西沙群岛4种木材的解剖学研究

报道了西沙群岛4种植物[水芫花（Pemphis acidula）、海人树（Suriana maritima）、海岸桐（Guettarda speciosa）和银毛树（Tournefortia argentea）]的木材解剖学特征,为其木材识别、系统分类及植物保育等方面研究提供依据。采用数码显微的方法,对4种植物树皮、木材宏观及微观构造进行观测。结果表明：水芫花、海人树、海岸桐树皮呈褐色,管孔分布类型为散孔材;银毛树树皮呈银白色,管孔分布类型为散孔材至半环孔材。水芫花和海人树的木材质地较重硬,髓部较小;海岸桐和银毛树的木材质地较轻软,髓部较大。4种植物木材导管分子长度均较短,不超过800 μm。水芫花、海人树和海岸桐管孔组合以径列复管孔为主,银毛树则以管孔团为主。银毛树的轴向薄壁组织最为发达,并具有小型导管。水芫花木射线同形单列为主;海人树和海岸桐的木射线为异型II型,2列至4列为主,常同一射线内出现2~3次多列部分;银毛树以同形多列为主。     

Antifungal modes of action of metalaxyl, cyprofuram, benalaxyl and oxadixyl in phenylamide-sensitive and phenylamide-resistant strains of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. medicaginis and Phytophthora infestans

The activity of the phenylamide fungicides metalaxyl, cyprofuram, benalaxyl and oxadixyl against phenylamide-sensitive and phenylamide-resistant strains of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. medicaginis and Phytophthora infestans has been compared in several tests. Metalaxyl showed the highest activity amongst the four fungicides against mycelial growth of sensitive strains on agar media. Benalaxyl and cyprofuram showed the highest activity against resistant strains. RNA synthesis of sensitive strains, measured as [³H]uridine incorporation, was inhibited by about 80% (P. megasperma) and by about 40% (P. infestans) by all phenylamides at concentrations of 1 μg/ml. At higher concentrations inhibition remained at this level, indicating that only part of the RNA synthesis was inhibited. RNA synthesis of resistant strains was completely insensitive to metalaxyl and oxadixyl at concentrations as high as 200 μg/ml. Cyprofuram, however, at concentrations above 1 μg/ml (P. megasperma) and 10 μg/ml (P. infestans) was inhibitory and at 200 μg/ml this compound almost completely inhibited the phenylamide-sensitive part of the RNA synthesis of both strains. In contrast to the other phenylamides, benalaxyl affected [³H]uridine uptake into mycelium at concentrations higher than 10 μg/ml, and at 100 μg/ml inhibition of uptake was almost total with both sensitive and resistant strains of both Phytophthora species. Inhibition of [³H]uridine uptake obviously is a feature of a second mechanism of action of benalaxyl. Endogenous RNA polymerase activity of isolated nuclei from sensitive strains of P. megasperma was inhibited at phenylamide concentrations as low as 0·1 μg/ml whereas that from resistant strains was not affected at concentrations as high as 100 μg/ml. Similarly, endogenous nuclear RNA polymerase activity of sensitive P. infestans strains appeared to be more sensitive to the phenylamides than that of resistant P. infestans strains. This suggests that resistance that developed in field strains of P. infestans has a basis similar to that of mutagen-induced resistance in laboratory strains of P. megasperma. Tests of the fungicidal activity of the phenylamides determined in a lucerne seedling assay (P. megasperma) and a detached potato leaf assay (P. infestans) clearly differentiated between sensitive and resistant strains. Resistance levels to cyprofuram and benalaxyl were as high as those to metalaxyl and oxadixyl, indicating that the additional effect of a second mechanism of action of benalaxyl and the property of cyprofuram to inhibit RNA synthesis of resistant strains at higher concentrations are of limited practical importance for counteracting phenylamide resistance.     

