间种山毛豆对桉树根系空间分布的影响

以桉树(2 m×3 m)+山毛豆(Tephrosia candida)复合经营模式为研究对象,桉树纯林(2 m×3 m)为对照,根系生物量和根长密度为测定指标,采用根系区位全挖法和土钻样点法,探索了间种山毛豆对桉树根系空间分布的影响。结果显示:间种山毛豆有利于提高桉树细根和粗根在地下部分的比例,其中细根生物量提高幅度最大,比纯林桉树提高了1.99倍;间种山毛豆对桉树细根生物量空间分布影响显著,在垂直方向上,桉树细根生物量明显下沉,各土层大小排序为20～40 cm 0～20 cm 40～60 cm,在水平方向上,桉树细根生长明显外延,各区位细根生物量大小排序为区位2区位1区位3;间种山毛豆对0～20 cm深土层的桉树根系根长密度影响显著,其中纯林桉树细根根长密度是间种模式的1.4倍,粗根是间种模式的1.9倍,而2种模式下桉树根长密度最大值均出现在20～40 cm土层;在从桉树树兜往树行中间的水平方向上,间种模式和纯林桉树中细根和粗根的根长密度变化趋势均是单峰型曲线,其中细根根长密度峰值分别出现在1.00、1.25 m位置,粗根根长密度峰值分别出现在0.75、1.00 m位置。桉树人工林间种山毛豆能有效促进桉树根系生长,特别是细根生物量明显增加;同时桉树根系出现了生长下沉和外延现象,这可能是受地下根系生态位重叠产生的树种间竞争和促进作用影响造成。     

平欧杂种榛细根空间分布特征

[目的]探讨单作系统下平欧杂种榛根系空间分布特征,揭示影响细根(吸收根,0d≤2 mm)分布的关键土壤因子,为平欧杂种榛的地下水肥高效管理提供理论参考。[方法]采用田间分层挖掘法和根系形态结构分析系统,研究平欧杂种榛根系径级构成以及垂直与水平分布特征。[结果]表明:平欧杂种榛根系主要由细根构成,其中,细根表面积和细根长度分别占测定总根系的60.8%和93.2%,表明平欧杂种榛只有维持足够庞大的细根表面积和长度才能摄取更多的养分和水分以保障正常的生长需求。垂直方向上,平欧杂种榛根系生物量密度、表面积密度和根长密度均随土层深度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,各根系密度参数最大值均在10～20 cm土层。水平方向上,平欧杂种榛根系生物量密度、表面积密度和根长密度均表现为随距树干基部水平距离的增加而减小,且各根系密度参数在水平距离上差异显著。细根密度的空间分布特征表明,距树干基部水平距离0～150 cm以内的0～50 cm土层为细根表面积和根长密度的集中分布区,二者分别占测定总细根的54.16%和48.83%。相关分析表明:平欧杂种榛细根表面积密度和根长密度均与土壤含水量呈极显著正相关,表明细根分布对土壤水分的响应敏感,细根"逐水性"特征明显。[结论]在平欧杂种榛单作系统下,从节水节肥的角度考虑,距树干基部水平距离0～150 cm以内的0～50 cm土层可作为土壤水肥管理的重要区域。     

油茶—川西小黄菊复合经营中根系分布特征研究

2015年11月,在浙江省龙泉市油茶(Camellia oleifera)—川西小黄菊(Pyrethrum tatsienense)复合经营林地中,采用分层挖掘和环刀法取样,使用Win Rhizo系统分析根系根长、体积,测定生物量,对复合经营根系空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明,复合系统中川西小黄菊地下根系密度、体积分布趋势较为一致,在树冠滴水线附近较小,根系各指标数值随着距离增加而增大,在离滴水线30 cm左右达到最大值;在垂直方向随着土层深度的增加而显著减少(置信概率95%),根系绝大部分分布在0~20 cm的土层。油茶的根长密度、生物量和体积在树冠滴水线附近占比分别为34.76%、28.27%和35.23%,随着距离增大而减小;根长密度、生物量和体积在20 cm以下土层占比分别为82.27%,74.66%和89.39%。油茶单作条件下的根系根长密度、生物量和体积在水平分布上随着距离增大而逐渐减少,但其相对值却比复合系统大,其根系在0~20 cm的土层分布有所增加。复合系统根系在水平方向,在滴水线附近的重叠程度为0.76,垂直方向的20~40 cm土层中的重叠程度为0.69。     

