桑树不同品种和冬伐形式对花叶病抗性的影响

研究桑树不同品种和冬伐形式与桑树对花叶病抗性的关系。结果表明,桑树不同品种间对花叶病的抗性有极显著的差异;母本的抗病性对杂交组合的抗病性有较大的作用;不同冬伐处理对桑树花叶病的抗性有极显著的影响;采用冬留长枝的冬伐形式,可使花叶病株发病率降低55.17%、病情指数降低73.99%、病害对桑叶产量的综合损失率降低86.45%。     

利用分子标记辅助选择技术提高玉米对丝黑穗病的抗性

为了探索分子标记辅助选择(MAS)技术在抗玉米丝黑穗病育种中的应用效果,以吉1037为抗源,吉单209的感病母本8902为轮回亲本,回交5代后,自交2代,从BC4F1开始利用MAS技术把感玉米丝黑穗病的亲本8902改良成抗病自交系,并与吉853配制杂交种,对其进行抗病性、产量和农艺性状评价。改良后的8902及其组合,对玉米丝黑穗病的抗性和产量显著提高,且其它农艺性状没有发生改变。抗性以上自交系超过获得材料的80%以上,抗性以上杂交组合超过配制组合的77%以上;改良后亲本组配的杂交种产量较对照明显增加,11个杂交组合增产10%以上,最大增幅可达26.7%。研究表明MAS技术显著提高了自交系及其杂交种对玉米丝黑穗病的抗病效果。     

弱光胁迫下黄瓜霜霉病抗性评价与分析

为明确弱光胁迫下黄瓜霜霉病田间发病规律及遗传特性,筛选抗霜霉病黄瓜品种,以15份黄瓜自交系为试材,在弱光条件下通过子叶接菌诱导寄主植株发病,同时结合田间发病率及病情指数调查进行复合抗性鉴定,进而筛选抗病组合,并对其分离世代进行抗性鉴定与遗传特征分析。结果表明,供试15份材料中共筛选出4个典型品系HB1、HB2、HB3和HB4,其病情指数分别是14.17、28.71、63.33和78.33,分别属于高抗、抗病、感病和高感病类型。这4个亲本的F1代及分离世代群体中霜霉病抗性与亲本抗性均存在正相关关系,抗性亲本的后代表现出较强的抗性;F2代群体病株分离现象比较明显,呈偏态分布,有明显的主基因+多基因存在特征,表明弱光胁迫下黄瓜霜霉病受主基因+多基因控制,主基因效应值较大。经田间抗病性鉴定分析,初步筛选出组合HB12、HB13和HB21为抗霜霉病组合,可用于后续抗病品种的选育。     

玉米粗缩病抗性遗传研究

 本文选用3个抗病自交系(齐319、X178、沈137)和3个感病自交系(掖107、掖478、沈5003)按照NCII交配设计配制9套杂交组合研究了玉米抗粗缩病遗传规律。2009-2010年在曲阳、保定采用田间自然发病方法鉴定亲本、F₁、F₂群体的玉米粗缩病抗性,并采用灰飞虱人工接种方法鉴定亲本材料的抗病性。运用QGA station 软件的加性-显性-上位性(ADAA)遗传模型进行数据分析,结果表明,显性效应和加性效应是控制玉米粗缩病抗性的主要遗传组分,分别占表型变异的44.8%和13.1%,杂合显性效应表现负向杂种优势,抗病育种可加以利用。加性×加性上位性效应在玉米自交系和杂交组合抗粗缩病遗传中普遍存在,但因材料不同而表现负向或正向效应。玉米粗缩病抗性易受环境影响,显性与环境互作效应方差占表型方差的比率为39.8%,达到极显著水平。因此,培育抗粗缩病玉米品种应依据基因型选配适当的亲本材料,抗病品种宜进行多年多点鉴定筛选。     

