朝阳地区2013年春季极端天气气候特征及对农业的影响分析

为了加强适应气候变化特别是应对极端气候事件能力建设、降低灾害风险,利用朝阳地区7个观测站的降水和气温历史资料,通过气候统计和95(5)百分位等方法,分析了朝阳地区春季天气气候变化规律。结果表明,2013年4—5月朝阳地区气候出现异常变化,发生了温度极端冷气候事件和降水极端偏少事件,对朝阳地区的种植业、畜牧业等产生了较大的负面影响。     

山东省1961～2008年极端气温和降水事件变化

利用山东78个气象台站1961～2008年逐日平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温及降水量资料,分析极端气温和降水事件变化。结果表明,尽管平均全省极端低温日减少0.23 d/a,但是鲁中山区和半岛内陆地区每年春季气温稳定通过10℃后,仍可出现1～2 d晚霜冻现象,小麦、果树等每年仍面临冻害风险。尽管全省平均极端高温日增加0.19 d/a,但因夏季日最高气温的平均值、标准差减小,2000年以来山东西部地区多年平均日最高气温大于35℃的日数,与常年相比减少1～3 d。近50年极端降水变化趋势不显著,小雨日数有明显减少趋势,平均减少0.17 d/a,大暴雨的降水频数有增加趋势。     

Atmospheric warming and the amplification of precipitation extremes

Climate models suggest that extreme precipitation events will become more common in an anthropogenically warmed climate. However, observational limitations have hindered a direct evaluation of model-projected changes in extreme precipitation. We used satellite observations and model simulations to examine the response of tropical precipitation events to naturally driven changes in surface temperature and atmospheric moisture content. These observations reveal a distinct link between rainfall extremes and temperature, with heavy rain events increasing during warm periods and decreasing during cold periods. Furthermore, the observed amplification of rainfall extremes is found to be larger than that predicted by models, implying that projections of future changes in rainfall extremes in response to anthropogenic global warming may be underestimated.     

Crop Diversification in Coping with Extreme Weather Events in China

Apart from the long-term effects of climate change, the frequency and severity of extreme weather events have been increasing. Given the risks posed by climate change, particularly the changes in extreme weather events, the question of how to adapt to these changes and mitigate their negative impacts has received great attention from policy makers. The overall goals of this study are to examine whether farmers adapt to extreme weather events through crop diversification and which factors influence farmers＇ decisions on crop diversification against extreme weather events in China. To limit the scope of this study, we focus on drought and flood events only. Based on a unique large-scale household survey in nine provinces, this study finds that farmers respond to extreme weather events by increasing crop diversification. Their decision to diversify crops is significantly influenced by their experiences of extreme weather events in the previous year. Such results are understandable because farmers＇ behaviors are normally based on their expectations. Moreover, household characteristics also affect farmers＇ decisions on crop diversification strategy, and their effects differ by farmers＇ age and gender. This paper concludes with several policy implications.     

气候变化对齐河县粮食生产的影响和对策

根据山东省齐河县1959～2012年的气象资料,利用最小二乘法对气温、降水进行线性拟合,并对暴雨、冰雹、大风等要素进行统计,分析了该县近54年来的气候变化特征和规律.结果表明,气温和降水的变化均具有明显的波动性和阶段性,二者均呈整体上升趋势,气温的上升幅度比降水明显偏大,降水季节性变化明显,暴雨日数呈增加趋势,冰雹和大风日数呈下降趋势,暴雨等极端气候事件的发生几率有所增加.分析了气候变化对农作物生长发育、产量形成等的影响,提出了适应气候的对策,为今后齐河县粮食生产顺应气候变化提供依据.     