Efficacy of biocontrol agents in planting mixes to colonize plant roots and control root diseases of vegetables and citrus

Tomato, bell pepper, celery and citrus were propagated in planting mixes amended with formulations of commercial biocontrol agents. Root colonization by selected biocontrol agents was evaluated for pepper, tomato and citrus, and found to be generally between 76 to 100% in both greenhouse ebb and flow, and bench-produced plants. Only colonization by Glomus intraradices was low, about 8%. All biological control agents, Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis, G. intraradices, Gliocladium virens, and Streptomyces griseovirdis reduced crown rot of tomato in the field, with T. harzianum and B. subtilis being the most effective uniformly among four tests. Four biocontrols reduced Phytophthora root rot on citrus in the field, two applied as a drench to soil in pots reduced Thielaviopsis root rot on citrus, and two biocontrol agents in combination reduced celery root rot caused by Pythium and Fusarium spp., however, none improved above-ground plant growth or health of citrus and celery. Pepper crown and root rot caused by P. capsici was reduced by B. subtilis in one of two tests.     

Effects of fungicides applied at seeding on stripe rust and common bunt of wheat

Control of stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis) and common bunt (Tilletia caries and T. foetida) of wheat (Triticum aestivum), with fungicides applied on or adjacent to seed at sowing, was studied. Etaconazole pellets (2800 g a.i./ha), fenfuram liquid seed treatment (17 · 5 g a.i./ha) and imazalil granules (5000 g a.i./ha) were phytotoxic, reducing the number of heads per plot. All treatments reduced the incidence of common bunt although benomyl granules (2500 g a.i./ha), benomyl pellets (1400 g a.i./ha) and imazalil granules (5000 g a.i./ha) were not as effective as the registered smut fungicides carboxin, fenfuram, fenaminosulf and triadimefon. Triadimefon pellets (7000 g a.i./ha), PP347 pellets (1400 g a.i./ha), triadimefon granules (1500 g a.i./ha), flutriafol pellets (1400 g a.i./ha) and etaconazole pellets (2800 g a.i./ha) reduced stripe rust severity 17 weeks after sowing by 90, 89, 88, 86 and 74%, respectively.     

西番莲不同种质资源抗寒性测定

为筛选贵州抗寒性强的西番莲品种,设定5个低温处理梯度,测定不同低温胁迫下6个品种西番莲枝条膜脂特性、可溶性物质、细胞保护酶,分析其变化趋势,并通过隶属函数法综合评价各品种抗寒能力。研究结果表明,所有品种枝条相对电导率均随处理温度降低而增加,‘蓝香西番莲'（Passiflora incarnata）、‘玛格丽特西番莲'（Passiflora ‘Lady Margaret'）、‘贵寒1号'（Passiflora edulis）半致死温度较其他低,各品种MDA变化趋势差异较大,总体上-20℃下MDA含量高于5℃处理,‘玛格丽特西番莲'‘贵寒1号'‘台农1号'‘巨无霸黄金果'枝条可溶性糖随处理温度降低呈下降趋势,各西番莲品种枝条可溶性蛋白质含量随处理温度降低呈先增加后减少趋势,除‘巨无霸黄金果'外,其他品种枝条CAT酶活性均随处理温度下降呈先上升后下降趋势,枝条POD酶活性随处理温度下降呈先上升后下降趋势,各品种枝条SOD酶活性随温度变化趋势差异较大。根据隶属函数法判定6个西番莲品种均为Ⅱ级,中抗寒性品种,得出各品种抗寒性强弱顺序为：‘贵寒1号'>‘蓝香西番莲'>‘玛格丽特西番莲'>‘台农1号'>‘紫花西番莲'（Passiflora amethystina）>‘巨无霸黄金果'。     

浙北稻麦连作区稻田糠稷发生对水稻生长的影响及对除草剂敏感性研究

调研了浙北稻麦连作区稻田糠稷发生及分布状况,并考察了糠稷种子萌发特性和对水稻生长的影响及植株对不同除草剂的敏感性,旨在为有效防治糠稷提供参考.结果 表明,糠稷在浙北稻麦连作区直播田发生的相对优势度在0～2.8％、机插田发生的相对优势度在0～3.6％;糠稷种子在光照条件下才能萌发,光照36℃(12 h)/黑暗28℃(12...     

