25-羟胆钙化醇与维生素D_3对北京鸭生产性能和骨骼发育的影响

试验选用2 160羽1日龄北京鸭,按4×3两因素设计随机分成12个处理,每处理6个重复;分别饲喂不同水平的25-羟胆钙化醇(25-OH-D3)(0、35、70、105μg/kg)与维生素D3(2 500、3 000、3 500 IU/kg)的日粮,探讨25-OH-D3在肉鸭日粮中的使用效果。结果表明:不同水平25-OH-D3对北京鸭生产性能没有显著影响;添加105μg/kg较35、70μg/kg显著降低45日龄北京鸭胸肌率(P<0.05);70、105μg/kg 25-OH-D3较35μg/kg显著提高了胫骨磷含量(P<0.05)。添加3 500、3 000 IU/kg维生素D3较2 500 IU/kg显著提高15～35日龄北京鸭日增重(P<0.05);添加3 500 IU/kg维生素D3较3 000、2 500 IU/kg显著提高14、45日龄胫骨钙含量(P<0.05)。25-OH-D3和维生素D3对14日龄胫骨中钙、磷含量和45日龄胫骨磷含量分别存在极显著(P<0.01)和显著(P<0.05)地交互作用。综合本试验可得出,北京鸭日粮中添加3 000 IU/kg维生素D3和70μg/kg 25-OH-D3效果最佳。     

肉仔鸡对25-羟基维生素D_3的需要量

本试验旨在研究1~21日龄和1~42日龄罗斯308肉仔鸡对饲粮25-羟基维生素D_3(25-OH-D_3)的适宜需要量。选取500只1日龄罗斯308肉仔鸡公雏,随机分成10个组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只鸡。10组肉仔鸡分别饲喂25-OH-D_3水平为50、100、200、400、600、800、1 600、2 400、3 200和4 000 IU/kg的饲粮。试验期42 d。结果表明:1)饲粮25-OH-D_3水平由50 IU/kg提高到600 IU/kg时,1~21日龄和1~42日龄肉仔鸡的体重、平均日增重和平均日采食量显著提高(P0.05),料重比和死亡率显著降低(P0.05);进一步提高饲粮25-OH-D_3水平到4 000 IU/kg对生长性能指标无显著影响(P0.05)。2)饲粮25-OH-D_3水平由50 IU/kg提高到600 IU/kg时,21日龄和42日龄肉仔鸡的骨骼(股骨、胫骨和跖骨)强度、重量、长度、灰分重量以及灰分、钙和磷含量显著提高(P0.05);进一步提高饲粮25-OH-D_3水平到4 000 IU/kg对骨骼参数无显著影响(P0.05)。3)饲粮25-OH-D_3水平由50 IU/kg提高到600 IU/kg时,21日龄和42日龄肉仔鸡的血浆钙含量显著提高(P0.05);进一步提高饲粮25-OH-D_3水平到4 000 IU/kg对血浆钙含量无显著影响(P0.05)。饲粮25-OH-D_3水平对肉仔鸡的血浆无机磷含量无显著影响(P0.05)。4)饲粮25-OH-D_3水平由50 IU/kg提高到800 IU/kg时,11~14日龄和31~34日龄肉仔鸡的钙和总磷沉积率显著提高(P0.05);进一步提高饲粮25-OH-D_3水平到4 000 IU/kg对钙和总磷沉积率无显著影响(P0.05)。综合本试验结果,以生长性能指标和骨骼参数为评价指标,采用折线回归模型分析得出,1~21日龄肉仔鸡饲粮25-OH-D_3的需要量为476 IU/kg,1~42日龄肉仔鸡饲粮25-OH-D_3的需要量为448 IU/kg。     

Seasonal vitamin D status of Greyhounds in Sydney

OBJECTIVES: To survey the vitamin D status of a population of Greyhounds in New South Wales, and to establish a reference range for plasma 25(OH)D. To investigate whether any seasonal fluctuation in vitamin D status is detectable in these animals. DESIGN: Vitamin D status was assessed in Greyhounds and crossbred dogs presented to the University of Sydney for teaching purposes over a 24 month period. PROCEDURES: Plasma 25(OH)D concentration was measured as an estimate of vitamin D status. Physical examination and plasma calcium concentration were used to verify the health of the animals, particularly with respect to metabolic bone disease. RESULTS: A plasma 25(OH)D concentration range of 10 to 76 nmol/L was found in healthy adult Greyhounds. There was no sex- or season-dependent variation in vitamin D status in Greyhounds. Concentrations in crossbred dogs did not differ significantly from those in Greyhounds. CONCLUSION: The reference range for plasma 25(OH)D concentration in Greyhound dogs is similar to that previously reported for humans. It would seem that healthy dogs in the Sydney region do not exhibit a seasonal fluctuation in their vitamin D status.     

Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Captive Chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger)

Vitamin D is an important hormone in vertebrates, and most animals acquire this hormone through their diet and/or exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. To date, no study has determined how chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger) acquire vitamin D. The objective of this study was to determine whether exposure to UVB radiation had an effect on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in captive chinchillas. Overall, 10 juvenile chinchillas were used for this scientific investigation. Baseline blood samples were collected from the animals while under isoflurane anesthesia to determine their serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. The chinchillas were then randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups: Group A, 12 hours of UVB exposure per day and Group B, no UVB exposure. At the end of the study (Day 16), a second blood sample was collected from each animal while again under isoflurane anesthesia to measure serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Mean ± standard deviation serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations differed significantly (P = 0.048) between juvenile chinchillas provided supplemental UVB radiation (189.0 ± 102.7 nmol/L) and those not provided supplemental UVB radiation (87.8 ± 34.4 nmol/L). This study found that exposing juvenile chinchillas to UVB radiation significantly increased their circulating serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Because vitamin D is an essential hormone in vertebrates, these findings suggest that the provision of UVB radiation to captive chinchillas may be important. Further research to elucidate the importance of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and UVB radiation in captive chinchillas is required.     

饲粮维生素D添加形式对公猪繁殖性能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮维生素D添加形式对种用公猪繁殖性能的影响。选取16头18月龄的约克公猪,随机分成2组,2组饲粮中分别含有50μg/kg维生素D3(VD3)和25-羟基维生素D3(25-OHD_3),每组8个重复,每个重复1头猪。试验期16周。结果表明,与VD3组相比:1~16周,25-OHD_3组公猪精子活力和每次射精的有效精子数显著提高(P0.05),而精子畸形率显著降低(P0.05);第112天,25-OHD_3组血浆钙离子(Ca2+)和雌二醇含量及芳香化酶活性显著提高(P0.05),精清25-OHD_3、Ca2+、果糖含量和酸性磷酸酶的活性显著提高(P0.05);25-OHD_3组芳香化酶、维生素D 25-羟化酶、维生素D 24-羟化酶和维生素D受体基因的表达量显著升高(P0.05)。综上所述,与同等水平VD3相比,种公猪饲粮中添加25-OHD_3能更有效增加血浆维生素D含量,从而改善精子的形态和运动能力,提高公猪的繁殖性能。     

Serum Fructosamine Concentrations in Dogs with Hypothyroidism

Serum fructosamine concentrations were measured in 11 untreated hypothyroid dogs with normal serum glucose and serum protein concentrations. The fructosamine level ranged between 276 and 441 mol/L (median 376 mol/L; reference range 207–340 mol/L). Nine of the 11 dogs had fructosamine levels above the reference range. The fructosamine levels decreased significantly during treatment with levothyroxine. It is suggested that serum fructosamine concentrations may be high in hypothyroid dogs because of decelerated protein turnover, independent of the blood glucose concentration.     

1~14日龄北京鸭维生素D3和25-羟维生素D3需要量的研究

试验采用单因子完全随机试验设计,研究了不同的维生素D3水平(0、400、800、1200、1600、2000、3000 IU/kg)及25-羟维生素D3(25-OH-D3)水平(0、10、20、30、40、50、75μg/kg)对1~14日龄北京鸭生产性能的影响,进而探讨1~14日龄北京鸭维生素D3及25-OH-D3需要量.选取1040只体重基本一致、健康的1日龄雄性北京鸭,随机分为13个处理,每处理8个重复,每重复10只鸭.结果表明,维生素D形式对1~14日龄北京鸭平均日增重、日采食量、料重比和死亡率均无显著影响(P>0.05),维生素D水平对1~14日龄北京鸭平均日增重、日采食量、料重比均有显著的影响(P<0.05),但维生素D缺乏组试验鸭无明显缺乏症.以平均日增重为评价指标,依据二次曲线模型和折线模型估测1~14日龄北京鸭维生素D3和25-OH-D3的需要量分别为1849.8 IU/kg(P=0.0206)和38.1μg/kg(P=0.0294).     

饲粮添加25-羟基维生素D3对轮状病毒攻毒和未攻毒断奶仔猪血清和肠内容物抗体和细胞因子水平的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加25-羟基维生素D3(25-OH-D3)对轮状病毒攻毒和未攻毒断奶仔猪血清和肠内容物抗体和细胞因子水平的影响.选取48头28日龄断奶的平均体重为(7.35±0.75)kg的杜长大三元杂交仔猪,按体重随机分配到4个组,每组12个重复,每个重复1头猪,试验期21 d.C-、C+分别为未攻毒和攻毒对照...     

