Anticircumvention rules: threat to science

Scientists who study encryption or computer security or otherwise reverse engineer technical measures, who make tools enabling them to do this work, and who report the results of their research face new risks of legal liability because of recently adopted rules prohibiting the circumvention of technical measures and manufacture or distribution of circumvention tools. Because all data in digital form can be technically protected, the impact of these rules goes far beyond encryption and computer security research. The scientific community must recognize the harms these rules pose and provide guidance about how to improve the anticircumvention rules.     

German science. Max Planck charts new path

Germany's premier basic research organization, the Max Planck Society, released a long-awaited blueprint for change during its annual meeting this week, recommending that the society's nearly 3000 scientists embrace more interdisciplinary and international projects in a range of new research priorities. The report, called Max Planck 2000-Plus, is the product of an 18-month-long internal review. Its recommendations were formulated by some two dozen Max Planck researchers and administrators, who sought input from every institute.     

Coordinated planning for science in communist europe

The Council is not engaged in the supranational formulation of policy and planning on scientific research and technology, but has made considerable progress in coordinating research policies and plans on a limited number of scientific and technical problems of priority interest and of common concern to all members. The establishment of national science-planning institutions in CEMA countries and the adoption of a uniform approach to the formulation of national science policies and plans must be considered basic procedures for achieving international coordination of their efforts. The creation of organizational units within CEMA to deal specifically with the coordination of science policies and plans represents a strengthening of the institutional framework that is necessary for coordination of an internationally cooperative effort in research and technology. Moreover, CEMA's 1-year plan for science and technology has probably been of considerable value as a pilot project for the formulation of the research plan for 1966-70. The delineation of a limited number of important scientific and technical problems of common interest to the members, and the allocation of research projects to a country having the highest capability to conduct them, hold considerable promise for financial savings and for improved utilization of the limited scientific manpower and research facilities of the CEMA countries. While all these measures are significant in CEMA's attempt to improve coordination of science policy and planning, only time will enable true assessment of their effectiveness. The Council's scheme for the specialization of labor in research and technology has met and will undoubtedly continue to meet, considerable opposition by various segments of the scientific communities because of deep-rooted and long-standing national prejudices, and reluctance of vested interests to give up research activities in which they are interested and to which their professional futures are tied. Moreover, opposition to CEMA-sponsored programs for specialization in research will continue to stem from the desire of some member countries further to reduce Russian influence in their domestic affairs. While recognizing the financial savings that can accrue to them from division of labor in research within CEMA, the smaller countries cannot be unaware that there is probably a limit to which the Soviet Union, with its vast scientific and technological base, is willing to participate in the division of-labor scheme. As a world power, the Soviet Union can hardly become dependent upon other members of CEMA in any field. Nevertheless, by promoting the coordination of research plans and a division of labor among CEMA members, the Soviet Union stands to gain by having its scientific-research effort augmented in several fields by the efforts of other members.     

On the social science contribution to governmental decision-making

It is often said that a major impediment to effective government is the lack of research knowledge underlying the development, implementation, and assessment of federal policies and programs. An examination is made here of the causes of (i) some continuing failures in integrating research information with decision-making and (ii) some notable successes of the past two decades in matching research capabilities with policy needs. Six recommendations are made to facilitate and further the progress that has recently been achieved.     

Four years of reagan science policy: notable shifts in priorities

Administration priorities for federal support of nondefense research and development emphasize basic research and the concomitant training of students. In 4 years basic research has moved from the smallest to the largest component in nondefense R & D expenditures, and basic research specifically to universities has grown by 26 percent in real terms during that period. New programs for fiscal year 1985 emphasize engineering education and research, as well as improved interactions between universities, federal laboratories, and industry.     