Growth, gas exchange, water relations, and ion composition of Phaseolus species grown under saline conditions

We examined the effects of salinity on four wild (Phaseolus angustissimus, Phaseolus filiformis, P. microcarpus, and P. vulgaris) and two cultivated (P. acutifolius and P. vulgaris L.) Phaseolus species. Relative growth rate (RGR, g g⁻¹ per day), unit leaf rate (ULR, g m⁻² per day), leaf area ratio (LAR, m² g⁻¹), specific leaf area (SLA, m² g⁻¹), leaf weight ratio (LWR, g leaf g⁻¹), and rate of ion uptake were calculated for the period between 10 and 20 days after planting. Salinity significantly reduced RGR, ULR, LAR, and SLA whereas LWR showed no definite trend. In all species, except in P. filiformis, ULR, but not LAR, was significantly correlated with RGR, indicating that ULR was an important factor underlying the salinity-induced differences in RGR among species. In P. filiformis, high salinity reduced SLA, and consequently LAR. The significant correlation of SLA and LAR with RGR suggested that growth components affecting leaf area expansion were the primary factors explaining the inhibition of growth in this species. Increasing salinity progressively decreased leaf water vapor conductance. The rate of CO₂ assimilation decreased gradually with salinity, showing significant reductions only at the highest salt level (80 mM NaCl). Approximately two-thirds of the reduction in CO₂ assimilation rate at high salinity was attributable to reduced stomatal conductance. In P. filiformis, however, neither stomatal conductance nor CO₂ assimilation were affected by salt stress. Leaf water and osmotic potentials declined significantly as stress intensified. However, osmotic adjustment permitted the maintenance of positive turgor throughout the growth period. Salinity had a significant effect on tissue concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Cl⁻ and on the uptake rate of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Cl⁻. Thus, in addition to the toxic effects of high concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in plant tissue, saline-induced changes in mineral nutrient uptake likely contributed to the reduction of plant growth. It appears that salt tolerance in P. filiformis is associated with Na⁺ exclusion and organ Na⁺ compartmentation in roots and stems as well as sustained K⁺ concentration in leaves and better stomatal control through osmotic adjustment. All other Phaseolus species are Na⁺ excluders, and maintained turgor-driven extension growth by accumulating Cl⁻ (osmotic adjustment), but subsequent weight gain reductions suggest that this led to ion toxicity.     

采后褪黑素处理对余甘子果实品质和耐贮性的影响

余甘子（Phyllanthus emblica L.）是联合国卫生组织指定的全世界推广种植的3种保健植物之一,在中国也被列为药食两用的水果,具有营养丰富,保健价值突出的特点。然而采后余甘子果实易发生失水皱缩、腐烂变质等问题,极大地影响了其商品价值。褪黑素（melatonin）是一种小分子吲哚胺类物质,在动植物体内广泛存在,其在植物中可有效清除自由基,在植物的抗逆抗病中也具有重要的调控作用。采用适宜浓度的褪黑素处理果蔬可以起到较好的保鲜作用,有效延缓果蔬腐败变质,提高采后耐贮性。为提高余甘子果实采收后的耐贮性,以‘蓝丰’余甘子果实为试材,探究采后褪黑素处理对于常温下贮藏的余甘子果实品质和耐贮性的影响。将挑选出的无机械损伤及病虫害,大小和色泽相近的余甘子果实,随机平均分为2组,处理组余甘子用0.3 mmol/L褪黑素溶液浸泡处理20 min,空白对照组则用去离子水浸泡20 min,取出晾干1 h后用聚乙烯薄膜袋包装,而后置于温度为(25±1)℃、在相对湿度85%~90%的恒温箱中贮藏,每3 d取样测定果实的商品率、感病指数、呼吸强度等品质和耐贮性相关指标。试验结果表明,采后褪黑素处理使余甘子果实在贮藏末期的商品率提高22%,显著降低了余甘子果实的感病指数、呼吸速率和失重率;且经褪黑素处理的余甘子果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸度和维生素C的含量均高于对照组,余甘子表皮颜色和果肉质地的劣化也比对照缓慢。褪黑素处理有利于延缓采后余甘子病害的发生和提高果实品质及耐贮性。本研究为褪黑素在余甘子果实采后贮藏保鲜应用提供理论依据,丰富了褪黑素应用于果蔬保鲜的理论基础。     