广西玉米种质资源抗病性鉴定

1987年——1990年作了广西玉米种质资源对玉米大、小斑病和丝黑穗病三大病害的抗性鉴定。4年来田间人工接菌鉴定1281份种质资源,筛选出抗病性能好、抗性遗传稳定,配合力较高、农艺性状较好的抗源材料16份供育种单位应用,已先后组配的杂交组合66个,其中已育成经省级鉴定并在生产上推广的有2个品种,有8个品种已通过省级区试,尚有4个品种正在区试中。     

玉米灰斑病发生流行规律及品种抗病性

 玉米灰斑病近年来发生严重,对玉米生产造成很大危害。玉米灰斑病病原菌主要在病残体上越冬,病残体上的分生孢子在7月中下旬有较高的萌发率。玉米灰斑病于7月上旬开始发病,在8月中下旬至9月上旬为发病盛期。田间温度、相对湿度和7月份降雨量都影响病害的发生和发展。降雨量大、相对湿度高、气温较低的环境条件有利于病害的发生和流行。玉米杂交品种和自交系对玉米灰斑病表现的抗性差异较大,感病的杂交品种有掖单13、丹605和丹2181,抗病杂交品种有丹中试61、辽9505、沈9728、辽306、丹3079、丹3034;抗病的自交系有9046、冲72、J599-2、齐319、丹黄25、79532、598,凡具有热带血缘的自交系都是抗病的。     

玉米禾谷镰孢茎腐病和穗腐病抗性鉴定接种方法的比较

田间采用不同人工接种鉴定方法对92份玉米种质同步进行玉米禾谷镰孢茎腐病和穗腐病抗性评价与筛选, 明确了东北春玉米产区玉米禾谷镰孢茎腐病?穗腐病抗性鉴定的最佳接种方法:茎节注射法在玉米禾谷镰孢茎腐病抗性精准鉴定中可更好地评价玉米种质的抗病性, 综合考虑接种方法的实用性和可操作性, 菌土覆盖法对大体量的规模化种质进行田间抗病性鉴定更具有优势; 双牙签法对玉米穗腐病抗性鉴定中在种质接种后发病的严重度?田间进行接种的可操作性和实用性等方面均优于花丝通道法?同时筛选出对玉米禾谷镰孢茎腐病抗性稳定的种质52份, 对穗腐病抗性稳定的种质66份, 对2种病害均表现稳定抗性的兼抗种质33份?     

酿酒高粱品种、组合及亲本的丝黑穗病抗性鉴定

为了明确不同类型的酿酒高粱材料对西南地区丝黑穗病的抗性和促进抗丝黑穗病品种的选育,采用土壤接菌法对107份材料进行了丝黑穗病抗性鉴定;根据抗性鉴定结果,比较了酿酒高粱杂交组合与其亲本对丝黑穗病的抗性,并对供试菌种进行了致病力分析.结果显示:在感病对照恢1植株平均病株率为67.65％时,有13个不育系、6个保持系、10个恢复系、28个杂交组合的病株率为0,达免疫水平,其中,酿酒高粱不育系和杂交组合所占比例较大,分别为86.67％和75.68％;恢复系中免疫类型所占比例较小,为24.39％;常规品种和组合中无免疫类型;杂交高粱对丝黑穗病的抗性属显性遗传;泸州丝黑穗病菌具有较强的致病力.     

53份玉米品种(组合)对4种玉米病害的抗性评价

１９９３～１９９６年对北京玉米区试５３份品种（组合）进行抗玉米大斑病、小斑病、弯孢菌叶斑病和玉米矮花叶病的抗性鉴定，其中抗大斑病有１９份，抗小斑病有３９份，抗弯孢菌叶斑病有２３份，抗矮花叶病有２６份，兼抗２种病害以上有３６份，兼抗３种病害以上有１９份，兼抗４种病害有３份。     

53份玉米品种(组合)对4种玉米病害的抗性评价

１９９３～１９９６年对北京玉米区试５３份品种（组合）进行抗玉米大斑病、小斑病、弯孢菌叶斑病和玉米矮花叶病的抗性鉴定，其中抗大斑病有１９份，抗小斑病有３９份，抗弯孢菌叶斑病有２３份，抗矮花叶病有２６份，兼抗２种病害以上有３６份，兼抗３种病害以上有１９份，兼抗４种病害有３份。     