网络环境下农业科研图书馆的信息服务

本文论述网络给农业科研图书馆及其信患服务的影响与变化，提出了网络境下农业科研图书馆信息资源的构成，为农业科研信息服务应着重解决的几个问题。     

Planetary science. The glitter of distant seas

It has long been known that Saturn's largest moon, Titan, has a thick nitrogen atmosphere, which obscures the underlying surface. In his Perspective, Lorenz highlights the report by Campbell et al., who have used the giant Arecibo and Green Bank radio telescopes as a radar to probe Titan's hidden surface. The surface appears to be distinct from those of the icy satellites of Jupiter, in both brightness and polarization. The new data show sharp spikes in the reflected microwave spectrum, indicating large, smooth areas of radar-dark material. These features suggest the widespread existence of lakes or seas of liquid hydrocarbons on Titan.     

Computers in science and technology: early indications

Over the past 20 years computer technology has advanced rapidly, especially in the areas of logic and memory. Continued growth at a similar pace can be expected through and probably beyond the 1980's. The technology has already had such major effects on scientific research and engineering that it is of practical importance to try to predict its evolution and uses. It is likely that the trend toward smaller, faster, and cheaper circuits made possible by improved lithographic techniques will continue, resulting in a factor of 10 increase in speed of central processing units and an even greater increase in speed of single-chip microprocessors by the end of the decade. Similar progress is expected in the areas of memory, magnetic storage, printers, and displays. Overall, approximately 20 percent growth annually in the capability of computing systems can be projected. How this continually increasing computing power will affect scientific and engineering activity is more difficult to predict, but some patterns are emerging. Observations of technical personnel at the IBM research laboratory at Yorktown, New York, where the average user has access to a large amount of computing capability and to a worldwide computer network, indicate that workers in different areas have reacted to computer technology in different ways. Whereas engineers have used computing power, displays, and the ability to communicate or share information more or less equally, management has used communication most and scientists have put the greatest value on computing power and displays.     

Surface science

During the past 15 years, surfaces have been increasingly studied on the atomic scale. As a result, their atomic structure and composition and the dynamics of gas-surface interactions are much better understood. Modern surface science is beginning to have an impact on many technologies. Techniques are readily available to study solid-vacuum and solid-gas interfaces. Studies of solid-liquid and solid-solid interfaces are difficult and appear to be challenging frontier areas of research. Surface science is at the heart of most research and development problems in energy conversion and storage.     

The quickening of science communication

In this month's essay, Robert Lucky examines the central sociological impacts that communications technologies have had on the way science is done as well as the critical influences science has had in the evolution of communications technology. He traces the evolution of today's infrastructure for research and collaboration in science via the Internet and the World Wide Web back to the invention of the telegraph, which first freed the flow of information from its reliance on the physical means of transportation and allowed communication to occur in real time. According to Lucky, the remaining technical hurdles in providing unlimited bandwidth are relatively simple to overcome compared with the sociotechnical engineering required to improve the three dimensions of communications--human to information, human to human, and human to computer.     

Marine science and the 1974 law of the sea conference

More intensive and varied use of the oceans and their resources requires a more comprehensive legal reégime than previously. Three years of preparatory work have been completed leading toward the Law of the Sea Conference that opened on 20 June in Caracas, Venezuela. Although the details of the new reégime are still to be negotiated, it appears certain that the coastal nations will gain some form of jurisdiction over the fisheries and mineral resources off their shores. It is probable that a new "economic zone" will be established between a relatively narrow (12-mile) territorial sea and the international ocean space beyond. If, as seems likely, this economic zone is 200 miles wide, it will encompass some 37 percent of the ocean as shown in Fig. 1. Unless the scientific community can gather more support than it has to date, it seems probable that scientific research within this economic zone will only be possible with the consent of the coastal nation. The United States has proposed a compromise solution which attempts to balance the interests of the scientific community with those of the coastal state. Under the U.S. proposal, a research group abiding by certain specific obligations to the coastal state would be free to carry out its research activities without obtaining explicit consent from the coastal state. To date the U.S. proposal has received little official support from any nation, even from nations with major oceanographic interests.     

