杉木人工林全林分模型及货币收获表的研制

利用杉木人工林现场实际造材样木以及木材价格、生产成本、税费等技术经济指标测算单木纯收益,并建立单木货币预估模型。以年龄、地位指数、林分密度为辅助变量,选择Korf理论生长方程构建杉木人工林全林分模型,结合单木货币预估模型按经营类型编制杉木人工林林分货币收获表。应用林分货币收获表,既可预估林分在各种年龄时的木材产量及与材积有关的林分因子,同时还体现了林分货币收获量,在森林资源经营、资产化管理和资产评估中有实际应用价值。     

基于W_V_Hegyi竞争指数的杉木竞争生长模型研究——以湖南省福寿国有林场杉木生态公益林为例

根据湖南省福寿国有林场杉木生态公益林(幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林)复测数据,通过研究Hegyi,V_Hegyi,W_V_Hegyi三种竞争指数与胸径的相关性,选择相关性最强的W_V_Hegyi竞争指数,构建单木竞争生长模型。以此为基础,用加权平均树高作为胸径生长量的权重,重新构建了单木竞争生长模型,并对W_V_Hegyi竞争指数分布规律进行分析,利用回归分析方法构建径阶竞争指数预估模型和径阶生长模型。通过基于加权胸径生长量与W_V_Hegyi竞争指数构建径阶生长模型,以期为林木从单木到林分的模拟提供新途径。     

以相对直径为竞争指标的单木直径生长模型研究

选择了Richards,Logistic,Mitscherlich,Gompertz,Modified-Weibull 5个最为常用的单木直径生长理论方程作为基础方程,采取再次参数化的方法将与林木生长密切相关的地位指数(SI)、林分密度(N)、单木竞争指标——相对直径(RD)等因子引入方程,对马尾松人工林的单木直径生长模型进行了研究。结果表明,采用该方法得到的单木直径生长方程具有很好的适应性和很高的预估精度,因为该方程中包含了林木的相对直径RD,当令RD等于1.0时,单木的直径生长模型就反映了林分的平均直径生长,这为从单木生长模型向全林分生长模型的耦合提供了一条途径。     

信州落叶松人工林生长模型及其系统收获表的研究

系统收获表能预测现实林分在各种经营体系下的生长过程和收获量。本文根据信州落叶松人工林固定标准地观测数据，从林分和单木两个水平分析和建立了生长模型，在此基础上编制了信州落叶松人工林系统收获表，提出系统收获表的一般编制方法。本研究的特点是以现实林分为研究对象，建立全林分生长模型和林分径阶生长模型，将前者的总生长量通过后者分配给各直径阶和树高阶，以保证林分水平的预测结果和单木水平的生长是相容的。     

基于单木位置的杉木林分空间竞争关系研究

研究林木竞争关系,有助于了解林木生长规律,帮助制定科学有效的营林措施。本文基于树冠因子的林木竞争指数,提出了一种顾及林分地形因子的树冠竞争指数,并把这两种指数与基于交角的林木竞争指数以及简单竞争指数在不同林分中的适应性进行对比。同时用这四种指数计算不同树种组成的林分以及杉木林中不同龄组、坡向、坡度的林分中单木受到的平均竞争。结果表明四种指数中简单竞争指数的相关性最高,顾及地形的树冠竞争指数次之,基于交角的林木竞争指数相关性最低;在不同树种组成的林分中马褂木样地单木受到的平均竞争最大,马褂木杉木混交林最小,其它两种林分次之;在杉木林分中,中龄林单木受到平均竞争要大于成熟林,阴坡样地中单木受到平均竞争要大于阳坡,单木受到的平均竞争随坡度增大而增大。因此四种指数中简单竞争指数的适用性最好;在杉木林经营中,中龄林需要及时间伐;在造林过程中阴坡的林地造林密度要适当小于阳坡、坡度级大的林地要小于坡度级小的林地。     

基于贝叶斯模型平均法和逐步回归法构建杉木单木胸径生长模型

【目的】探索杉木人工林单木胸径生长量变化的驱动因子,比较不同驱动因子的重要性,构建不确定性单木胸径生长模型,为杉木经营管理者科学经营管理杉木人工林提供参考。【方法】以福建省邵武市卫闽林场杉木密度试验林为研究对象,采用贝叶斯模型平均法(BMA)和逐步回归法(SR)分析杉木单木胸径生长量与内部因子(林分变量因子)和气候因子的关系,构建杉木单木胸径生长模型。【结果】杉木单木胸径年均生长量受气候因子影响较小,主要受竞争因子和单木大小因子影响。单木胸径生长量随林分密度、林分平方平均胸径、大于对象木的断面积和、年龄、冬季平均最低温度增加而减小,随期初胸径、胸高断面积、优势木平均高、最冷月平均温度、最热月平均温度、年均降雨量增加而增加。基于SR获得模型的后验概率小于BMA获得最佳模型(最高后验概率)或SR模型不在BMA模型空间前几个后验概率高的模型中。【结论】杉木单木胸径生长量随竞争增加而减小,随温度和降雨增加而增加。贝叶斯模型平均法考虑所有可能变量的组合,能够反映出模型的不确定性。     