湘北四川桤木人工林根系空间分布特征

对湘北地区6年生四川桤木(Alnus cremastogyne)人工林不同径级根系生物量分布、根长、比根长、根长密度的空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明:四川桤木人工林大根、中根、小根、细根生物量分别占林分根系生物量总和的55%、22%、14%、9%;约66%的根系生物量集中在0～30cm土层;不同径级根系根长变化趋势是:细根小根大根中根,比根长的变化趋势是:细根小根中根大根;各径级根长密度变化趋势各不相同:垂直方向上,在0～60cm土层,大根的根长密度随土层深度的增加先增后降,中根、小根、细根的根长密度随土层深度的增加而减小,水平方向上,在0～80cm距离,大根的根长密度随距树干距离的增加而减小,细根的根长密度随距树干距离的增加而增大,中根、小根的根长密度在距树干0～60cm内逐渐减小,而在距树干60～80cm又略有增加。     

窄冠刺槐根系的研究

2006年10月用全挖法和分层分段挖掘法,研究了窄冠刺槐根系的分布特征、根系生物量以及不同密度林分根系空间分布特征.结果表明:窄冠刺槐个体根系水平分布在株间可达到6.6 m,在行间可达到5.0 m;主根可深达2 m以上,侧根垂直分布集中在10～40 cm土层内.窄冠刺槐根系生物量占全株生物量的16.82％,主根、侧根的生物量在根系生物量中分别占87.13％、12.87％.窄冠刺槐林分根系生物总量和根总长分别为6 160.2～10 940.55kg·hm-2和970.35～1 607.4 km·hm-2,并呈现出根系生物总量和根总长与林分密度成正相关的规律.在垂直方向上,林分根系中直径D<15 mm的根主要分布在地下0～20 cm土层内,而直径D≥15 mm的根主要分布在地下20～40 cm土层内;在水平方向上,直径D≥5 mm的根数量随距树干距离增加而减少,而直径D<1 mm的根数量则随距树干距离增大而增大,主要集中分布在距树干0.5～1.5 m范围内.     

低覆盖度行带式种植模式下赤峰杨根系分布特征

采用根钻法对低覆盖度行带式栽植模式下赤峰杨的根长密度的空间分布特征进行了研究,同时用烘干法对其根质量密度进行了测量。结果表明:赤峰杨的总平均根长密度在不同土层间变化很大,0.0 40 cm土层为根系主要分布区域,其在总平均根长密度中所占比例高达77.1%;不同径级之间的根长密度差异显著,0.0 0.2 mm径级根系的根长密度最大,可达0.61 cm·cm-3。带间根长密度变化出现了先增大后减少而后略有增大的趋势,环境因子影响根系分布,>2.0 mm的粗根根长密度主要分布于带间。低覆盖度行带式配置模式下的赤峰杨吸收根系(<2mm)主要分布于0 40 cm深度区域,粗根(>2.0 mm)主要分布于地表40 cm以下区域,带间是根系的主要分布区域,根系主要利用的是天然降水。     

栗茶间作模式下茶树根系的基础特性

对安徽枞阳县周潭镇大山村中国森林生态网络大山试验示范区的栗茶间作茶园和单作茶园茶树根系的特征进行了试验研究。结果表明:栗茶间作促进了茶树根系的生长。间作茶园茶树根系的干重、吸收根比例、比根长和根系生理活性明显大于单作茶树根系;间作茶园茶树根系在土壤中的分布比单作茶树根系更深、更均匀;间作茶园内茶树和栗树根系在土壤空间中各自具有相对不同的生态位。栗茶间作具有较好的生态学基础,是一种可持续发展的茶园经营模式。     

