森林土壤溶解性有机质特性及生态效应研究进展

溶解性有机质(D0M)是森林土壤的重要组成部分,虽然在森林土壤中占比较低,但其是流动力最强且循环最为活跃的有机质组分,同时具有重要的生态环境效应。文章综述了近几年来国内外关于森林土壤DOM的研究进展,包括森林土壤DOM的主要来源、含量及其组成;pH值、温度、湿度、森林凋落物的数量、质量等对森林土壤DOM含量的影响;森林土壤D0M可能引发的水体富营养化、激发温室效应、提高土壤肥力等其他的生态环境效应,并对森林土壤DOM今后的相关研究进行了展望。     

珍惜湿地

正中国的湿地在生物多样性保育中发挥着重要作用,涵养水源和净化水质功能也十分显著,所储存的淡水、泥炭、生物物种及其遗传基因和水能资源,以及所拥有的景观、历史文化价值等,是中国人民生存、经济发展的重要物质基础和环境资源,是国家淡水安全的生态保障,维持着约2.7万亿吨淡水,保存了全国96%的可利用淡水资源,且每公顷湿地每年可去除1000多公斤氮和130多公斤磷,发挥着     

苔藓植物的生态环境指示作用

苔藓植物是一类分布广泛、结构简单的高等植物, 由于其特殊的形态和生理特征, 对生态环境的变化较为敏感, 是一类良好的生物指示植物。文中对苔藓植物在植被变迁、大气变化、重金属污染监测等方面的研究进行了综述, 并就苔藓植物的养分来源这一存在争议的问题进行了初步探讨, 认为苔藓植物对化学元素的吸收因植物自身特性的需求和化学元素性质的不同而有所差异。     

海水淡化与清洁能源协同发展现状与展望

指出了淡水资源和能源是人类赖以生存的两大物质基础,也是制约人类可持续发展的两大挑战。海水淡化作为一种可实现水资源可持续利用的开源增量技术,是最具有应用前景的淡水取用方式。海水淡化需要耗费大量能源,通过将清洁能源和海水淡化相结合,可提高海水淡化的环境友好性,实现淡水资源的清洁和可持续供应,有效缓解淡水资源短缺问题。梳理了海水淡化发展现状,并对其发展趋势进行了展望;对海水淡化主要技术及其能耗情况进行了分析;探讨了清洁能源与海水淡化协同发展,包括主要应用模式、关键技术、经济性等方面的现状,并对未来的发展趋势进行了研究。     

土壤可溶性有机质研究进展

可溶性有机质（DOM）是陆地生态系统重要的活性碳源和养分库,在土壤有机质的降解和矿化过程中发挥着关键作用,决定着土壤微生物区系和土壤生物学活性,在森林生态系统生命元素的生物地球化学物质循环中具有重要作用。本文介绍可溶性有机质的基本概念及其研究方法,分析和探讨可溶性有机质的影响因素及其发展趋势。     

笃斯越橘生物与生态学特性调查及主要经营技术

黑龙江省大兴安岭笃斯越橘资源丰富,生长条件得天独厚,但受自然因素等影响,产量不高不稳。在大兴安岭阿木尔林业局红旗林场设置试验地进行笃斯越橘的生物与生态学特性调查以及经营技术试验。调查结果显示了其形态特征、不同分布类型的种群植株特征、果实特征等生物与生态特性。试验结果表明,推广应用笃斯越橘资源的平茬复壮、疏灌透光等经营技术,可以提高笃斯越橘产量、扩大种群分布面积,可有效保护笃斯越橘资源与恢复野生种群。     

木材变色生物防治技术研究进展

木材变色的生物防治方法是一种利用拮抗性生物对木材进行保护的方法, 弥补了物理防治方法和化学防治方法的不足, 具有环保、效能持久、稳定等特点, 受到国内外木材研究人员的青睐。从生防菌株来源、生防菌的作用机制、生防菌的防护性能以及生防制剂应用4个方面总结了国内外木材变色生物防治技术的研究现状, 并对木材变色生物防治技术的发展进行了展望。     

滨海重盐碱地柽柳造林新模式探讨

利用柽柳耐水湿、耐土埋的生理特性,采用节水容器栽培等相关技术,结合柽柳育苗过程进行系列造林试验。结果表明:苗木根系插入装淡水的小口塑料瓶后,再栽植的造林模式,在淡水缺乏的滨海重盐碱地造林不仅具有成活率高、成林快、幼林保存率高等优点,而且对于增加土壤有机质、降低地下水位、抑制土表返盐、丰富盐碱地植被种类等方面也具有明显的成效,是节水高效、成本低廉的滨海重盐碱地柽柳造林的新模式。     