5种赤眼蜂对红脉穗螟卵的寄生力比较

红脉穗螟[Tirathaba rufivena (Walker)]是槟榔的重要害虫,为筛选有效防治红脉穗螟的优势赤眼蜂蜂种,研究比较了稻螟赤眼蜂、食胚赤眼蜂、松毛虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂对红脉穗螟的寄生力。结果表明,在一定的寄主卵密度范围内,稻螟赤眼蜂、松毛虫赤眼蜂和食胚赤眼蜂对红脉穗螟卵的寄生数量随着红脉穗螟卵密度的增加而逐渐增加,其中,稻螟赤眼蜂、松毛虫赤眼蜂和食胚赤眼蜂在红脉穗螟的卵密度分别为35、30和25粒/管,寄生卵数量和寄生率均为最大,寄生卵数量分别为16.2、8.8和10.6粒,寄生率分别为46.3%、29.3%和42.4%。在赤眼蜂羽化后的12 h内,在0~72 h提供充足卵的情况下,食胚赤眼蜂、稻螟赤眼蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂主要在0~24 h寄生红脉穗螟的卵,分别占总寄生量84.8%、48.6%和60.7%,其子代蜂总数分别为48.5、50.8和53.8头,子代雌蜂比例分别为68.2%、74.4%和55.1%。结果表明稻螟赤眼蜂对红脉穗螟卵具有较强的寄生能力,松毛虫赤眼蜂和食胚赤眼蜂作为红脉穗螟卵补充优势赤眼蜂,这3种赤眼蜂可共同防治红脉穗螟。     

香榧仁油的营养特性研究进展

香榧仁油富含不饱和脂肪酸和生育酚、角鲨烯、β-谷甾醇等多种活性物质，并具有抗氧化、降血脂、抗动脉粥样硬化、抗寄生虫等多种生物活性，是一种具有较高营养价值的木本食用油。本文从香榧仁油的营养组成、理化性质和生物活性等方面，对近年来国内外有关香榧仁油的研究报道进行了全面综述，旨在为香榧仁油的进一步研究开发与综合利用提供理论参考，并对未来的研究重点进行展望。     

三七素提取工艺及检测方法的优化

本研究以三七（Panax notoginseng）植株及其产品和近缘种为研究对象,采用L₉(3 ⁴)正交试验对三七素的提取工艺进行了优化,然后利用HPLC法检测三七素含量,并对各样品中的三七素含量进行了比较分析。结果表明：优化后的三七素提取条件为超纯水、料液比1∶20（g/mL）,提取1次（10 min）;三七素在三七花蕾中的含量最高,其次是根状茎和主根,但是三七茎叶中也有较高含量的三七素,说明三七花蕾和茎叶均可作为三七素的提取原料;在三七产品中三七花的三七素含量最高,达到3.33%,其次是剪口（根状茎）、筋条（侧根）和须根;但三七素的含量与三七个头大小（头数）并无明显的相关性;在三七近缘种姜状三七（P. zingiberensis）和野三七（P. vienamensis var. fuscidiscus）主根、珠子参（P. japonicus var. major）根状茎中的三七素含量显著低于三七主根三七素含量,也显著低于三七其他部位的三七素含量,说明三七是最佳的三七素来源植物。三七素的含量主要受到物种和部位的影响,与产品规格无关。本文所建立的三七素提取方法和HPLC检测方法,能够快速简便、稳定可靠测定样品中三七素含量;并可为三七素相关标准的建立奠定基础,为三七的综合利用开发提供依据。     