不同密度水曲柳人工林细根生物量对邻近树木胸径和距离的响应

【目的】研究不同密度水曲柳人工林细根生物量对邻近树木胸径和距离的响应,为制定合理的水曲柳根系取样方案提供理论依据。【方法】在4种林分密度(Ⅰ:3 572株·hm~(-2),Ⅱ:3 128株·hm~(-2),Ⅲ:2 215株·hm~(-2),Ⅳ:1 468株·hm~(-2))的水曲柳人工林内,随机布点取样,测定0～10、10～20和20～30 cm土层吸收根(直径≤0.05 mm)和细根(直径≤2.0 mm)生物量及0～30 cm土层的吸收根总生物量和细根总生物量,并记录距取样点最近的1株和4株树的距离及胸径。采用线性回归分析,检验细根生物量与邻近树木距离和胸径的关系。【结果】0～30 cm土层吸收根和细根总生物量受林分密度影响显著,二者均在密度最小林分中最大;从林分密度Ⅰ～Ⅳ,吸收根占细根生物量的比例分别为61.6%、54.3%、52.9%和63.4%;在所有林分中,50%以上的细根和吸收根生物量分布在0～10 cm土层;在4种密度林分中,吸收根和细根总生物量与最近1株或4株树的距离均相关性不显著(P0.05),仅有密度Ⅲ林分10～20 cm土层细根生物量与最近4株树的平均距离显著正相关(P0.05);与细根总生物量相比,0～30 cm土层吸收根总生物量与邻近树木胸径之间呈现出更普遍的相关,但相关性显著水平与林分密度有关;密度Ⅰ林分吸收根和细根生物量均与最近1株树胸径显著正相关(均R~2 0.19),而密度Ⅱ林分吸收根和细根生物量均与最近4株树的平均胸径显著正相关(均R~2 0.21);密度Ⅲ林分中吸收根生物量与最近1株或4株树的胸径均显著相关(均R~2 0.16);而密度Ⅳ林分中吸收根和细根生物量与邻近树木胸径均不显著相关;在调查的3个土层中,细根和吸收根生物量与邻近树木胸径的相关性主要出现在0～10 cm土层,并呈现出与0～30 cm土层细根总生物量相似的规律。【结论】基于对不同密度水曲柳人工林细根生物量的研究结果,认为可在东北林区不同密度水曲柳人工林内灵活设置细根取样点,不必考虑与附近林木的距离,但需考虑邻近树木胸径大小的影响,在平均木周围设置取样点是可选途径。     

不同林分密度马尾松人工林根系生物量及空间分布研究

以龙里林场17 a三种不同密度的马尾松人工林为研究对象,采用逐层全根挖掘法和土钻法对其平均标准木和林分行间根系生物量进行研究。结果表明:马尾松根系总生物量受密度影响显著,C(25.78 t·hm-2)>B(15.77 t·hm-2)>A(12.47 t·hm-2),占根系总生物量(根桩除外)的87.8%以上的根系分布于0~30 cm的土层中,不同径级根系中,以根桩和粗根所占比例最大。林分行间根系生物量受密度影响较大,除中根外,土层深度对小根和细根分布的影响达到显著水平。水平方向,不同径级根系生物量变化趋势各异,细根和小根生物量在距离树干约1 m处达到最高,根系总生物量主要集中在距离树干0.5 m的范围内。随着土层深度的增加,不同径级根系的生物量都呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,在10~20 cm土层中,根系生物量达到最大值。     