Tolerance evaluation of overdosed dietary levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 in growing piglets

Forty‐eight, cross‐bred (GL × LW × P) piglets were used in a 42‐day tolerance trial to assess the effects of feeding diets supplemented with vitamin D or increasing levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25‐OH‐D₃). Six‐week‐old piglets (24 castrate males, 24 females) were used. Two replicate groups of 6 piglets were randomized by weight and allocated to four dietary treatments. The control group (T1) was supplemented with 50 μg vitamin D₃/kg feed. The experimental groups received 25‐OH‐D₃ at the recommended dose (T2: 50 μg/kg = 1x), at 250 μg/kg (T3: 5x) or at 500 μg/kg (T4: 10x) respectively. Feed intake and daily weight gain were measured weekly, and the animals were examined by a veterinarian daily. After 42 days, body mass, blood, urine, bone and tissue samples were analysed and a pathology examination conducted. Dietary treatments had no significant effect on final body mass or daily weight gain. The 25‐OH‐D₃ plasma concentration in T1 was 17 ± 3 ng/ml (mean ± SD) while the respective values of the experimental groups were significantly increased in T2, T3 and T4. Tissue concentrations of 25‐OH‐D₃ were higher in liver and muscle for T3 and T4 and in skin for T4 than in T1. However, neither gross pathology nor histology, nor blood and urine characteristics, nor bone parameters were affected by dietary treatments. Weight of organs as well as dry matter, ash and calcium content of kidneys remained unaffected by dietary 25‐OH‐D₃ intake. Furthermore, no changes were observed for general indicators of health. The results of this study demonstrated that feeding piglets with 25‐OH‐D₃ at 5 or 10 times the recommended level had no adverse effects on any of the biological parameters measured. It was concluded that 25‐OH‐D₃ can be regarded as a supplement with a very high safety margin when used at the recommended level.     

Association of Vitamin D Status and Clinical Outcome in Dogs with a Chronic Enteropathy

Background

Dogs with a chronic enteropathy (CE) have a lower vitamin D status, than do healthy dogs. Vitamin D status has been associated with a negative clinical outcome in humans with inflammatory bowel disease.

Objectives

To examine the relationship between serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations at diagnosis and clinical outcome in dogs with a CE.

Animals

Forty‐one dogs diagnosed with CE admitted to the Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, Hospital for Small Animals between 2007 and 2013.

Methods

Retrospective review. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were compared between dogs which were alive at follow up or had died because of non‐CE‐related reasons (survivors) and dogs which died or were euthanized due to their CE (non‐survivors). A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine significant predictors of death in dogs with CE.

Results

Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D at the time a CE was diagnosed were significantly lower in nonsurvivors (n = 15) (median nonsurvivors 4.36 ng/mL, interquartile range 1.6–17.0 ng/mL), median survivors (n = 26) (24.9 ng/mL interquartile range 15.63–39.45 ng/mL, P < .001). Serum 25(OH)D concentration was a significant predictor of death in dogs with CE (odds ratio 1.08 [95% CI 1.02–1.18)]).

Conclusions

Serum 25(OH)D concentrations at diagnosis are predictive of outcome in dogs with CE. The role of vitamin D in the initiation and outcome of chronic enteropathies in dogs is deserving of further study.     

Vitamin D metabolism in dogs and cats and its relation to diseases not associated with bone metabolism

Due to the presence of receptors in the cells of numerous body tissues, vitamin D is associated with several physiological functions that go beyond calcium and phosphorus homoeostasis and control of bone metabolism in the body. In humans, several studies have associated lower vitamin D concentrations with numerous diseases, such as cancer, heart disease, autoimmune diseases and infectious diseases, and also with an increase in the total mortality rate of the population. Recently, this nutrient started to gain importance in veterinary medicine, and several articles have shown a correlation between low vitamin D status and diseases unrelated to bone metabolism. The present review aims to highlight the recent publications that investigated this relationship, bringing the evidence that exists so far in dogs and cats.     

Vitamin D Status in Different Stages of Disease Severity in Dogs with Chronic Valvular Heart Disease

Background

In humans with heart disease, vitamin D deficiency is associated with disease progression and a poor prognosis. A recent study showed that serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration, the hallmark of vitamin D status, was lower in dogs with heart failure than in normal dogs, and a low concentration was associated with poor outcome in dogs with heart failure.

Objectives

To elucidate the vitamin D status of dogs with chronic valvular heart disease (CVHD) at different stages of disease severity.

Animals

Forty‐three client‐owned dogs with CVHD.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, dogs were divided into 3 groups (14 dogs in Stage B1, 17 dogs in Stage B2, and 12 dogs in Stage C/D) according to ACVIM guidelines. Dogs underwent clinical examination including echocardiography. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were measured in each dog.

Results

Serum 25(OH)D concentration was significantly lower in Stage B2 (median, 33.2 nmol/L; range, 4.9–171.7 nmol/L) and C/D (13.1 nmol/L; 4.9–58.1 nmol/L) than in Stage B1 (52.5 nmol/L; 33.5–178.0 nmol/L) and was not significantly different between Stage B2 and Stage C/D. Among clinical variables, there were significant negative correlations between 25(OH)D concentration and both left atrial‐to‐aortic root ratio and left ventricular end‐diastolic diameter normalized for body weight.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

These results indicate that vitamin D status is associated with the degree of cardiac remodeling, and the serum 25(OH)D concentration begins to decrease before the onset of heart failure in dogs with CVHD.