立克秀拌种防治小麦纹枯病和全蚀病试验研究

１９９６～１９９７年分别在自然病地和土壤混合接菌条件下,应用立克秀６％悬浮种衣剂和２％湿拌剂拌种进行防治小麦纹枯病和小麦全蚀病试验,结果表明：立克秀悬浮种衣剂以１００ｋｇ麦种拌５０ｍＬ、６７ｍＬ,湿拌剂按种子重量０．２％拌种和对照药剂１０％三唑醇可湿性粉剂按种子重量０．４％拌种４个处理防效显著;尤以立克秀悬浮种衣剂６７ｍＬ／１００ｋｇ种子拌种防效最高,对纹枯病平均防效５０．７６％～６４．０３％,对全蚀病平均防效４５．２０％,增产幅度为１６．１３％～２２．１３％。而立克秀悬浮种衣剂较湿拌剂防病保产效果更为突出。立克秀拌种比三唑醇拌种安全性高,对小麦生长和发育无不良影响。     

立克秀拌种防治小麦纹枯病试验

立克秀是德国拜耳公司生产的新一代种子处理剂 ,该药对种传、土传病害均有一定的防治效果 ,为进一步研究该药对小麦纹枯病的防治效果 ,该站于１９９９年秋播会同楚州区植保站进行了药剂拌种试验 ,现将试验总结如下 :一、试验概况（一）试验处理１．２ %立克秀ＷＳ１５０ｇ 拌小麦种１００ｋｇ。２．２ %立克秀ＷＳ２００ｇ 拌小麦种１００ｋｇ。３．ＣＫ ,麦种不作任何处理。（二）拌种方法将立克秀按每１０ｇ 加水１００ｇ 调成药液与６．６５ｋｇ 小麦种子一起放入专用塑料拌种袋中 ,充分摇匀 ,晾干后即播种。（三）试验田基本情况试验田…     

坡旱地集水深蓄耕作技术研究

１９９０～１９９４年在地处黄土高原的山西隰县坡旱地进行了集水蓄耕作效应研究，结果表明：与常规耕作相比，采取耕翻地孔或耕翻深松，０～２００ｃｍ土层贮水量增加５０．８ｍｍ和５４．８ｍｍ；地面径流量减少５７．８％和５２．８％土壤侵蚀量减少５８．０％和５３．５％；降低土壤温度０℃和１．２℃；连续覆盖４年，土壤有机质提高了１．１７ｇ／ｋｇ，速效钾提高了１５．９ｍｇ／ｋｇ；小麦单产提高２３．５％和２７．７％；     

有机肥对提高旱作土壤水分利用率的效应

旱作土壤施用有机肥料能明显提高人物产量和水分利用率。在陇中半干旱地区，小麦的最佳有机肥施用量为３０６８ｋｇ／亩，施肥上限约为４０００ｋｇ／亩，在此限以内，每亩每增施１００ｋｇ普通有机肥料，小麦产量平均提高１．７６ｋｇ。水分利用率与施肥量之间呈直线型正效应，每１００ｋｇ普通有机肥能提高水分利用率０．００６２ｋｇ／ｍｍ亩。     

TP系列多功能高效抗旱灵对冬小麦冬油菜施用效果的研究

１９９４年进行了ＴＰ系列多功能高效抗旱灵对冬小麦，冬油菜施用效果试验研究结果表明：１．在作物全生育期耕层０ｃｍ－２０ｃｍ土壤水分均比对照高４．４ｇ／ｋｇ－２３．４ｇ／ｋｇ。２．增加作物根系数量和长度等作用明显，冬小麦初生根比对照多２．４次，次生根数比对照多１条，长度增长１９．５３ｃｍ；冬油菜根系长度增加２．４７ｃｍ，增粗０．４０ｃｍ；３．平均可提高出苗经５．９５％；４．对冬小麦，冬油菜具有明显增产     

双穗雀稗对直播早稻的危害损失和防除对策

对直播早稻田雀稗危害损失测定结果表明,啼量损失与双穗雀稗密度、总分枝数、鲜重之存在极显著的线性相关。每平方米增加１株,疸损失率平均提高１０．２８个面分点;分枝数每增加１个,鲜重每增加１ｇ,每亩产量损失分别为０．７６ｋｇ和０．２０ｋｇ。在产量损失构成中,以有效穗占主导地位,其次每穗实粒数。     

氯化铵肥效及对作物品质影响的研究

通过小麦,玉米、油料等９种作物１００次田间试验表明,氯化铵肥效与尿素肥效相当;氯化铵、尿素每公斤氮产出量相差无几,二者之差变化在－１．２ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２￣２．６ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２之间,平均－１．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,氯化铵与尿素的肥料利用率分别为２５．４％和２６．１％,二者的差异达不到显著水平。与尿素相比,氯化铵对作物收获物中的粗蛋白,脂肪和淀粉也均无显著影响。     