国家社科基金视域下图书馆、情报与文献学的可视化计量分析

[目的/意义]国家社科基金体现了学科研究的趋势和方向,进行国家社科基金"图书馆、情报与文献学"领域的图谱分析,可以揭示其主题架构、追踪研究热点、总结演变轨迹.[方法/过程]以2009—2018年"图书馆、情报与文献学"数据为样本,借助CiteSpace对国家社科基金数据进行了文本挖掘和图谱分析.[结果/结论]"图书馆、...     

Using materials science

The science of the solid state has joined nuclear science and molecular biology as a field of major importance in the latter half of the 20th century. It took particular shape during the genesis of solid-state electronics and the post-transistor era of integrated circuits for telecommunications, computers, and digital signal machines. However, these developments were soon joined by techniques from the ancient fields of metallurgy and ceramics and contributions from the more current fields of synthetic polymers, rubbers, plastics, and modified bioorganic substances. This vast realm was characterized by a National Academy of Sciences study of the 1970's as "materials science and engineering." The public, as well as the scientific and engineering community, are currently concerned about the uses of research and development and the applications of knowledge for national progress. Consideration is given here to how well we are using the science of materials for industrial strength and such governmental objectives as national security and energy economy.     

Ocean science. Coral clues to rapid sea-level change

Earth's climate can change substantially on time scales of 1000 years or so, but given the time it takes for an ice sheet to grow or melt, it has been unclear whether continental ice sheets-and hence global sea levels-mirror these rapid changes. In his Perspective, Henderson discusses the report by Thompson and Goldstein, who have used a new correction method to date coral samples that are up to 250,000 years old. The corals can be used to deduce past sea levels. The resulting sea-level record shows that sea levels have varied on millennial time scales even during times of high sea level and relative climate stability.     

渔业资源学研究发展现状及趋势

为探究渔业资源学研究的发展历程,分析各时间段的研究热点、关注问题及其变化趋势,为我国渔业资源学的发展提供参考。基于Web of Science核心合集的文献数据,利用文献计量学方法和Citespace软件可视化功能,对渔业资源学研究文献的年度分布、学科类别以及研究现状和热点等方面进行分析。结果显示,研究文献总体呈现稳步增长趋势,特别是2017年以来发文量呈现快速增长态势。研究热点与前沿主要有：重视渔业资源评估的研究;开展渔业管理方法与实践以及对渔业的影响研究;开展软骨鱼类、硬骨鱼类以及经济头足类的渔业生物学和生态学研究;开展气候变化或人类活动对渔业资源及鱼类的影响研究。研究认为,未来渔业资源学研究应重点开展以下工作：(1)通过学科交叉创新渔业生物学研究新技术和新方法,摸清重要经济种类和关键种类的生物学特性;(2)不断创新渔业资源评估技术,实现对重要经济种类资源量及可捕量的科学估算;(3)开发渔业资源管理与养护的新方法,实现渔业资源的可持续利用;(4)促进人工智能和大数据等新技术在渔业资源研究中的应用。随着人们对渔业种群认识和研究的深入,以及研究手段和方法不断发展,未来渔业资源研究将会向...     

Agriculture and behavioral science: emerging orientations

New research orientations are emerging in behavioral science approaches to agricultural development. These new orientations are the product of both experience gained during the era that followed the Green Revolution and a response to changing goals in agricultural development that now place a greater emphasis on considerations of participation and equity. They also reflect a more general concern with the relation of technology and society growing out of efforts to understand energy and environmental problems. These orientations are characterized by a shift away from a conceptual perspective emphasizing communication to one in which technology and social organization are deemed essential in understanding and promoting agricultural development. This changing conceptual perspective is being manifested in the research process from which technology develops. Use of ecological systems approaches to the study of farming systems is increasing. The importance of understanding traditional agriculture is becoming evident and technology development methodologies are beginning to simulate farm conditions at the research center and to conduct experimental research on the farm. The appreciation of technology as a variable is leading to the development of alternative technologies adapted to different socionatural situations. As these emerging orientations become elaborated, they enhance the contributions which behavioral scientists can make to agricultural development.     