单木模型的研制及优化的研究

本文将简单竞争指数作为杉木人工林的适宜竞争指标，分别各竞争指数级，用阻滞方程描述胸径的相对生长速度与胸径的关系，并对阻滞方程中的参数与简单竞争指数的关系进行了分析。在此基础上，选择双曲线作为参数预估模型，据以建立杉木人工林单木模型。单木模型经过检验证明适用，文中还用改进单纯形法，对单木模型作了进一步的优化，提高了单木模型的拟合效果和预测精度。     

杉木人工林单木断面积生长动态模拟

应用面板数据固定效应模型对杉木人工林单木断面积生长规律进行模拟,在模拟过程中,将胸径(DBH)和活冠比例(LCR)作为自变量,又分别加入密度因子和不同类型的竞争指数,同时引入立地条件和林龄效应来解释单木断面积生长过程中的异质性。结果表明:虽然密度因子与竞争指数有较强的相关性,但是在单木断面积生长中都具有不可忽略的重要影响。立地条件与林龄对单木断面积的拟合偏差在不同的林分密度下略有不同,随立地指数或者林龄增加,其对平均单木断面积拟合偏差的影响也增大。     

林分生长与收获模型的研究现状与发展趋势

介绍林分生长与收获模型的概念、分类及研究现状,在分析比较单木生长模型、径阶分布模型和全林分模型各自特点的基础上,展望了径阶分布模型的广阔应用前景。     

林分生长和收获模型整体化思路探讨

介绍了林分生长和收获模型的概念、分类及模型整体化研究的内涵,以单木直径生长模型作为基础模型,提出了单木直径、树高、断面积、材积模型之间,林分平均直径、断面积、材积模型之间以及单木生长模型、全林分模型和径阶分布模型之间的耦合思路,对于解决不同水平模型之间的相容性、一致性及内部结构的统一具有一定意义.     

乳源木莲杉木混交林生长及其竞争关系分析

阔叶林尤其是常绿阔叶林是亚热带地区的地带性植被,它的存在对维护我国广大南方地域的生态平衡、满足经济建设和人民生活需要起着极其重要的作用。但近年来,阔叶林的人为破坏及阔叶树种人工培育不受重视,加上发展针叶人工林,致使针阔比例严重失调,产生一系列生态问题,很多优良乡土阔叶树种随着天然林的肆意砍伐利用而逐步消失(盛炜彤,1993;俞新妥,1997;陈存及等,2000)。为了扭转这种局面,福建省近年来开始重视阔叶树种的造林,大力挖掘优良乡土树种和寻找新树种,特别是珍稀速生阔叶树种。但是很多优良乡土树种连采种育苗都极为困难,乳源木莲…     

Modeling the edge effect in even-aged Monterrey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) stands incorporating a competition index

The edge effect on DBH (diameter at breast height) in two adjacent Pinus radiata D. Don stands was modeled as a function of both the distance from the stand edge and Hegyi's competition index. The modeling was applied to edges with external-competition pressure and on free edges. In both edge types, the incorporation of the Hegyi's competition index in the modeling significantly reduced the residual variation. This modeling showed that the intensity of the intraspecific competition varies between stands. Particularly, the trees in younger stands are more sensitive to the effects of competition than in older stands. However, the intensity of the competition does not vary between edge aspects of stands. The results of the study related to the depth of edge effect can be useful for stratifying stands when getting more precise estimates of trees and stand parameters from sampling are required, and for defining the width of the buffer strip in experimental units used for long-term field assays.     

Stand structure, competition and growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in a Mediterranean mountainous environment

The relationship between competition and tree growth was studied in four stands of Pinus sylvestris L. occurring in a continental Mediterranean mountain area (in the Guadarrama range, Spain), i.e., an uneven-aged stand, a stand with oak (Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) understorey, a plantation, and a mature even-aged stand. Competition was measured by a simple size-ratio distance-independent index and was negatively associated with tree diameter. This negative association was stronger in the uneven-aged, plantation and mature even-aged stands than in the stand with oak understorey. Competition was also negatively associated with current diameter increment. This relationship was moderately strong in the mature even-aged stand and weak in the uneven-aged stand and the plantation. In the uneven-aged and the mature even-aged stands, a weakly significant relationship was found between diameter growth and tree size, whereas these parameters were not associated in the stand with oak understorey. The competition index provided a better prediction of growth rate than the alternative use of diameter. Both diameter and basal area growth were greater in the uneven-aged than in the even-aged stands.     