黄土丘陵区燕沟流域人工刺槐林的细根空间分布特征

对黄土丘陵区燕沟流域10年生人工刺槐林的细根生物量、比根长、根长密度和根面积指数的空间分布特征,以及这些根系参数与土壤物理因子(土壤含水量、土壤温度和土壤密度)的关系进行研究。结果表明:1)人工刺槐林细根在0～180cm土层中随深度呈层次性衰减(a,b,c,d,e);其中,细根生物量、根长密度和根面积指数等随深度变化均可用负指数函数描述,根系集中分布在0～60cm土层,峰值都在0～20cm土层,该土层3项指标分别占各自0～60cm土层总量的42.72%,44.44%和47.14%;比根长随深度增加衰减趋势较弱,在80～140cm土层中出现反复,其随土层深度的变化可用三次多项式描述。2)细根生物量、根长密度和根面积指数等均随距树干基部的距离增加而减小,比根长在0～40cm随距树干距离增加而增加,在40～80cm达到最大值,120～160cm内最少。3)根系分布受环境因子影响,其影响程度依次为:土壤温度>土壤含水量>土壤密度,建立根系参数与土壤物理因子的多元线性回归模型,模型均达到95%以上显著水平。     

不同径级云南松各部位生物量及其分布规律

利用标准木法测定了不同径级云南松人工林生物量及生物量在垂直方向上的分布规律。结果表明:云南松生物量随径级的增大而增大,5~7.5 cm径级云南松生物量为(6.642±1.129)×10³ g·株^-1;7.6~12.5 cm径级为(2.533±0.387)×10⁴ g·株^-1;12.6~17.5 cm径级为(5.897±1.331)×10⁴ g·株^-1;17.6~22.5 cm径级为(1.063±0.211)×10⁵ g·株^-1;≥22.6 cm径级为(2.208±0.409)×10⁵ g·株^-1。在不同径级组成中云南松各器官生物量的分配比例存在一定的变化:随着径级的增大,主干和根部生物量呈现先下降后上升的趋势,枝和叶生物量占总生物量的比例为先升高后降低,而树皮的比例则一直下降。主干生物量在0~2 m高度层最大,占总生物量的27.62%。6~8 m高度层枝、叶生物量最大,分别占各自总生物量的35.85%、38.34%。云南松根系生物量主要分布在0~30 cm土层深度内,占总根系生物量的65.49%。     

江南油杉细根生物量空间分布及其对土壤水分的响应

[目的]探明广西不同栽培区江南油杉细根生物量的空间分布共性及其对土壤水分的响应机制.[方法]以广西3个栽培区江南油杉人工幼林为研究对象,采用根系全株分层挖掘和根系形态结构分析法,定量分析江南油杉幼树不同径级细根生物量密度、根长密度和表面积密度的空间分布特征.[结果]1)江南油杉幼林期细根生物量在垂直方向上主要分布在0～...     

Root distribution and interactions in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry system

Even though agronomists have considered the spatial root distribution of plants to be important for interspecific interactions in agricultural intercropping, few experimental studies have quantified patterns of root distribution and their impacts on interspecific interactions in agroforestry systems. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship between root distribution and interspecific interactions between intercropped jujube tree (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn.) in Hetian, south Xinjiang province, northwest China. Roots were sampled by auger in 2-, 4- and 6-year-old jujube tree/wheat intercropping and in sole wheat and 2-, 4- and 6-year-old sole jujube down to 100 cm depth in the soil profile. The roots of both intercropped wheat and jujube had less root length density (RLD) at all soil depths than those of sole wheat and jujube trees. The RLD of 6-year-old jujube intercropped with wheat at different soil depths was influenced by intercropping to a smaller extent than in other jujube/wheat intercropping combinations. 6-year-old jujube exhibited a stronger negative effect on the productivity of wheat than did 2- or 4-year-old jujube and there was less effect on productivity of jujube in the 6-year-old system than in the 2- or 4-year-old jujube trees grown in monoculture. These findings may partly explain the interspecific competition effects in jujube tree/wheat agroforestry systems.     