Inheritance of resistance to stem canker (Phomopsis helianthi) in sunflower

Six male sterile sunflower lines were crossed with seven restorers in a factorial mating design. The 13 inbred lines and their 42 F1 hybrids were planted in a randomized block design with three replicates. Each replicate consisted of two rows, 5 m long (30–35 plants per replicate). Resistance to natural Phomopsis infection, presented as the percentage of plants with no encircling necrosis lesions of the fungus on the main stem, was determined at physiological maturity. Analysis of variance showed that female and male general combining abilities (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) of F1 hybrids were significant. The ratio of additive variance to total variance was 0.662, a high value which indicates prevailing additive effects. The additive variance due to females was more important than that of males, probably because of the existence of maternal effects or more effective genes for resistance in the female lines used in this experiment. The estimates of GCA were significant and positive for LC1004A, KO549A, 50KD8 and LC1064C inbred lines. These lines should be considered in developing hybrids with improved resistance to Phomopsis in sunflower breeding programmes.     

Nit突变体技术在玉米弯孢菌研究中的应用

采集了河南省12个地区的玉米弯孢菌叶斑病标样,分离获得了34个菌株,其中3个是画眉草弯孢(Curvu-laria eragrostidis),其余均为新月弯孢(C.lunata)。利用含KClO₃的培养基对其中14个新月弯孢菌株和1个画眉草弯孢菌株(XZ3c)进行诱导,在MM培养基上鉴定均获得了Nit突变体。对获得的190个Nit突变体在MO₂和MH培养基上进行了生理表型的划分,并用于菌株内、菌株间的营养体亲和性研究,发现有不少配对组合中均出现了明显的亲和现象,表明Nit突变体技术可以用于玉米弯孢病菌营养体亲和性的研究。根据亲和性测定的结果将这15个菌株初步分为2个营养体亲和群。     

马唐病原真菌的分离筛选及其致病力测定

从马唐罹病植株上分离到 6种病原真菌 :中隔弯孢、新月弯孢、多节长蠕孢、灰梨孢、链格孢和粉红镰孢。其中新月弯孢和多节长蠕孢对玉米有致病作用 ,灰梨孢对水稻有轻微的致病作用 ;另3种病原真菌中 ,链格孢和粉红镰孢对马唐致病性弱 ,而中隔弯孢菌株对 4叶期以下的马唐有极强的致病作用 ,室内控制效果可达 1 0 0 % ,田间控制可达 75%以上。对中隔弯孢菌株QZ 2 0 0寄主范围测定表明 :该菌对水稻、玉米、大豆、棉花、小麦、向日葵、花生等作物及黑麦草、高羊茅和狗牙根等草坪草十分安全 ,具有开发为作物田和草坪真菌除草剂的潜力     

Relationship Among Genes Conferring Partial Resistance to Leaf Rust (Puccinia triticina) in Wheat Lines CI 13227 and L-574-1