秀珍菇菌渣在霍山石斛栽培基质上的应用效果分析

基质的理化性质是影响石斛生长的主要因素之一,本研究旨在探究不同比例腐熟及新鲜秀珍菇菌渣替代市售基质（松树皮）作为栽培基质对霍山石斛生长的影响,分析菌渣理化性质与霍山石斛生长的内在关系,探究菌渣废弃物替代树皮进行栽培的可行性。将腐熟菌渣按体积替代0、25%、50%、75%的松树皮,新鲜菌渣按体积比替代0、25%、50%、75%、100%配制基质栽培石斛,测定基质的理化性质及石斛的各项生长指标,通过冗余分析确定基质理化性质与石斛生长的相关关系及主要影响因素。结果表明：（1）腐熟菌渣及新鲜菌渣均具有较好的透气性,利于石斛生长;（2）菌渣腐熟后pH及电导率升高,严重影响石斛的成活率,而新鲜菌渣的总孔隙度、持水孔隙度是影响存活率及根长根数的主要因子;（3）将50%腐熟菌渣,25%新鲜菌渣替代树皮栽培石斛,其叶片数、株高、根系发育、成活率等生长指标不受影响,当菌渣添加量超过50%时,基质的较高的pH、电导率、持水孔隙度、总孔隙度,均不利于石斛的生长。因此,菌渣可以部分替代树皮栽培石斛,但添加量不宜超过50%,为充分利用菌渣作为石斛栽培基质要全面考虑pH和电导率等理化性质从而调整添加比例。     

Silage and milk production: studies with molasses and formic acid as additives for grass silage

In two separate feeding experiments using a total of twenty-four individually housed Ayrshire cows six silages made from perennial ryegrass were offered ad libitum with supplements of concentrates. In Experiment I herbage with a dry matter (DM) concentration of 225 g kg⁻¹ received either formic acid ('Add-F') at the rate of 2·0 litres t⁻¹ or undiluted cane molasses at rates of 10, 20 and 30 litres t^−l; the mean daily silage intakes were 9·54, 908, 9·27 and 9·49 kg DM per cow and the daily milk yields, corrected to 40 g fat kg⁻¹, were 23·2, 22·3, 22·8 and 22·9 kg per cow respectively but none of the differences between the four treatments was significant. In Experiment 2 herbage with a DM concentration of 269 g kg⁻¹ received formic acid at a uniform rate of 2·6 litres t⁻¹ either with or without an additional application of molasses at 20 litres t⁻¹; the mean daily silage DM intakes were 8·70 and 9·28 kg per cow and the daily fat-corrected milk yields were 22·2 and 21·9 kg per cow respectively and were not significantly different. In both experiments the effects of the treatments on milk composition were small and not significant. It is concluded that there were no advantages in applying molasses to herbage treated with formic acid, and that the rate of application of molasses to untreated herbage which equated with the formic acid application was 20·30 litres t^−l when assessed on the basis of silage composition, intake and milk production.     

16种含马兜铃内酰胺衍生物类中药甲醇提取物对家蝇和埃及伊蚊活性筛选

寻找和开发安全有效的植物性杀虫剂,以丰富植物源农药的来源,填补化学农药禁限用留下的空白。甲醇冷浸提取法制备辽细辛、石楠藤、金狮藤等16种中草药的提取物,采用无限量取食法,测定了对家蝇成虫的活性,采用幼虫浸液法,测定了对埃及伊蚊四龄幼虫的活性。结果表明:在10mg/mL浓度下,处理家蝇48h后,辽细辛、石楠藤、金狮藤、单叶细辛校正死亡率分别为100%、100%、100%和98.33%,LC₅₀值分别为0.1483、0.1544、3.5277和2.4292mg/mL,三叶鱼藤LC₅₀值为0.9080 mg/mL;在0.5 mg/mL浓度下处理埃及伊蚊四龄幼虫48 h,辽细辛、石楠藤、金狮藤、单叶细辛、厚朴校正死亡率分别为100%、100%、100%、100%和100%,LC₅₀值分别为0.0046、0.0094、0.0570、0.0658和0.0504 mg/mL,三叶鱼藤为0.1194 mg/mL。辽细辛、石楠藤、单叶细辛、金狮藤对两种试虫均表现出优良的杀虫活性,均优于或接近三叶鱼藤活性。     