Biomass distribution in 40-year-old trees of Japanese black pine

Measurements were carried out to survey the quantity of above- and below-ground biomass and its distribution of five Japanese black pines (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) growing on a sandy soil. The roots, divided into diameter groups, were surveyed using two methods—soil coring and excavation. Average dry weight of total biomass of the trees was 176,185 g. Roots represented 13.2%, below-ground stump 6.5%, stem 70.4% and branches with needles 9.9% of total biomass. Roots made up about two thirds and stump one third of below-ground biomass. Total length of below-ground biomass (except roots with diameter < 0.1 cm) was 479.1 m/tree. Roots with diameter of 0.1–0.2 cm represented only 0.7% of below-ground biomass, however as much as 49.9% of their total length. Roots with diameter over 10.0 cm constituted as much as 21.6% of below-ground biomass, however were only 0.3% of its total length. Root systems had well developed tap roots to maximal depth of 231 cm. The results indicated that mass and length of roots with diameter 0.5–2.0 cm had a close correlation with branch mass. Mass and length of roots with diameter 2.0–10.0 cm closely correlated to stem mass. Stem mass, root mass and root length closely correlated to DBH. A rather low correlation was found between DBH and mass of branches and below-ground stump. DBH was a suitable variable for predicting total biomass.     

Competitive interaction in a jujube tree/wheat agroforestry system in northwest China’s Xinjiang Province

The jujube tree (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.)/wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) agroforestry system is frequently used in China’s Xinjiang Province. The system improves land-use efficiency and increases economic returns. A field experiment was conducted at the Hetian oasis in southern Xinjiang Province to investigate the relationship between root distribution and interspecific interaction between the two intercropped species. The study included seven treatments: sole-cropped 5, 7, or 9-year-old jujube trees (treatments 1–3); 5, 7, or 9-year-old jujube trees intercropped with wheat (treatments 4–6); and sole-cropped wheat (treatment 7). To determine vertical root distribution, soil cores were collected in 20-cm increments from the 0 to 100-cm soil depth. The cores were collected at horizontal distances of 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 cm from the jujube rows. The results showed that the land equivalent ratios were >1 for the three jujube/wheat intercropping systems. This indicated that these systems were advantageous compared with sole cropping. Tree height, breast height diameter, and mean crown radius were less in the intercropped treatments than in the corresponding sole-cropped treatments. Intercropping reduced the root length densities (RLDs) and root diameters (RDs) of both jujube and wheat at all soil depths. The RLD and RD of 9-year-old jujube trees were greater than those of the 5- and 7-year-old trees, which indicated that the root systems of the 9-year-old trees were more developed. Wheat root growth was inhibited more by older jujube trees than by younger ones. In conclusion, jujube tree/wheat intercropping can be practical and beneficial in the region. However, the mechanisms involved in the belowground interspecific interactions are still unknown. Additional research is needed to provide optimal management strategies and technologies for jujube/wheat intercropping.     

Biomass and production of fine and coarse roots of trees under agrisilvicultural practices in north-east India

An understanding of the rooting pattern of tree species used in agroforestry systems is essential for the development and management of systems involving them. Seasonal variation, depth wise and lateral distribution of biomass in roots of different diameter classes and their annual production were studied using sequential core sampling. The investigations were carried out in four tree species under tree only and tree+crop situations at ICAR Research Farm, Barapani (Meghalya), India. The tree species were mandarin (Citrus reticulata), alder (Alnus nepalensis), cherry (Prunus cerasoides) and albizia (Paraserianthes falcataria). The contribution of fine roots to the total root biomass ranged from 87% in albizia to 77% in mandarin. The bulk of the fine roots (38% to 47%) in the four tree species was concentrated in the upper 10 cm soil layer, but the coarse roots were concentrated in 10–20 cm soil depth in alder (46%) and albizia (51%) and at 0–10 cm in cherry (41%) and mandarin (48%). In all the four tree species, biomass of both fine- and coarse-roots followed a unimodal growth curve by showing a gradual increase from spring (pre-rainy) season to autumn (post rainy) season. Biomass to necromass ratio varied between 2 to 3 in the four tree species. The maximum (3.2) ratio was observed during spring and the minimum (2) in the rainy season. In alder and albizia, the fine roots were distributed only up to 1 m distance from the tree trunk but in the other two species they were found at a distance up to 1.5 m from the tree trunk. The annual fine root production varied from 3.6 Mg ha^–1 to 6.2 Mg ha^–1 and total production from 4.2 to 8.4 Mg ha^–1 in albizia to mandarin, respectively. Cherry and mandarin had a large number of woody roots in the surface layers which pose physical hindrance during soil working and intercultural operations under agroforestry. But the high biomass of roots of these two species may be advantageous for sequential or spatially separated agroforestry systems. However, alder and albizia have the most desirable rooting characteristics for agroforestry systems.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Estimation of the fine root biomass in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) plantation using minirhizotrons