极端气候变化及其对水稻气候产量影响的实证分析——以湖北省为例

为考察湖北极端天气事件的时空变化,采用1980—2014年逐日气候数据,并利用实证分析法研究了极端气候对水稻气候产量的影响。研究表明:1)湖北极端降水量和降水天数均呈下降趋势,极端降水事件由东向西、由南向北递减。2)极端高温呈上升趋势,表现为极端高温天数和强度增加。鄂北、鄂西易发生极端高温事件。3)极端气候类因素对水稻气候产量具有负向影响,其中,最低气温的极小值每增加1%将会使水稻的气候产量降低0.197%。白天极端高温天数对水稻气候产量也具有抑制作用,其每增加1%将会使水稻气候产量降低0.046%。因此,应加强湖北省极端天气事件易发区在水稻生长期内的气候监测和防范。     

气候变化下气象因子顺逆变对生态环境影响评估

气候变化的事实及其影响越来越显著,对自然系统和人类经济社会可持续发展构成现实性威胁。由气候变化导致的突发性、极端天气气候事件呈增加趋势。笔者通过对温度上升、降水变率大且时空分布极不均匀等贡献分析,评估得出主要气象因子的顺逆变对锦州生态环境的影响呈明显态势。     

1960～2010年宁夏降水和温度极端气候事件变化分析

利用1960～2010年宁夏9个观测站的日降水量、最高温度及最低温度资料,采用趋势分析方法分析了该地区的极端气候事件变化特征.结果表明,极端降水事件和暴雨日数的变化趋势表现为非均一性,主要以弱的减少趋势为主,具有明显的阶段性变化特征;20世纪80年代中期之后暴雨的主要爆发时间段较之前提前2侯;严重干燥（湿润）事件平均发生频次和持续日数均是由南向北逐渐递增（递减）,全区呈一致的增加（减少）趋势,90年代末之后降水趋向于极端性、不均衡性;全区高温（低温）日数呈一致的增加（减少）趋势,北部地区的变化速率相对较大,1998（1993）年发生突变,突变之后显著增加（减少）;全区极端高温（低温）事件呈一致的显著增加（减少）趋势,气温变暖在低温上的表现更加显著.     

天水市近63年极端温度变化特征分析

为了研究气候变暖对天水极端温度的影响,利用天水观测站1951年至2013年逐年的极端温度资料,运用气候倾向率、趋势系数、百分位法、滑动T检验等统计方法,分析极端温度对气候变暖的响应特征。结果表明：天水年极端最高（低）温度均呈显著性升高趋势,极端最高气温上升0.2℃/10a,极端最低气温上升0.3℃/10a,都通过了α=0.01的显著性检验;通过百分位法定义了极端温度的阈值,分析发现：极端最高气温与阈值的差值随时间序列的增加逐步增大,极端最低气温与阈值的差值随时间序列的增加逐步减少,对极端最高温度和极端最低温度利用滑动T检验法进行突变检验,在α=0.01显著性水平下,极端最低温度没有发生突变,而极端最高温度在1983年和1993年发生了两次十分明显的突变。     

Sensitivity of barley varieties to weather in Finland

Global climate change is predicted to shift seasonal temperature and precipitation patterns. An increasing frequency of extreme weather events such as heat waves and prolonged droughts is predicted, but there are high levels of uncertainty about the nature of local changes. Crop adaptation will be important in reducing potential damage to agriculture. Crop diversity may enhance resilience to climate variability and changes that are difficult to predict. Therefore, there has to be sufficient diversity within the set of available cultivars in response to weather parameters critical for yield formation. To determine the scale of such 'weather response diversity' within barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), an important crop in northern conditions, the yield responses of a wide range of modern and historical varieties were analysed according to a well-defined set of critical agro-meteorological variables. The Finnish long-term dataset of MTT Official Variety Trials was used together with historical weather records of the Finnish Meteorological Institute. The foci of the analysis were firstly to describe the general response of barley to different weather conditions and secondly to reveal the diversity among varieties in the sensitivity to each weather variable. It was established that barley yields were frequently reduced by drought or excessive rain early in the season, by high temperatures at around heading, and by accelerated temperature sum accumulation rates during periods 2 weeks before heading and between heading and yellow ripeness. Low temperatures early in the season increased yields, but frost during the first 4 weeks after sowing had no effect. After canopy establishment, higher precipitation on average resulted in higher yields. In a cultivar-specific analysis, it was found that there were differences in responses to all but three of the studied climatic variables: waterlogging and drought early in the season and temperature sum accumulation rate before heading. The results suggest that low temperatures early in the season, delayed sowing, rain 3-7 weeks after sowing, a temperature change 3-4 weeks after sowing, a high temperature sum accumulation rate from heading to yellow ripeness and high temperatures (?25°C) at around heading could mostly be addressed by exploiting the traits found in the range of varieties included in the present study. However, new technology and novel genetic material are needed to enable crops to withstand periods of excessive rain or drought early in the season and to enhance performance under increased temperature sum accumulation rates prior to heading.     