Susceptibility of ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa (Dougl. ex Laws.), to mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins,attack in uneven-aged stands in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming USA

Mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins can cause extensive tree mortality in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws., forests in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming. Most studies that have examined stand susceptibility to mountain pine beetle have been conducted in even-aged stands. Land managers increasingly practice uneven-aged management. We established 84 clusters of four plots, one where bark beetle-caused mortality was present and three uninfested plots. For all plot trees we recorded species, tree diameter, and crown position and for ponderosa pine whether they were killed or infested by mountain pine beetle. Elevation, slope, and aspect were also recorded. We used classification trees to model the likelihood of bark beetle attack based on plot and site variables. The probability of individual tree attack within the infested plots was estimated using logistic regression. Basal area of ponderosa pine in trees ≥25.4 cm in diameter at breast height (dbh) and ponderosa pine stand density index were correlated with mountain pine beetle attack. Regression trees and linear regression indicated that the amount of observed tree mortality was associated with initial ponderosa pine basal area and ponderosa pine stand density index. Infested stands had higher total and ponderosa pine basal area, total and ponderosa pine stand density index, and ponderosa pine basal area in trees ≥25.4 cm dbh. The probability of individual tree attack within infested plots was positively correlated with tree diameter with ponderosa pine stand density index modifying the relationship. A tree of a given size was more likely to be attacked in a denser stand. We conclude that stands with higher ponderosa pine basal area in trees >25.4 cm and ponderosa pine stand density index are correlated with an increased likelihood of mountain pine beetle bark beetle attack. Information form this study will help forest managers in the identification of uneven-aged stands with a higher likelihood of bark beetle attack and expected levels of tree mortality.     

The effects of species mixture on the growth and yield of mid-rotation mixed stands of Scots pine and silver birch

The effect of tree species mixture on stand volume yield and on tree-species-specific diameter and height growth rates were analysed in managed mixed stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Ehrn.).Data were obtained from 14 repeatedly measured stands located in Southern Finland on mineral soil sites with varying admixture of Scots pine and silver birch. Statistical analysis was carried out for studying the effect of species mixture on the development of stand characteristics. For the analysis, the plots were categorised into three groups (plot types) according to the species dominance. In order to analyse species-specific growth rates, individual-tree mixed linear growth models for tree diameter and height growth were developed for both tree species.The results clearly show that the yield of the managed mid-rotation, mixed stands was greater for stands dominated by Scots pine than for stands dominated by birch, and the stand volume increment decreased with an increasing proportion of silver birch. Analysis of diameter and height growth by tree species revealed that the main reason for this pattern is the negative impact of birch competition on the growth of pine trees. The increase in diameter of pine was clearly hampered if the proportion of birch was high. An abundance of birch also slightly decreased the growth in height of Scots pine, although the effect was less than on diameter growth. Species mixture did not affect the diameter growth of birch but did have a significant effect on height development. Height growth of birch was considerably greater in pine-dominated stands than in birch-dominated stands. In pine-dominated mixed stands, the height growth of birch was quite close to that of dominant pine trees, and birches can endure in competition with pines for light.The results apply for even-aged and single-storey managed stands, where stocking density and structure are controlled with pre-commercial and commercial thinnings. The results are not applicable to unmanaged mixed stands undergoing self-thinning. This study provides new information on mixed stands from a silvicultural perspective, which can be applied in decisions involving the management of mixed stands.     

Spatial point-pattern analysis for detecting density-dependent competition in a boreal chronosequence of Alberta

In the boreal forest of Alberta, fire and wind often open gaps in the canopy where late-successional species can establish and over time cause a shift in the species distribution from deciduous (e.g., trembling aspen) dominated to mixedwood, to shade-tolerant conifer (e.g., white spruce) dominated stands. This study attempted to understand the change of density-dependent competition in a boreal chronosequence and the role of tree competition in affecting stand structure and mortality. Four 1-ha stem-mapped plots were established to represent a chronosequence comprised of aspen dominated, mixedwood, and spruce dominated stands in Alberta. Second order spatial point-pattern analysis using Ripley's K(t) function showed that intraspecific competition is a prevailing force causing conspecific tree mortality and thus shaping the stand structure. The results of bivariate K(t) function analysis did not reveal sufficient evidence of interspecific competition. This suggested that competitive interaction among heterospecific trees was not strong enough to cause significant tree mortality, but the analysis of marked correlation function revealed that interspecific competition could have a negative impact on tree growth. This study highlights the importance of density-dependent competition in understanding stand dynamics of boreal forests over succession.     