3种不同种子处理方法对水稻发芽及幼苗素质的影响

室内采用滤纸法,研究种子包衣后浸种、浸种后种子包衣和催芽后种子包衣3种不同的处理方式对稻花香、天优华占和保丰3个水稻品种发芽率及幼苗素质的影响.结果显示：在所测试的浓度范围内,分别采用3种不同的处理方式,每个水稻品种的发芽率均随着噻虫嗪·苯醚甲环唑23％悬浮种衣剂用量的增加而增加.且随着悬浮种衣剂用量的增加水稻病苗率降低;同一用量条件下,3个水稻品种发芽率由高到低依次为：催芽后种子包衣＞种子包衣后浸种＞浸种后种子包衣.病斑率由小到大依次为：催芽后种子包衣＞种子包衣后浸种＞浸种后种子包衣.这表明噻虫嗪·苯醚甲环唑23％悬浮种衣剂可以明显抑制水稻种子携带的病原菌;随着种衣剂用量的增加水稻幼苗的根数、主根长和株高增加.对天优华占、稻花香和保丰3个水稻品种幼苗素质影响由大到小依次为：催芽后种子包衣＞种子包衣后浸种＞浸种后种子包衣.这表明：水稻种子处理方法对水稻幼苗素质有一定的影响.     

低温胁迫下氟唑环菌胺和戊唑醇包衣对玉米种子出苗和幼苗的影响

为比较低温胁迫下氟唑环菌胺和戊唑醇种子包衣对玉米出苗和幼苗的影响,以空白种子为对照,对2种药剂不同剂量包衣的玉米种子进行低温胁迫。研究表明,在低温胁迫下氟唑环菌胺包衣对玉米种子的出苗率和幼苗的生长无显著影响,而戊唑醇包衣对玉米种子的出苗率、出苗速率和幼苗的生长有不同程度的抑制作用;戊唑醇包衣能加剧低温胁迫导致的幼根细胞内电解质外渗,增加幼芽中脯氨酸的含量,而氟唑环菌胺包衣对幼根电解质外渗无显著影响同时对幼芽中脯氨酸的含量无显著影响。因此,在低温胁迫下氟唑环菌胺作为种衣剂比戊唑醇具有更高的安全性。     

宁南半干旱地区春小麦农田微集水种植技术研究

在宁南旱作农业区采用微集水种植方式,可有效地改善土壤供水能力,提高小麦量和水分利用率。经试验,土壤供水能力提高１３２．３％－１８１．０％,小麦产量提高５５．０％－７５．１％,水分利用率水分利用率提高２．０４ｋｇ（ｍｍ．ｈｍ＾２－３．５９ｋｇ／（ｍｍ．ｈｍ＾２）,达到７．１３ｋｇ／（ｍｍ．ｈｍ＾２－８．８９ｋｇ／（ｍｍ．ｈｍ＾２（）;处理中窄 型增产效果优于宽垄型。该技术是适合于半干旱地区的一种能较     

Effects of Two Triazole Seed Treatments,Triticonazole and Triadimenol,on Growth and Development of Wheat

The triazole fungicides, triadimenol and triticonazole, applied as seed treatments at various rates on spring wheat, affected plant growth, shoot development, and root axis production. The main growth regulatory effects were reductions in lengths of the coleoptile, the first leaf and the subcrown internode. A marked effect on tiller appearance occurred with high rates of triadimenol. Modification of root-system development included a reduction in the number of seminal roots, increased outgrowth of roots associated with the coleoptilar node, and a reduction of roots at the first foliar node (correlated with reduced production of Tiller 1). Seed treatment effects on both shoot and root development illustrated the close relationship between these plant structures. Both fungicides induced both beneficial and deleterious effects on wheat growth and development, but the magnitude of deleterious effects was less with triticonazole than with triadimenol.     

小麦主要病虫分期混合施药技术

研究结果表明,小麦主要病虫的发生有明显的阶段性,秋苗期主要是纹枯病和地下害虫,返青拔节期主要是纹枯病和麦蜘蛛,两者皆在3月25日前后进入侵染和为害盛期;穗期主要有白粉病、叶锈病和麦蚜,有的年份条锈病流行,它们多在5月1日前后进入盛发期。播种期、返青拔节期和穗期3期,杀虫剂与杀菌剂混合施药具有良好的药效和明显的增产作用,特别是穗期。3期混合施药的最优组合是:播种期,0.08％甲基异柳磷与0.03％三唑醇混合拌种,返青拔节期,甲基硫环磷(175.5g/ha)与三唑醇(75g/ha)混合喷雾;穗期,抗蚜威(45g/ha)与三唑醇(105g/ha)混合喷雾。3期施药经济效益显著,投入产出比1: 12.7～14.1,每ha纯收益1450.5～1797.0元。     