扁核木属植物叶绿体基因组特征分析

扁核木属（Prinsepia）植物在中国分布有4个种,均具有极高的食用和药用价值。为解析扁核木属植物的叶绿体基因组特征,基于现已发表的扁核木属植物叶绿体基因组,利用相关生物信息学手段进行其叶绿体基因结构、SSR、密码子偏好性和序列变异情况分析,并构建系统发育树。结果表明,2种扁核木属植物叶绿体基因组大小介于159 179~ 168 206 bp之间,平均GC含量为37.3%,从编码基因数目来看,仅相差2个tRNA,而蛋白编码基因和rRNA数目均一致,种间具有较高的保守性;在扁核木和蕤核叶绿体全基因组序列中各检测出分散重复49个,其中以正向重复和回文重复为主,占比达73%~82%,而串联重复数目分别为49个和58个,经简单重复序列SSR分析,分别在2种植物叶绿体基因组序列中分别筛选出100个和84个SSR位点,且多是以A/T碱基为主的单核苷酸重复类型;扁核木属植物叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性分析发现GC3的碱基含量显著低于GC1和GC2,说明密码子偏好以A、U结尾,ENC取值均大于48%,表明其密码子偏性较弱,中性绘图和PR2-plot分析发现自然选择是影响扁核木属植物密码子使用偏好性的主要原因,通过建立高、低基因表达库,以RSCU值为参考,确定了6个扁核木属最优密码子。经叶绿体基因组序列变异分析,根据核苷酸多态性指数Pi>0.015筛选出trnH-GUG-psbA,psbZ-trnG-UCC-trnfM-CAU-rps14和psaJ-rpl33-rps18等3个高变区,以蕤核叶绿体基因组为参考,在扁核木叶绿体基因组编码区发现存在大量的插入、缺失和SNP突变位点,并在蕤核叶绿体基因组中发现了多个该物种的特有基因。基于叶绿体基因组的trnS-trnG间隔区构建的系统发育树显示,4种扁核木属植物可分为南系（扁核木、台湾扁核木）和北系（蕤核、东北扁核木）两类。研究结果可为扁核木属植物的系统发育、分类鉴定及其资源的开发利用等相关研究提供理论基础。     

17种报春苣苔属植物的组培苗移栽季节研究

探讨不同季节对报春苣苔属植物组培苗移栽成活的影响,为其今后组培苗工厂化、规模化生产提供技术支持。以17种报春苣台属植物的组培生根苗为材料,研究季节对移栽成活的影响,分析不同物种间在同一季节的移栽成活差异以及同一物种在4个不同季节的移栽成活差异。大部分种类在春季移栽具有较高的成活率;成活率最高与最低的种类为三苞报春苣苔和粗茎报春苣苔,成活率分别为100.0%、51.3%;适宜春季移栽的种类是：贵港报春苣苔、硬叶报春苣苔、永福报春苣苔、紫花报春苣苔、三苞报春苣苔、阳朔小花苣苔、褐纹报春苣苔、柳江报春苣苔、尖萼报春苣苔、大根报春苣苔。17个种类在夏季移栽具有较低的成活率;成活率最高与最低的种类为大根报春苣苔和漓江报春苣苔,成活率分别为68.7%、15.3%。在17个种类中,超过一半的种类在秋季、冬季移栽具有较高的成活率。秋季移栽成活率最高为桂海报春苣苔、那坡报春苣苔,均为100.0%,成活率最低为褐纹报春苣苔,为20.0%;适宜秋季移栽的种类是：桂海报春苣苔、粗茎报春苣苔、那坡报春苣苔。冬季移栽以冬花报春苣苔的成活率最高,为100.0%,永福报春苣苔的成活率最低,为32.7%;适宜冬季移栽的种类是：桂中报春苣苔、紫萼报春苣苔、冬花报春苣苔、漓江报春苣苔。17个种类的移栽季节以春季的最好,夏季最差,秋季和冬季介于春季和夏季之间。不同季节不同种类移栽成活率不同,不同种类其适宜移栽的季节不同,应根据季节移栽合适的种类以保证其获得较高的成活率。     

