1–25 and 76–100% or more regrowth in 60 and 80 DAP‐applied pots, respectively. Whereas the herbicide at 2–4 kg a.i. ha^?1 applied within 60 DAP completely controlled above‐ground shoots, applied 80 DAP at 2 kg a.i. ha^?1 it did not completely control the weed in the artificially infested field. Regrowth levels were 1–25 and 76–100% or more in 60 and 80 DAP‐applied plots, respectively. Asulam at 2–3 kg a.i. ha^?1 applied 20, 40, 60 or 80 DAP in a naturally infested field completely controlled above‐ground shoots and regrowth levels were 76–100 or more, 51–75, 1–25 and 26–50% in these same DAP applied plots, respectively. The herbicide applied at 4 kg a.i. ha^?1 caused chlorosis on younger sugarcane leaves (one‐leaf stage), but when applied at 2–3 kg a.i. ha^?1, no injury symptoms were shown. The herbicide at 2–4 kg a.i. ha^?1 applied within 60 DAP resulted in remarkably higher yield and shoot biomass of sugarcane than that applied 80 DAP. This study suggested that asulam at 2–3 kg a.i. ha^?1 should be applied 60 days after planting for the maximum control of torpedograss regrowth and better yield of sugarcane. This study also indicated that torpedograss cannot be completely controlled with a single application of asulam in a naturally infested field because of rhizome fragmentation by cross plowing and distribution of rhizomes into different soil layers that require different times to emerge. The shoots emerging after asulam application could not be controlled. Another study is required to determine the interval between sequential applications of asulam for better control of torpedograss in a naturally infested field.     

Studies on the mode of action of phenylthiourea,a chemotherapeutant for cucumber scab

In sap of cucumber plants treated with phenylthiourea (PTU) the concentration of this compound was too low to explain protection againstCladosporium cucumerinum by the fungitoxic action of this compound. The sap of treated plants did not contain an inhibitor of pectinase. In homogenates of PTU-treated plants polyphenol oxidase activity was completely inhibited whereas peroxidase activity was markedly higher than in those of control plants. On penetration of the fungus into the tissues of PTU-treated plants lignification around the infected areas was observed. This is ascribed to the increased peroxidase activity, whereas inhibition of polyphenol oxidase may result in an increased supply of phenolic precursors for lignification.     

江西省大叶黄杨白粉病发生规律与防治研究

大叶黄杨白粉病为江西新病害，主要危害叶片和新梢。分生孢子萌发最适温度25℃，萌发率80．23％，1％蔗糖液促进孢子萌发。糖菌以分生孢子和菌丝体在病组织越冬，成为次年初次侵染来源，发病后病部产生的分生孢子进行再次侵染。20～30℃有利于发病，5月下旬和10月下旬为发病高峰期。室内外药剂试验表明：菌必治和敌力脱防效最佳，其防治效果分别为92．5％和89．8％。     

麦田泽漆群落物种多样性及种群分布格局研究

泽漆是一种麦田恶性杂草,同时也具有重要的经济、药用价值。作者对泽漆的生长规律进行了观察,调查不同生境中泽漆群落多样性,采用方差/均值(S2/m)的检验方法分析泽漆种群空间分布型;以负二项参数(k)、格林指数(GI)、扩散型指数(Iδ)、Cassie指标(CA)、丛生指标(I)、平均拥挤度(m)与聚块性指数(m/m)判断泽漆种群聚集强度。结果表明,泽漆群落的物种多样性和种群密度相差很大,随异质性生境而变化;泽漆种群的空间分布型均为聚集分布,聚集强度也随生境的变化而不同,种子的密集散落和异质性生境是造成泽漆种群聚集分布格局的主要原因。结合麦田泽漆群落和种群特征,对泽漆的防治与利用提出建议。     

千金防除直播稻田双穗雀稗效果

水稻4叶期,双穗雀稗高度低于30 cm,施用10%千金(氰氟草酯)EC 60 m l/667m2,能控制水稻整季双穗雀稗危害。10%千金用量在160 m l/667m2以内,田间喷雾施药对直播水稻安全。     

非洲山毛豆对菜粉蝶幼虫的生长发育抑制作用

通过非洲山毛豆丙酮抽提物对菜粉蝶的生长发育抑制作用测定 ,结果表明 :用非洲山毛豆叶丙酮抽提物每头点滴100μg干植物材料 ,对5龄菜粉蝶幼虫的校正畸死率为100%;每头点滴50、20μg干植物材料时 ,对 3、4龄菜粉蝶幼虫的校正畸死率分别为86.7%和72.21%;处理菜粉蝶蛹时 ,发现预蛹期比蛹期敏感。试验还表明其对斜纹夜蛾和粘虫的生长发育没有明显抑制作用     