戊唑醇种子处理防治小麦纹枯病

种子处理是控制小麦纹枯病的有效措施,在小麦纹枯病的综合治理技术体系中起着举足轻重的作用。在苏南宜兴和淮北徐州,2％戊唑醇湿拌剂和6％戊唑醇悬剂胺10kg麦种拌药0.3-0.4g有效成分,对小麦的出苗没有显著影响,对根系和冬前分蘖具有促进作用。对小麦纹枯病的控制效果较为理想,表现为冬前效果显著,病析率防效60％－100％,从而有效地抑制了冬前发病高峰。戊唑醇处理区拔节期的病情指仍然极显著地低于对照区,亦显著低于对照药剂纹霉净,侵茎高峰明显推迟,最终的枯白穗防效突出,0.3-0.4g ai/10kg种子拌种的枯白穗防效达到85％以上。由于控病和对小麦生长调控的双重作用,保穗、保产效果明显,最终产量较对照增加10％－15％。     

In-vivo evaluation of adjuvants for more effective control of celery leaf-spot (Septoria apiicola) and powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) of wheat with fungicides

The effects of seven adjuvants (at 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g litre^?1) on the efficacies of four fungicides al 0.5 g litre^?1 were studied in the laboratory for the control of leaf-spot in celery (caused by Septoria apiicola) and powdery mildew on winter wheat (caused by Erysiphe graminis). The most effective fungicides for controlling leaf-spot were: tebuconazole + triadimenol = flutriafol > mancozeb + oxadixyl > prochloraz. However, addition of adjuvant to the fungicides gave a modified pattern of effectiveness. The efficacy of flutriafol was strongly enhanced by addition of all adjuvants, but those of prochloraz and mancozeb+oxadixyl only partially so. The tested adjuvants were mineral oil + surfactant, a polymer/alkoxylated alkyl ether blend, an ethoxylated alkylphenol, an ethoxylated hexitan ester blend, an ethoxylated nonylphenol and an alkylpolysaccharide- based adjuvant mixture. However, the addition of adjuvants to tebuconazole + triadimenol had a negative effect. Of all the adjuvants tested, the nonylphenol ethoxylate and a mixture of mineral oil /surfactant and alkylpolysaccharides gave the highest efficacy with the fungicides, while the mineral oil/surfactant and the alkylpolysaccharides alone were less effective. There was a positive relationship between high concentrations of adjuvants and their effectiveness, but there were some exceptions. The most effective fungicides for control of powdery mildew in wheat were prochloraz, mancozeb + oxadixyl and tebuconazole + triadimenol. There was a linear relationship between the high efficacy of the fungicide and the concentration of adjuvants to control powdery mildew in wheat. The highest concentration of adjuvant (2-0 g litre^?1) gave the highest efficacy for the fungicides.     

2%三唑醇·戊唑醇种衣剂对小麦纹枯病菌麦角甾醇含量的影响

分别用三唑醇原粉、戊唑醇原粉和2%三·戊种衣剂(1.2%三唑醇＋0.8%戊唑醇,质量分数)处理小麦纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia cerealis后,采用皂化处理样品法提取并用高效液相色谱法测定其体内的麦角甾醇含量。结果表明,随着药剂浓度升高,麦角甾醇的含量逐渐降低,说明药剂浓度越高抑制作用越强。当药剂有效成分浓度为5.0 μg/mL时,7 d后对病菌的抑制率分别为60.4％、63.8％、63.8%。药剂处理浓度相同时,菌丝麦角甾醇的含量高低顺序为:三唑醇处理＞三·戊种衣剂处理＞戊唑醇处理。说明药剂处理菌丝后其体内麦角甾醇的合成受到抑制,从而导致其含量显著降低。     

辽河流域小麦白粉病综合治理体系

在田间,通过不同时期人工接种小麦条锈病菌和施用杀菌剂三唑酮的组合,测定小麦叶内三唑酮及其代谢产物三唑醇含量对病害相对侵染几率,潜育期,病斑扩展,产孢面积及传染期等组分的定量影响。结果表明,施药后不同批次接种,在一定时间内,麦叶内药剂可降低病害相对侵染几率并延长其潜育期;接种后施药在一个潜育期内,药剂可使病害潜育期提早。     

水分胁迫下不同化学物质浸种对小麦发芽及幼苗生长的影响

室内用PEG6000模拟干旱胁迫培养实验研究了不同水分条件下不同化学物质浸种对小麦种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:GA浸种显著地提高了小麦的发芽势、发芽指数和苗高,MnSO4及含有MnSO4的化学物质浸种降低了其发芽率和发芽指数.PP333和MnSO4单独浸种显著提高了小麦的根系干重,但二者的混合处理的小麦根系干重却有所降低.在水分胁迫情况下,用化学物质浸种可以有效地防止水分不足对苗高的影响.GA+MnSO4处理的小麦在水分胁迫后,根系干重及干物质累积量有明显的提高,说明在水分胁迫条件下,利用GA+MnSO4处理具有促进根系生长,培育小麦壮苗的突出作用.     