近自然化改造对杉木人工林物种多样性的影响

在广西凭祥市热林中心青山实验场设置杉木人工林近自然化改造样地,进行3种间伐强度处理(75%、55%、35%),均匀套种4种阔叶树。改造5年后,研究不同间伐强度近自然经营对群落组成、物种多样性和林分生长状况的影响。结果表明:近自然化改造5年后,乔、灌、草3层的物种数明显增加,灌草层的优势种有所变化,但各间伐处理的优势物种大致相同;各间伐处理的灌木层物种多样性指数无显著差异;改造后各处理草本层物种多样性指数均高于未改造的纯林,各处理草本层的Simpon指数和均匀度指数均显著高于改造前的纯林。杉木胸径随间伐强度的增大而增加且差异显著,但各处理间树高无显著差异;套种的4种阔叶树的胸径、树高随间伐强度的增大而增加,大叶栎、红椎的胸径、树高生长量在不同间伐处理林分中有显著差异;高间伐强度改造的杉木人工林适合套种阳性树种大叶栎、米老排和中性树种红椎,中等间伐强度改造的杉木人工林适合套种耐阴性树种润楠。     

Tests of age-independent competition indices for individual trees in natural hardwood stands

Recent studies have demonstrated that simple indices of competition that incorporate competitor size and inter-tree distances generally perform as well in predicting individual tree growth as more complex approaches of assessing spatial pattern. A major limitation of diameter-distance indices, however, is that their numerical values decrease in a given stand over time even when the stocking level remains constant. In this paper two modifications are proposed which make the index essentially independent of age, thus necessitating only one competition-growth regression for each species on a given site and allowing comparisons between different stands. Tests of several index designs in three evenaged temperate hardwood stands indicated that the correlation between competition and growth is optimal over a wide range of competition radii and that the inclusion of inter-tree distances is of little value despite considerable small-scale variability in the stocking level around individual trees. Highest correlations were obtained when competitors were defined to be only those trees of equal or higher crown class than the subject tree. In these hardwood stands a comparison of the size of a subject tree to that of the competitors was necessary for reasonable correlations with growth. These correlations varied greatly among species even within a single stand and appear to be related to the shade tolerance of the species. For general use the index (ΣD_j)/D_i is recommended, where D_j is the diameter of competitor j and D_i is the diameter of subject tree i. This index can be computed rapidly in the field and does not require mapping of stem positions.     

基于竞争势的林分生长量分配模型研究

以湖南省攸县黄丰桥林场杉木林分2008年至2011年每木检尺调查结果为数据源,开展对开阔比数模型fo,简单竞争因子模型fH和竞争压力指数模型fCSI的研究,提出一个新的林木综合竞争因子即竞争势模型fC=1/(fo+fH+fCSI),计算结果经过残差分析方法剔除异常,以竞争势为依据将林分总体生长量分配到林木个体,构建林分生长量分配模型.为了验证模型的准确性,对比分别以fC、fH、fCSI三个模型为依据的林分生长量分配结果,计算通过模型分配到个体的生长量与个体实际生长量之间的相关指数分别为0.6,0.44,0.29.分析结果表明竞争势模型可以作为林分生长可视化模拟中林分生长量向个体分配的一个依据,为林分生长可视化模拟提供有效支持.     

Using a retrospective dynamic competition index to reconstruct forest succession

Understanding forest dynamics and stand structures is crucial for predicting forest succession. However, many forests have been altered due to century-long land-use practices, which complicates the reconstruction of past and current successional trajectories. For a better understanding of successional processes, we suggest studying the intra- and interspecific competition among single trees across time. We introduce a tree-ring based competition index to reconstruct the competitive dynamics of individual trees over time. This new retrospective dynamic competition index combines a temporal and a spatial component by calculating the yearly ratio between the basal area increments (bai) of the neighbouring trees and the subject tree. The new index is applied to mixed Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and pubescent oak (Quercus pubescens Willd.) stands in the inner-Alpine dry-valley Valais, for which a change in species composition is hypothesised. The aim is to analyse current stand structures in terms of recent changes in the competitive interactions at the single tree level and to relate these competitive dynamics to land-use change and increasing drought due to climate change. On five plots, the positions of 456 trees were recorded and increment cores were taken to derive bai data. The individual dynamic competition index curves were aggregated in clusters, which define typical patterns of competitive dynamics in both tree species. A large percentage of the trees (87% in oak, 70% in pine) were clustered into a group of trees with constant competition at a relatively low level. However, a smaller group of pines (20%) had recently faced increasing competition. In addition, stand structure analyses indicated a change towards a higher proportion of oak. This change in the competitive ability between oak and pine was found to be related to drought, in that oak had a competitive advantage in dry years. Furthermore, the high proportion of dead branches in pines with decreasing competitive abilities indicated increasing competition for light as a consequence of natural development towards a later successional stage that favours the more shade-tolerant oak. The new retrospective dynamic competition index proved to be promising in studying forest succession. The tree-ring based method allows us to identify changes in the competitive ability of single trees with a high temporal resolution and without repeated assessments.