ABSTRACT This study describes the segregation of genes for resistance to the fungus Puccinia triticina in a cross between partially resistant wheat lines L-574-1 and CI 13227 with two and four genes for resistance, respectively. The objectives of this study were to use parental, F(1), F(2), and backcross populations to quantify maternal effects, degree of dominance, and transgressive segregation, and to determine whether CI 13227 and L-574-1 share any resistance genes for long latent period or small uredinia. In two experiments conducted in the greenhouse, the uppermost leaf of adult wheat plants was inoculated prior to heading with P. triticina. On days 6 to 21 after inoculation, the number of uredinia that erupted from the leaf surface was counted and used to calculate the mean latent period (MLP). The length and width of five arbitrarily selected uredinia were measured and used to calculate uredinium area. Midparent values, degree of dominance, and broad-sense heritability were calculated for MLP and uredinium area. For experiment A, MLP values for CI 13227, L-574-1, F(1), and F(2) generations were 12.2, 10.5, 10.2, and 10.6 days, respectively. For experiment B, MLP values for CI 13227, L-574-1, F(1), F(2), backcross to CI 13227, and backcross to L-574-1 were 12.3, 10.0, 10.6, 10.8, 11.1, and 10.0 days, respectively. The inheritance of long latent period was partially recessive, and no maternal effect was present (P = 0.62 to 0.87 for the comparison of means in reciprocal crosses). Broad-sense heritability for MLP ranged from 0.72 to 0.74, and there was transgressive segregation in the F(2) and backcross populations. Uredinia of the F(1) generation were slightly larger than uredinia for CI 13227. The inheritance of uredinium size was partially dominant, and no maternal effect was present (P = 0.5 to 0.63). Broad-sense heritability for uredinium area ranged from 0.36 to 0.73 and transgressive segregation was present in the F(2) and backcross populations. The results for MLP indicate that lines CI 13227 and L-574 likely share one gene for resistance (based on F(1) values) but not two genes (based on the presence of transgressive segregation). CI 13227 and L 574-1 appear to have at least one gene difference for uredinium area. The linear relationship between uredinium area regressed onto MLP was significant (P < 0.001) and r(2) values ranged from 0.14 to 0.26. These results indicate that the resistance in CI 13227 and L-574-1 could be combined to create wheat cultivars with greater partial resistance than that possessed by either parent based on MLP or uredinium size.     

外源化学物质对玉米抗弯孢菌叶斑病的诱导作用

测定了9种外源化学物质对玉米抗弯孢菌叶斑病的诱导作用,它们的诱导效果为9.8%～49.6%。其中,水杨酸的诱导效果最好为49.6%,核黄素、草酸、维生素K3和磷酸氢二钾也表现出较强的诱导能力,诱导效果分别为38.8%、41.5%、27.2%、37.8%;比较了玉米品种间和不同生育期的诱导效果,品种间的诱导效果有一定的差异,但差异不显著。不同玉米生育期的诱导效果以苗期最好,拔节期其次,最差的是成株期。对两种化学物质组合使用研究发现,有些具有协同作用,有些则有抑制作用。     

新月弯孢菌及其近似菌菌落形态和可溶性蛋白电泳图谱比较分析

通过对分离自玉米及其他寄主的 12个新月弯孢菌菌株和 5个近似菌株菌落形态及可溶性蛋白电泳谱比较分析 ,表明菌落形态在不同种之间存在明显的差异 ,同种之间也存在一定差异 ,但不稳定和存在变异。 17个菌株可溶性蛋白SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳显示 ,Curvularia属在Rf值为 0.177处有一条该属的特征蛋白带 ,新月弯孢菌在Rf值为0.225处有一条该种的特征蛋白带 ,但新月弯孢菌蛋白带存在多样性 ,聚类分析将未能确定的 13号菌株定为不等弯孢菌     

芦荟苦素和芦荟凝胶对新月弯孢的抑菌活性

通过研究芦荟苦素和芦荟凝胶对新月弯孢Curvularia lunata的抑菌效果,以期寻找天然活性物质用于水稻新月弯孢叶斑病的防治。滤纸法显示:300 mg/mL的芦荟苦素处理28 h后对新月弯孢可产生明显的抑制带(3.37 mm);在孢子液(3 × 104 cfu/mL)平板上可产生直径为51.27 mm的抑菌圈,且抑制效应可达6 d。用1、2、4、8、16、32、64 mg/mL系列质量浓度的芦荟凝胶处理新月弯孢5 d时的菌丝抑制率范围为9.25% ~ 56.21%,抑菌率随芦荟凝胶质量浓度的增加而升高。此外,从处理后2 d到5 d,64 mg/mL芦荟凝胶的抑制率增加了21.87%。显微镜检表明,160 mg/mL芦荟苦素处理的C. lunata菌丝生长弱于对照,且无附着胞产生。经芦荟凝胶处理后,分生孢子芽管的生长速度显著低于对照,其生长抑制率可达75.39%-96.58%。本研究首次报道芦荟苦素能有效抑制C. lunata的菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发,而芦荟凝胶能有效抑制C. lunata的菌丝和芽管生长。     