Inhibition of chitin synthesis by benzoyl-phenylurea insecticides,III. Similarity in action in Pieris brassicae (L.) with Polyoxin D

The increase in cuticle thickness with age of fifth instar larvae of Pieris brassicae (L.) was measured microscopically. The injection of a lethal dose of either Polyoxin D or diflubenzuron revealed total inhibition of cuticular growth and caused comparable abnormalities in the cuticles.In a further experiment [¹⁴C]glucose was injected along with Polyoxin D into Pieris brassicae and the incorporation of radioactivity into various tissue fractions was measured. This revealed that the impairment of cuticular growth was due to inhibition of chitin synthesis.With the methods used the effects of Polyoxin D and two benzoylphenylurea insecticides appeared to be the same.     

Studies on the sterile male technique as a means of control of Adoxophyes orana (Lepidoptera,Tortricidae). 5. Release trials

In release trials with sterile males ofAdoxophyes orana in an apple orchard of 1.4 ha in 1971 and in an other orchard of 1.9 ha in 1973 and 1974 a marked decrease in the population ofA. orana was observed. Release of sterile males seemed to cause the effect. Immigration of moths, usually not more than a few hundreds, did not disturb the programme but would obviously prevent eradication and control at low level. Other tortricids increased in the absence of chemical control but less competition fromA. orana might also offer some explanation. The other tortricids were responsible for up to 9% damage among apples. Consequently the sterile male method specifically against one pest does not result in an important reduction in the number of sprays and a specific control method is not always the solution to pest problems in integrated control.Samenvatting Twee loslaatproeven met steriele mannetjes ter bestrijding van de vruchtbladrollerAdoxophyes orana worden beschreven.In de eerste, uitgevoerd in 1971 bij Overberg, werden 41000, met 25 krad gamma-stralen gesteriliseerde mannetjes bij de eerste vlucht, en 56000 tijdens de tweede vlucht losgelaten. In geen van de proeven werden de mannetjes van de wijfjes gescheiden. De sexe verhouding was circa 11. Alle losgelaten motten waren gemerkt met Calco Red Oil D. Terugvangsten met vanglampen gaven een verhouding tussen losgelaten en wilde motten van 41 in de eerste vlucht en 131 in de tweede vlucht (Tabel 3). Tellingen van de aantallen larven, door het afzoeken van hele bomen, wezen op teruggang van het aantal rupsen (Tabel 4). De vangst aan wilde mannetjes in de vanglamp wijst op een duidelijke immigratie uit de omgeving (Tabel 3). Het aantal andere bladrollersoorten bleek sterk toe te nemen (Tabel 4).In de tweede proef, uitgevoerd in 1973 en 1974 bij Lienden, werden tijdens de eerste en tweede vlucht van 1973 resp. 17000 en 37000 mannetjes losgelaten en in 1974 resp. 55000 en 26000. De bestralingsdosis bedroeg 25 krad. De wijfjes werden in gelijke aantallen mee losgelaten. De motten waren gemerkt met Rotor kleurstoffen en werden teruggevangen in feromoonvallen. De terugvangverhouding bedroeg in 1973 tijdens de eerste vlucht 91 (Tabel 3). In 1974 was deze resp. 91 en 211. De larvetellingen (Tabel 4) wezen weer op sterke teruggang vanA. orana. Ook hier bleken andere soorten sterk in aantal toe te nemen (Tabel 5) zodat toch nog een vrij belangrijke bladrollerschade in de oogst ontstond.Hoewel de populatiedaling in beide proeven zeer duidelijk was, kan toch nog niet met zekerheid tot succes van de methode worden geconcludeerd omdat in de laatste jaren de betekenis vanA. orana in geïntegreerd bestreden percelen afnam. Een belangrijke moeilijkheid blijkt ook de statistische bewerking van de tellingen te zijn, daarA. orana zeer sterk pleksgewijs voorkomt. Het verdelingstype kon niet altijd worden vastgesteld maar leek soms op dat van een negatieve binomiaal met k-waarden keliner dan 1 (Tabel 6).Ook in deze proef werden aanwijzingen voor immigratie gevonden (Tabel 8). Deze is niet zo sterk dat het loslaatprogramma werd verstoord maar zou wel een uitvoerige campagne in de weg staan.Door het toenemend optreden van andere bladrollersoorten wordt het doel van de specifieke bestrijding vanA. orana verijdeld, daar toch nog chemische bestrijding noodzakelijk blijft. De specifieke bestrijdingsmethode hoeft dus niet altijd een oplossing van een plaagprobleem in de geïntegreerde bestrijding te geven.