大豆根腐病腐霉病原鉴定

大豆根腐病是一种严重危害大豆生产的世界性土传病害。大豆根腐病病原复杂，病原鉴定是防治大豆根腐病的前提和基础。2019-2020年从山东省采集大豆根腐病标样432份，采用常规组织分离法对大豆水渍状的根系进行病原菌的分离和纯化，得到了279株菌株，其中52株菌株为腐霉菌（Pythium）。对这52株菌株通过形态学特征和ITS、CoxII和β-tubulin序列分析等分子生物学手段鉴定出3种腐霉菌，分别为瓜果腐霉Pythium aphanidermatum、终极腐霉Pythium ultimum和林栖腐霉Pythium sylvaticum。这3种腐霉菌的分离频率分别为：瓜果腐霉P. aphanidermatum占50%，终极腐霉P. ultimum占34.62%，林栖腐霉P. sylvaticum占15.38%，其中瓜果腐霉P. aphanidermatum为优势菌株。对这3种腐霉菌进行了致病性测定,发现3种腐霉菌均可侵染大豆，重复出大豆根腐病的症状。林栖腐霉P. sylvaticum作为大豆成株期根腐病的致病菌在国内是首次报道。研究结果为大豆根腐病的抗病育种及其防治提供了科学依据。     

Glasshouse and field evaluation of fungicides for the control of Septoria apiicola on celery

Propiconazole was more effective than either triadimenol or hexaconazole when applied after infection, for the control of Septoria apiicola on celery seedlings. In three out of four glasshouse experiments, 25 mg propiconazole I⁻¹ controlled S. apiicola completely when applied within 3 days after inoculation. Propiconazole and triadimenol at 5–15 mg l⁻¹ were also effective when applied 2 days after inoculation. Soil applications of a granular formulation of triadimenol (up to 20 mg per plant) controlled S. apiicola for 5 weeks on celery seedlings grown in pots and, in the field, granules at 100 mg per plant applied at planting were effective for 6 weeks. In two other field experiments the most effective treatments were foliar sprays of 25 mg propiconazole l⁻¹ applied every 7–10 days with or without the addition of anilazine or chlorothalonil.     

3种喷雾助剂对螺虫乙酯和联苯菊酯防治金钗石斛菲盾蚧的增效作用

为探索添加喷雾助剂对螺虫乙酯和联苯菊酯防治石斛菲盾蚧的增效作用及机理,研究了3种喷雾助剂快速渗透剂T、有机硅助剂DA101和植物油类助剂HZS对药液物理性状的影响和添加助剂前后药剂的室内毒力和田间防效。结果表明：3种助剂均可降低22.4%螺虫乙酯悬浮剂和100 g/L联苯菊酯乳油药液的表面张力和叶面接触角,并增加了药液在金钗石斛叶片的最大持留量;添加3种喷雾助剂均提升了螺虫乙酯和联苯菊酯对石斛菲盾蚧若虫的室内毒力,其中快速渗透剂T对螺虫乙酯、植物油类助剂HZS对联苯菊酯的增效作用最强,增效比分别达34.4%和24.3%;田间防效表明添加快速渗透剂T对螺虫乙酯、添加植物油类助剂HZS对联苯菊酯防治石斛菲盾蚧均有较好的增效作用,快速渗透剂T对螺虫乙酯的防效提高了8.2%~22.8%,植物油类助剂HZS对联苯菊酯的防效提高了10.6%~27.5%。综上,添加喷雾助剂对药剂防治石斛菲盾蚧具有明显的增效作用,生产实践中适宜推广应用。     

海南岛东北部5种森林土壤有机碳分布特征

为揭示海南岛东北部森林土壤有机碳分布特征,本文对该区湿加松林（Pinus elliottii×P. caribaea）、木麻黄林（Casuarina equisetifolia）、椰树林（Cocos nucifera）、次生林和混交林等5种典型森林土壤有机碳含量和储量进行了比较研究。结果表明,5种森林0~100 cm土壤有机碳平均含量差异显著（P<0.05）,其中次生林最高,为3.78 g/kg,木麻黄林最低,仅有0.90 g/kg;5种森林0~100 cm土壤有机碳储量分别为次生林46.06 t/hm ²、混交林40.52 t/hm ²、湿加松林39.08 t/hm ²、椰树林31.26 t/hm ²和木麻黄林15.22 t/hm ²。浅海沉积土上的次生林、滨海沙土上的混交林均具有相对较高的土壤有机碳储量,分别显著地高于同一母质上的椰树林和木麻黄林（P<0.05）。综上,该区不同类型森林的建立深刻地影响了土壤有机碳库储量,次生林和混交林的建立可能有助于该区增加土壤固碳。