The spread of Western science. A three-stage model describes the introduction of modern science into any non-European nation

There is no need to summarize the features of this simplified model, which describes the manner in which modern science was transmitted to the lands beyond Western Europe. The graph of Fig. 1 and the examples drawn from science in various lands should have made them clear. It may be in order, however, to reiterate that there is nothing about the phases of my model that is cosmically or metaphysically necessary. I am satisfied if my attempt will interest others to go beyond my crude analysis and make a systematic investigation of the diffusion of Western science throughout the world. Such an investigation would include a comparative appraisal of the development of science in different national, cultural, and social settings and would mark the beginnings of truly comparative studies in the history and sociology of science. The present lack of comparative studies in these disciplines can be attributed to the widespread belief that science is strictly an international endeavor. In one sense this is true.As Sir Isaac Newton remarked in his Principia (49), "the descent of stones in Europe and in America" must both be explained by one set of physical laws. Yet, we cannot ignore the peculiar environment in which members of a national group of scientists are trained and carry on their research. While I do not hold with the Nazi theorists that science is a direct reflection of the racial or national spirit (50), neither do I accept Chekhov's dictum (51) that "there is no national science just as there is no national multiplication table. . . ." In emphasizing the international nature of scientific inquiry we have forgotten that science exists in a local social setting. If that setting does not decisively mold the conceptual growth of science, it can at least affect the number and types of individuals who are free to participate in the internal development of science. Perhaps the effect is more profound; only future scholarship can determine the depth of its influence.     

2016—2020年环境土壤学研究进展与热点分析

为了形象客观地了解国内外2016—2020年环境土壤学相关研究的发展特点,本文收集了发表在Web of Science和中国知网上土壤环境领域的相关文章,利用Web of Science自带分析工具和文献计量学软件CiteSpace,分析了该领域的研究现状、发展方向和热点。结果显示,2016—2020年间土壤环境领域研究成果丰硕,发展平稳,中美两国发文占比超过国际领域发文的50%。国际环境科学类刊物Science of the Total Environment、Environmental Science and Pollution Research和Chemosphere发文量最高,土壤科学类期刊Geoderma、Catena、Plant and Soil和Soil Biology Biochemistry也在发文前十行列。从国际上看,土壤环境领域共有微生物群落、有机碳、生物炭改良、N2O排放、重金属、土壤侵蚀、机器学习、保护性农业8个重要研究方向及相关热点;国内研究紧跟国际发展,侧重于土壤有机质、养分和微生物等研究热点,也围绕土壤水分、生物炭、土壤侵蚀和作物产量等热点开展了大量研究。     

栖息地适宜性指数在渔业科学中的应用进展

栖息地适宜性指数(habitat suitability index,HSI)于20世纪80年代提出之后,在渔业资源开发、管理、评估及保护等领域中得到广泛应用,已成为渔业科学研究的重要手段之一。简要概述了国内外HSI研究现状、理论和方法,以及应用现状和存在问题。并概括提出HSI研究和应用过程中,要充分考虑的问题有:(1)充分了解研究对象生活史过程及其生物学特性和所处的环境;(2)针对不同生长阶段和外部环境,选择合适的环境因子;(3)开展数据源合适时空标准的研究,建立环境因子等数据的规范;(4)根据历史资料和专家知识赋予各因子的合适权重;(5)针对不同目标(保护区、中心渔场、生物量估算等),来选择备选的HSI模型;(6)通过各种模型的比较分析,选择合适的HSI模型;(7)利用实测数据和最新资料,对模型进行不断改进与修正,以提高模型的精度。     

From science to policy in early childhood education

This paper examines the relationship between scientific research and public policy. After explaining why the simple conversion of research into public law is unlikely, several factors are identified that can promote the use of research by public officials. Examples of use and non-use are cited from early childhood education, where empirical evidence on program effects is relatively strong. Some specific suggestions are offered for improving the connection between science and public policy.