原子荧光光谱技术在环境监测元素形态分析应用中的进展

指出了原子荧光光谱是一种简便、快速、灵敏度高、线性范围宽的理想分析方法,适用于汞、砷和硒等元素的形态分析,被广泛应用于食品、生物和环境领域中。原子荧光光谱和分离技术(如高效液相色谱)的联用能解决不同环境介质样品的元素的形态分析。具体阐述了原子荧光光谱技术(AFS)在环境监测中元素形态分析的进展。     

广东省镇级垃圾填埋场现状及植被复绿探讨

指出了垃圾填埋场作为一种特殊的废弃地类型,如处理不当容易对环境会造成污染和破坏。通过对广东省镇级垃圾填埋场基本情况和存在问题的了解,对垃圾填埋场覆土封场后如何合理高效进行快速植被恢复等问题进行了探讨,提出了在垃圾填埋场植被恢复中适宜的草种、基于生物多样性的植物混播方式,在垃圾填埋场上进行了植被恢复,不仅为植物自身生长提供了较好的营养来源,还可以利用植物起到了水土保持、固坡护坡、改良土壤、净化周边空气,改善了当地的生态环境。     

Properties of dissolved organic matter in forest soils: Influence of different plant covering

The nature of different forest plant litters and the effect of their degradation processes on the properties of soil dissolved organic matter is a very important environmental issue in protected areas such as the “Natural Oriented Reserve Bosco delle Pianelle” in Southern Italy, Chemical and spectroscopic techniques were used to evaluate the influence of four different tree covers on the properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) isolated from litter and surface soil layers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that all litter samples feature a prevalent aromatic character. Ligninolitic components of litters produced by Pinus halepensis L. and a mixture of Quercus trojana Webb. and Q. ilex L. were more degraded than those produced by either Q. ilex or a mixture of Carpinus betulus L. and C. orientalis Miller. The larger C/N ratios of the former litters might account for the greater degradation. Further, a lesser lignin decomposition was shown also for the latter samples, likely due to adverse topographical factors, such as less intense sunlight and greater moisture content. Spectroscopic analysis of litter DOM showed that easily degraded components, such as water-soluble compounds and carbohydrates, were preferentially degraded resulting in DOM that was enriched in lignin-derived compounds. Fluorescence analysis data of all litter DOM samples showed the occurrence of fluorescent units qualitatively similar regardless of plant covering, which suggests that in all cases simple structural components of low-molecular weight and small degree of aromatic polycondensation and content of conjugated chromophores are present. Soil DOM featured several numerous fluorescent units that differ as a function of the parent litter and/or its decomposition processes. Along the soil profiles water-soluble aliphatic compounds of low-molecular weight are found down to the deepest layer, whereas aromatic–ligninolitic compounds are decreasing with depth, probably because of their adsorption by mineral soil components. A greater amount of aromatic units, likely lignin-derived compounds, was found in the DOM from P. halepensis L., which suggested a more extended lignin decomposition. Further, with increasing soil depth, DOM was characterized by a decrease of low-molecular weight organic molecules and lower degree of humification.     

Dissolved organic matter originating from the riparian shrub Salix gracilistyla

To estimate the importance of leaching of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as a pathway through which organic matter is supplied to stream ecosystems, we examined the amount of leachate over time and chemical properties of DOM leached from leaves in different conditions. The samples used were green leaves, yellow senescent leaves, and leaf litter of Salix gracilistyla Miq., which is the dominant riparian plant species in the middle reaches of rivers in western Japan. We analyzed dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total sugar, and polyphenol in the leachate of leaf samples collected from a fluvial bar in the middle reaches of the Ohtagawa River in Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. Considerable leaching of DOC from senescent leaves [37.3 mg g⁻¹ dry weight (dw) leaf] and leaf litter (8.1 mg g⁻¹ dw leaf) occurred within 24 h after immersion. In contrast, DOC leached from green leaves was negligible until 1 week after leaf immersion. Carbon loss of leaves by leaching within 24 h after leaf immersion was estimated to be less than 8%, suggesting that leaching of DOC from S. gracilistyla leaves is a minor pathway through which organic matter is supplied to stream ecosystems. DOM leached from the leaves included sugar and polyphenol, which were among the major chemical forms of DOM leached from the leaves (based on the molecular mass). In a laboratory experiment in which the difference in the stability of DOM between the chemical forms was examined, sugar decomposed more rapidly than polyphenol.     