小麦茎基腐病防治药剂及抗病品种的筛选

为获得防治小麦茎基腐病的有效药剂和抗病品种,测定12种杀菌剂对小麦茎基腐主要病原菌假禾谷镰孢菌Fusarium pseudograminearum的室内毒力、对小麦生长的影响及对小麦茎基腐病的室内防治效果,并鉴定144份小麦品种（系）对茎基腐病的抗性。结果表明,12种杀菌剂对假禾谷镰孢菌均有一定的抑制效果,其中15%氰烯菌酯·5%己唑醇的抑制率最高,EC₅₀为0.002 mg/L,其次是6.6%嘧菌酯·1.1%咯菌腈·3.3%精甲霜灵、25 g/L咯菌腈和430 g/L戊唑醇,EC₅₀分别为0.016、0.069和0.099 mg/L。12种杀菌剂拌种处理对小麦出苗、株高、根长和鲜重均有不同程度的影响,尤其对出苗率影响最大,其中15%氰烯菌酯·5%己唑醇处理的出苗率最低,为30.41%。15%氰烯菌酯·5%己唑醇拌种处理的防治效果最好,为70.43%;其次是430 g/L戊唑醇和25 g/L咯菌腈·37.5 g/L精甲霜灵,防治效果分别为56.34%和53.34%。在供试144份小麦品种（系）中,仅3份对小麦茎基腐病表现为中感,其余141份均表现为高感,无免疫和抗病品种。综上,目前防治小麦茎基腐病时建议选用15%氰烯菌酯·5%己唑醇等杀菌剂进行拌种处理,但应严格控制药剂用量,以防影响小麦出苗。     

Sensitivity of populations ofBotrytis cinerea to triazoles,benomyl and vinclozolin

Sensitivity of field isolates (121) ofBotrytis cinerea from France (1992), Germany (1979–1992), Israel (1990) and the Netherlands (1970–1989) to the triazoles tebuconazole and triadimenol, the benzimidazole benomyl and the dicarboximide vinclozolin were tested in radial growth experiments. Resistance to benomyl (in 21 to 100% of isolates tested) and vinclozolin (in 25 to 71% of isolates tested) was common in most countries. EC₅₀s (concentrations of fungicides inhibiting radial mycelial growth ofB. cinerea on B5-agar by 50%) for tebuconazole and triadimenol ranged between 0.01–1.64 and 0.4–32.6g ml^–1, respectively, and were log-normally distributed. The variation factor (ratio between EC₅₀s of the least and most sensitive isolate tested) amounts 164 and 82 for tebuconazole and triadimenol, respectively. These values are comparable to those for azole fungicides applied in control of other pathogens. Hence, variation in sensitivity to triazoles can probably not explain limited field performance of triazoles towardsB. cinerea. Isolates from south west Germany (1992) were significantly less sensitive to tebuconazole than isolates collected earlier in Germany, Israel and the Netherlands. Such less sensitive populations may contribute to the limited field performance of DMI fungicides towardsB. cinerea. The sensitivity of isolates from south west Germany to tebuconazole was similar to that of DMI-resistant mutants generated in the laboratory. These mutants displayed stable resistance with Q-values (ratio between EC₅₀ of resistant mutant and wild type isolate) between 5 and 20. Sensitivity of field isolates and laboratory mutants to tebuconazole and triadimenol was correlated.     

Fungicide sensitivity of populations of wheat powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. Tritici) in Central Europe in 1993

In 1993 we observed the sensitivity of wheat powdery mildew populations (Erysiphe graminis DC f.sp. tritici Marchal) from the Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary and Slovakia to the fungicides triadimenol, tebuconazole, propiconazole, flutriafol and fenpropimorph. The highest resistance value was shown to triadimenol, which attained a mean resistance factor (MRF) of 29 (expressing how many times the population is more resistant than are standard sensitive isolates) in the mildew population from the Czech Republic. The mildew populations from eastern Slovakia and eastern Hungary, populations geographically isolated from the other populations, showed very high sensitivity to all fungicides tested. There was most sensitivity to fenpropimorph (smallest MRF values) compared with the other fungicides. Cross-resistance was established among all triazoles used, but not between triazoles and fenpropimorph. Sensitivity of wheat powdery mildew populations from Central Europe to these fungicides is considered adequate, and the development of resistance has shown a decreasing tendency in recent years.