洪泽湖湿地气候变化对区域农业生产的影响及对策

利用洪泽湖湿地1961—2009年气象和农作物生产资料,分析了该区域气候变化特征及其对农业生产的影响及对策。结果表明：近49年,年平均气温呈现上升趋势,以近25年上升较为明显;年降水量缓慢增加;年平均日照时数明显下降。近10年来,极端气候事件频发,极端高温和低温年份交替出现,降雨量增加,旱涝年份交替出现,日照时数大幅度减少,相对湿度明显降低,气象因素变化给农业生产带来诸多不利影响。针对气候变化提出如下对策和建议：加强防灾减灾能力建设,调整农业结构和布局,改革种植制度,发展生态农业,选育和推广适应气候变化的农作物新品种。     

江苏南京极端天气事件及其与区域气候变暖的关系研究

应用江苏南京逐日观测资料分析了南京极端天气事件的变化及其与区域气候变暖的关系。结果表明,近60年来南京的低温、大风、雷暴和大雾事件存在下降趋势,灰霾事件明显增多;高温、暴雨、大风、雾、霾存在较强年际变化但不具备明显的周期性特征,低温、闷热和雷暴事件的年际变化较小并且存在一定的年代际和年际的周期变化;南京年均气温和高温、闷热、低温、大风、灰霾等极端事件之间存在较强的相关性,这些极端天气事件的变化与区域气候变暖关系密切。     

韩江流域近50年极端气候事件的时空变化特征

为掌握南方湿热山区典型流域(韩江)的极端气候事件变化规律和趋势,利用中国气象数据服务共享网和广东省气象局提供的韩江流域及附近13个台站1965—2014年最高气温、最低气温、降水量的日数据资料,通过RClimDex极端气候指数计算软件、IDW空间插值、R/S分析等方法,计算分析了与植被生长水热条件、寒旱灾害直接相关的极端气候指标。结果表明:1)韩江流域极端高温事件增多,极端低温事件减少,气温存在变暖趋势,极端持续指数与极端气温指数呈现出很好的一致性;2)过去50年极端降水指数均有所增加但变化趋势不显著,极端降水表征量级的指数相对表征强度的指数增加速率更快;3)各极端降水指数表现出一定的空间分布差异,但整体上呈现"自东北向西南逐渐递减"的分布格局;4)R/S分析表明流域未来气候究竟存在"暖干化"还是"暖湿化"的倾向具有不确定性。根据极端气候的变化适时调整农业生产布局和结构,积极应对可能出现的情况是十分必要的。     

The greenhouse effect in central north america: if not now, when?

Climate models with enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations have projected temperature increases of 2 degrees to 4 degrees C, winter precipitation increases of up to 15 percent, and summer precipitation decreases of 5 to 10 percent in the central United States by the year 2030. An analysis of the climate record over the past 95 years for this region was undertaken in order to evaluate these projections. Results indicate that temperature has increased and precipitation decreased both during winter and summer, and that the ratio of winter-to-summer precipitation has decreased. The signs of some trends are consistent with the projections whereas others are not, but none of the changes is statistically significant except for maximum and minimum temperatures, which were not among the parameters predicted by the models. Statistical models indicate that the greenhouse winter and summer precipitation signal could have been masked by natural climate variability, whereas the increase in the ratio of winter-to-summer precipitation and the higher rates of temperature change probably should have already been detected. If the models are correct it will likely take at least another 40 years before statistically significant precipitation changes are detected and another decade or two to detect the projected changes of temperature.     