Inheritance of resistance to Meloidogyne enterolobii in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Psidium guajava</Emphasis> x <Emphasis Type="Italic">P. guineense</Emphasis> hybrid

Inheritance of the resistance to nematodes has been studied on many different crops, however to our knowledge, no data are available for guava species. The basic genetic resistance parameters to Meloidogyne enterolobii are estimated in the current research in order to guide the development of genotypes resistant to the pathogen. The parental plants, F1 and F2 from a Psidium guajava x P. guineense cross were assessed for the presence or absence of galls and for the number of eggs and juveniles in the root system at the 120th and 240th days after inoculation with 10,000 eggs and juveniles of the nematode. At the age of nine years, the P. guineense plant remained without nematode attack symptoms, whereas the maternal plant was destroyed by the pathogen. The F1 generation showed 270 plants with reproduction factor (RF) <0.322, and there were tiny galls in only 16 plants. The segregation for the presence or absence of galls in the root system in generation F2 was 9:7, wherein the χ² values were 0.78 and 2.66, respectively, at the 120th and 240th days after inoculation, whereas the segregation for RF was 15:1, wherein the χ² values were 2.76 and 1.18, respectively, at the 120th and 240th days. These results indicate epistatic interaction between two genes: in RF < 1 only one allele sets the resistance to the pathogen. The broad sense heritability of RF, estimated to the two assessments was 0.97, and it also indicates a simple inheritance of resistance to M. enterolobii.     

我国北方玉米上平脐蠕孢属和弯孢属真菌及其所致叶斑病

平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)和弯孢属(Curvularia)真菌可引起多种玉米叶斑病。为了解当前玉米生产上此类病害的发生情况,2014年8-9月对我国玉米主产区北京、河北、河南、黑龙江和吉林5省市玉米上疑似由该两属真菌引起的叶部病斑样品进行了采集,随后进行了真菌的分离和鉴定。共采集样品42份,根据其形状特点归为4类:长条形、椭圆形、小点状和梭形病斑。经组织分离获得平脐蠕孢属和弯孢属真菌28株,基于形态学和rDNA-ITS序列的系统发育分析共鉴定出5个种:玉蜀黍平脐蠕孢(B.maydis)、玉米平脐蠕孢(B.zeae)、玉米生平脐蠕孢(B.zeicola)、新月弯孢(C.lunata)和穂状弯孢(C.spicifera)。从长条形病斑和椭圆形病斑上分离到的主要是B.maydis和B.zeicola,从小点状病斑分离到的主要是C.lunata,其次是B.zeae。分离出C.lunata的样品病斑较为稀疏、颜色略浅、呈苍白色,分离出B.zeae的样品病斑更为密集、颜色较深。从梭型病斑分离到的是C.spicifera。有少数样品可分离到上述两种菌。采用孢子悬浮液喷雾法对温室玉米苗接种,上述5种真菌均可致病。以接种B.maydis发病最快,发病最重;接种B.zeicola、C.lunata或C.spicifera发病较慢,症状明显;接种B.zeae发病最慢,仅引起小点状病斑。研究结果可为玉米叶斑病的正确诊断提供资料和依据。     

苜蓿抗褐斑病基因ISSR标记的筛选及验证

运用ISSR分子标记技术和BSA法,对四倍体紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativaL.)F1代进行抗褐斑病基因连锁的分子标记筛选。结果表明,在93个随机引物中,有32个引物能够产生清晰稳定的扩增条带,其中6个引物在中抗杂交F1代、高抗、高感各12单株所组成的抗、感DNA池间出现差异性条带。随后,对此6个标记进行单株检验,结合均值差检验法,结果显示20-R750与苜蓿褐斑病的抗病基因紧密连锁,11-S750与苜蓿褐斑病感病的基因紧密连锁,研究结果为紫花苜蓿抗褐斑病的鉴定和分子标记辅助抗病育种提供了依据。