We estimated fine root biomass in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) plantation using a min-irhizotron technique. Since data obtained from minirhizo-trons are limited to the length and diameter of fine roots observed on minirhizotron tubes, data conversion is necessary to determine the fine root biomass per unit soil volume or unit stand area. We first examined the regression between diameter squared and weight per unit length of fine roots in soil core samples, and calculated the fine root biomass on minirhizotron tubes from their length and diameter. Then we determined conversion factors based on the ratio of the fine root biomass in soil core samples to that on minirhizotron tubes. We examined calculation methods, using a single conversion factor for total fine root biomass in the soil for depths of 0–40cm (Cal1), or using four conversion factors for fine roots in the soil at 10-cm intervals (Cal2). Cal1 overestimated fine root biomass in the lower soil or underestimated that in the upper soil, while fine root biomass calculated using Cal2 better matched that in soil core samples. These results suggest that minirhizotron data should be converted separately for different soil depths to better estimate fine root biomass.     

毛红椿不同家系磷素利用特性的研究

利用8个对土壤磷素敏感程度各异的毛红椿家系,设置4个磷素水平的土培盆栽试验,研究其不同磷素水平下的磷素利用特性.结果表明:毛红椿对于磷素环境极为敏感,参试的8个家系在少量施磷肥后其干物质积累量比天然红壤基质环境下增长3～19倍.毛红椿不同家系干物质积累量在不同磷素水平下差异巨大,在低磷胁迫下生长最好的家系其干物质积累量是生长最差家系的7倍左右,在高磷水平下生长最好的家系是最差家系的2.6倍左右.磷素吸收量是造成毛红椿家系在不同磷素环境下生长差异的主要原因.相关分析表明:毛红椿家系干物质积累量与苗高和地径、根长、根体积、根表面积、须根数等参数呈显著正相关.初步确定根长、根表面积、根体积、须根数作为耐低磷型优良家系的特异性指标.     

Morphological plasticity of cotton roots in response to interspecific competition with pecan in an alleycropping system in the southern United States

A study was conducted in northwest Florida, USA, to investigate root development and morphology of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under pecan (Carya illinoensis K. Koch) trees in an alleycropping experiment. Root:shoot ratio, root biomass, total root length and root length density were examined under three treatments: (1) barrier (separating belowground interspecific competition by trenching to a depth of 120 cm and installing polyethylene barrier), (2) non-barrier (root systems were free to interact), and (3) monoculture of cotton (without above and belowground interspecific competition with trees). Results indicated that plants in the barrier and non-barrier treatments had lower root:shoot ratios compared to the monoculture treatment. Belowground competition for resources between pecan and cotton in the non-barrier treatment resulted in 25 and 33% reduction of total root length (359 cm) when compared to that of the barrier (477 cm) and monoculture (539 cm) treatments, respectively. The non-barrier plants also exhibited the lowest root length density. Specific root length was highest for the monoculture (179 cm g⁻¹) and lowest for the non-barrier treatment (146 cm g⁻¹) with the barrier treatment being intermediate (165 cm g⁻¹). Interspecific competition with pecan significantly altered root development and morphology of cotton plants. Research in agroforestry should take into account the developmental differences in root systems of the associated crop species so that better models incorporating nutrient and water uptake can be developed.