石岛地区气候变化对农业生产的影响

利用石岛地区1981—2010年气温与降水观测资料,采用统计分析方法,对近30年石岛地区的气候变化特征及其对农业生产的影响进行分析。结果表明,近30年石岛地区年平均气温以0.205℃/10 a的速度上升,除秋季外,春、夏、冬各季平均气温均呈上升趋势;年降水量以33.4 mm/10 a的速度缓慢增加,春、夏、秋季降水量均呈缓慢上升趋势,冬季降水量呈缓慢减少趋势。气候变暖对农业生产有利有弊,灾害性天气和极端降水事件将有所增加,干旱和洪涝可能趋于增加,对农业生产影响较大。     

甘孜州1970年以来夏季气候变化分析及应对建议

甘孜州气候变暖的特征在夏季也有较明显的表现,而降水量的变化无明显规律,干旱及暴雨洪涝随年代的变化有一定的规律,夏季因极端天气气候事件引发的气象灾害有增多和加重的趋势,应对工作面临的形势严峻。因此,必须采取切实可行的应对措施,才能有效预防和减轻夏季气象灾害造成的损失。     

辽宁极端降水事件的时空特征分析

选用辽宁省35个代表站1961～2005年逐日降水量,研究极端降水事件的时空分布特征,采用EOF、REOF、均方差等方法,分析不同地域极端降水的变化和分布情况。结果表明,辽宁省年极端降水量可分成3个区,分别是辽宁西部山区和北部部分地区、辽东山区、辽河平原的近沿海地区;在降水量相对较多的地区,极端降水阈值也较大,反之亦然;发生频率较低的极端降水事件对总降水量有较大贡献;辽宁省极端降水量、总降水量以及总雨日变化在夏季最大,冬季最小;极端降水日数在各个季节内变化都不大,在长期变化上也不明显。     

ENSO对湘西地区洪水的影响

利用中国气象局公布的日降水资料建立湘西地区5～9月2、3、5d最大降水的3种极端降水指数,发现ENSO对其后雨季湘西地区的极端降水有显著影响,其中前年7月至当年2月的相关系数都达到0.4以上,通过了0.01水平的显著性检验.而1910 ～ 1981年洪水的统计显示,极端降水与湘西暴发洪水河流的条数有着很好的相关关系,而且在时间上也有较好的对应,表明极端降水是造成湘西洪水的主要原因.进一步分析发现,Nino3区海温与极端降水及洪涝之间都存在显著正相关关系,表明在El Nino年湘西地区暴发洪水灾害的可能性更大.     

Do advisors perceive climate change as an agricultural risk? An in-depth examination of Midwestern U.S. Ag advisors’ views on drought,climate change,and risk management

Through the lens of the Health Belief Model and Protection Motivation Theory, we analyzed interviews of 36 agricultural advisors in Indiana and Nebraska to understand their appraisals of climate change risk, related decision making processes and subsequent risk management advice to producers. Most advisors interviewed accept that weather events are a risk for US Midwestern agriculture; however, they are more concerned about tangible threats such as crop prices. There is not much concern about climate change among agricultural advisors. Management practices that could help producers adapt to climate change were more likely to be recommended by conservation and Extension advisors, while financial and crop advisors focused more upon season-to-season decision making (e.g., hybrid seeds and crop insurance). We contend that the agricultural community should integrate long-term thinking as part of farm decision making processes and that agricultural advisors are in a prime position to influence producers. In the face of increasing extreme weather events, climatologists and advisors should work more closely to reach a shared understanding of the risks posed to agriculture by climate change.     

可可西里1970-2013年气候变化特征及其对景观格局的影响

气候变化对青藏高原景观产生的影响越来越强烈,本文使用1990、2000和2013年3期遥感影像资料,选取具有代表性的6个景观类型,通过ArcGIS 10.0和ERDAS 9.2软件进行数据处理,研究了可可西里国家级自然保护区景观格局变化特征;结合当地1970—2013年气象数据,分析该区气候变化特征及其对景观格局的影响。结果表明:44年间可可西里保护区的降水量以20.3 mm/10年的速率显著上升,年平均温度以0.38 ℃/10年的速率上升,从2000年开始,该区降水量和年平均温度均出现较大幅度增长;但44年间的潜在蒸散量和相对湿度没有明显的趋势性变化。该区冰川和永久积雪、水域、高寒草甸和高寒草原景观格局变化的主要驱动因子分别为年平均温度、降水量、潜在蒸散量和相对湿度。冰川和永久积雪、水域、沼泽湿地景观的变化体现在连续11年间的气候累积效应与该区域气候的波动周期一致;而高寒草甸和高寒草原则受到短时间(2~5年)气候变化的影响,说明可可西里植被的脆弱性。气候变化对可可西里的景观分布具有重要影响。