沉淀物中微塑料研究进展

指出了微塑料是尺寸介于0.2~5.0mm不同形态塑料的统称。如今我国对微塑料污染的研究已经开展起来,但是尚处于起步阶段,研究的内容与成果都较于局限。而国际社会对此也没有对微塑料分离分析提纯方法达成共识,建立统一的标准。因此,建立准确、高效的微塑料分析方法十分必要。总结了微塑料采集、预处理、分离等研究方法,针对现阶段微塑料分析方法存在的问题和不足,提出了进一步研究的方向。     

The importance of canopy-derived dissolved and particulate organic matter (DOM and POM) — comparing throughfall solution from broadleaved and coniferous forests

? Dissolved organic matter (DOM) and its main constituents carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) represent an important part of the C and N cycles in forest ecosystems. Although many investigations have been addressing this issue, the knowledge on particulate organic matter (0.45 μm < POM < 500 μm) dynamics, its origin and involvement in organic matter cycling in forest ecosystems is still imperfect.

? In this paper, we report on dissolved and particulate organic carbon and nitrogen fractions in throughfall solutions collected from a broadleaved and coniferous forest stand in Central Germany. Over a period of 2.5 y (2005–2007) we followed the concentrations and fluxes of DOM and POM at a mature beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and a Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) forest site. Bulk and throughfall precipitation were sampled in weekly (2005) and fortnightly (2006–2007) intervals and analyzed for dissolved (< 0.45 μm, filtered) and total (< 500 μm, unfiltered) amounts of organic carbon (DOC, TOC, POC) and nitrogen (TN, DN, PON, NO₃-N) species. Proportions of particulate organic C and N were determined by difference between total and dissolved fractions.

? Under spruce, throughfall concentrations of most C and N fractions were twice as high as under beech. At both sites, concentrations and fluxes were significantly higher during the growing than the dormant season. At the broadleaved site, 80% of the annual fluxes of the DOC and TOC and 70% of the DN and TN were released during the growing season, compared to 60% for C and N at the coniferous site. POC under beech contributes with up to 30% to TOC compared to less than 20% at the spruce site.

? We suggest that pollen deposition, insect excretions and accumulated organic matter mobilised by dry/wet precipitation patterns play a supreme role for the formation of DOM and POM in forest canopies. The study demonstrates that the canopy is an important source for POM. Dynamics of DOM and POM are mainly driven by tree species effects and seasonality as well as by biotic agents.

     

小兴安岭红松土壤微生物群落结构综合评价模型

土壤微生物对森林生态系统的养分循环利用起着重要作用,其多样性的变化对土壤结构、土壤有机质转换、土壤肥力、土壤碳截获和植物健康等方面有重要影响,而外界干扰与环境因素又影响土壤微生物多样性。利用烘干法、凯氏定氮法和钼锑抗比色法等获得相应林地土壤容重、全氮、全磷、pH和有机质,通过平板培养法获取微生物区系组成等数据,采用SPSS19．0软件应用多元线性回归分析小兴安岭林区地带性植被阔叶红松林下土壤理化性质与微生物群落结构的变化关系,引入外界干扰与环境因子,构建出适合于不同立地条件和不同林型下的土壤微生物群落分析模型,该模型可根据具体林型立地条件及气候因素对模型进行参数修正,可对森林的不同生长发育阶段的微生物群落动态变化研究提供新思路。     

借鉴湖南高速公路绿化谈宁道高速生态恢复

通过对湖南几条已建高速公路绿化现状实地调查与分析,结合宁道高速路域环境,以宁道高速生态快速恢复为目的,提出了中央分隔带绿化首先应满足分隔及防眩作用,避免重美观轻功能的构思;边坡绿化植物选择应以适应性强的乡土植物为主,适当引进外来优良树种,并根据不同的边坡类型采取不同的绿化措施。       

啤酒工业废水处理与利用技术研究进展

啤酒废水中有机物的含量较高,如直接排放,既污染环境,又降低啤酒工业的原料利用率．为此,许多学者和厂家对啤酒废水的处理与利用技术进行了研究．本文在阐述啤酒废水的来源及特点的基础上,对几种常见的处理利用技术进行了比较,结论是：单一的处理和利用技术不能从根本上解决啤酒废水的污染问题,只有将多种技术结合使用,才能达到经济效益和环境效益的统一．最后,对未来的研究方向提出了几点建议     

环境应急监测主要技术与方法探析

指出了环境应急监测是环境监测工作的一个重要组成部分,突发性环境污染事故具有形式多样、发生突然、难于处置和危害严重等特点,处置不当,就会造成严重的环境污染和破坏,给人们的生产和生活带来危害。分析了我国环境应急监测技术的现状和存在的问题,对环境应急监测的主要技术和方法进行了初步探讨。