改性13X分子筛在聚磷酸铵阻燃碎料板中的协同作用与烟气转化行为

采用改性13X分子筛(MS)与聚磷酸铵(APP)复合对木材进行阻燃与抑烟处理,通过锥形量热仪、热重-红外联用(TG-FT-IR)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)等测试手段,从阻燃性能、热降解行为和烟气组分等方面分析了该分子筛在木材燃烧过程中的协同阻燃、成炭作用和烟气转化行为的影响。结果表明,APP与MS质量比为7∶3时表现出最佳的协同效应,不仅可提高炭层的热稳定性,表现出优异的阻燃与抑烟特性,其热释放速率(HRR)显示降低,总热释放量(THR)下降了31.1%,总烟量(TSP)下降了75.9%;而且对阻燃过程中释放的烟气具有转化作用,其CO平均产量(m-COY)下降了69.6%,具有明显的减毒作用。     

复合发泡剂对纳米防火涂料阻燃性能的影响

采用HC-2 氧指数测定仪、HRR3热释放率系统等仪器,测定表面涂覆不同配比发泡剂的纳米聚氨酯防火涂料的马尾松胶合板试件的燃烧热释放率(HRR)和氧指数值,并比较纳米SiO2的用量对试件阻燃性能的影响.结果表明:1)复合发泡剂的较佳配比尿素与双氰胺为1∶3;2)随着纳米SiO2在基料中加入量的增加,试件的氧指数值显著增大,最高热释放率、2 min总热释放量显著降低,但加入量＞3%以后,其各项指标变化不大,且成本显著增加.     

单板与铝箔复合多层板的燃烧性能研究

利用杨木单板和铝箔制备复合多层板,采用锥形量热仪法进行板材燃烧性能测试,探讨铝箔在板坯中位置对复合胶合板燃烧性能的影响与变化规律。试验结果表明:随着铝箔位置由板坯中心层逐渐向上下两面对称配置,点燃时间逐渐延长,热释放速率HRR和总释放热THR逐渐降低,质量损失速率MLR和有害气体减少,但总生烟量上升,且后期的烟释放量增大。铝箔位于外层时,复合多层板的耐火和阻燃性能更强。     

复合相变换热器在循环流化床锅炉烟气余热回收中的应用

针对循环流化床锅炉烟气排烟温度过高,降低锅炉效率,煤耗增加,影响企业经济效益,同时,污染物的排放量也随之增加影响周围环境,介绍了锅炉系统加装复合式相变换热器回收余热、降低排烟温度的新技术,对复合式换热器的结构、工作原理、技术特点、存在的问题及采取的措施进行了详细论述,通过实例对复合相变换热器在循环流化床锅炉烟气余热回收中的经济效益和环境效益进行了分析。     

不同尾管数量的全浸入式脉动燃烧器传热特性试验

土壤消毒是决定设施栽培产量和品质的关键环节。将高燃烧强度、高传热效率的脉动燃烧技术与无污染、消毒效果佳的土壤蒸汽消毒技术相结合,基于30 kW的单个脉动燃烧器进行结构尺寸设计,在保证燃烧室相同且燃烧器拥有相同总流通面积的前提下,确定了包括单管、双管和三管3种尾管数量,设计了一种全浸入式脉动燃烧器传热特性试验装置。试验过程中将脉动燃烧器整体浸没埋入水中,针对主要影响因素包括油门开度、尾管数量以及有无去耦室,分别测量了3种尾管数量下试验装置的油耗、水温、烟气温度、蒸汽量等。试验结果表明：脉动燃烧器油耗随油门开度增加而增大,油耗呈现单管>双管>三管的现象;增大传热面积可明显强化脉动燃烧器的传热特性,三管的烟气侧传热系数为单管的1.10～1.15倍,相同工况下烟气侧脉动流传热系数达到稳态流的5.12～5.66倍,三管蒸汽量为单管的1.32～1.67倍,热效率为单管的1.11～1.13倍,且当油门开度处于中间油门开度450°&450°时脉动燃烧器各项参数达到最优值。尽管去耦室换热性能较弱,但去耦室除降低排烟温度,提高系统热效率,还能有效降低排气噪声和减少油耗量。确定基于土壤蒸...     

持续干旱对森林火灾的影响研究综述

文章通过对干旱定义和对干旱等级的划分,从持续干旱对森林可燃物、火源和林火行为等方面,综合分析了持续干旱对森林火灾的影响。结果表明,持续干旱会降低可燃物的含水率,使可燃物载量和分布发生变化,对森林可燃物有较大影响;持续干旱还会影响火源,使林火强度增大,林火蔓延速度加快,火烈度增大,提高森林火灾发生的几率和森林火灾的强度。     

持续干旱对森林火灾的影响研究综述

文章通过对干旱定义和对干旱等级的划分,从持续干旱对森林可燃物、火源和林火行为等方面,综合分析了持续干旱对森林火灾的影响。结果表明,持续干旱会降低可燃物的含水率,使可燃物载量和分布发生变化,对森林可燃物有较大影响;持续干旱还会影响火源,使林火强度增大,林火蔓延速度加快,火烈度增大,提高森林火灾发生的几率和森林火灾的强度。     

采取措施控制火源─—天水市护林防火的调查

采取措施控制火源─—天水市护林防火的调查熊惠火源是引发森林火灾的主导因素。天水市充分认识森林火灾发生的客观规律，采取了以火源管理为中心的防火措施，使森林火灾的发生次数逐年减少，从１９８９年开创了无森林火灾记录并连续保持四年。他们的主要做法是：一、强化...     

浅谈森林防火贯穿森林经营全过程

森林防火 ,从森林经营的角度来考虑 ,应视为从森林形成至森林主伐为终止这一森林经营的全过程中 ,每一环节发生的森林火灾 ,都会直接或间接地影响森林质量 ,甚至导致整个森林经营的失败。从这个意义上说 ,森林防火务必贯穿于森林经营全过程。1　以火源管理为中心 ,火源管理与可燃物管理相结合以往的森林防火工作在强调加强火源管理的同时 ,把“可燃物”相对地忽略了 ,并没把“可燃物”与“火源”等同起来加以管理。国内各大林区发生的几起大的森林火灾 ,不一定仅仅是火源管理不严造成的 ,茫茫林海也不可能根除一切火源。在一定的环境条件下 …     

锅炉烟气余热用于木材干燥的节能改造

针对广东某胶合板企业2台蒸汽锅炉排烟温度高,不能根据工序用热需求实现能源梯级利用的问题,提出了锅炉烟气余热利用方案。根据干燥窑干燥木材的特点,将蒸汽锅炉的烟气引入干燥窑内的换热器用于干燥木材,每年通过回收利用的锅炉烟气余热折合标煤达439t。     

林火视频监控中烟识别方法概述

森林火灾是一种世界性的严重自然灾害,具有传播速度快、灭火和营救都比较困难等特点,利用视频图像的林火探测技术不受室外空间和恶劣环境的影响,适合于森林火灾的监测报警,是一种新型有效的火灾探测技术。本文通过对火灾现场视频图像中烟识别方法的列举和讨论,简单介绍火灾烟和其它一些干扰现象的颜色,从而为进一步的研究提供理论依据。     

森林火灾中烟气流动与传热特性研究

考虑山坡的斜度、风速、烟气的流动方向与水平面夹角变化等因素 ,计算了烟气所能蔓延到的区域。同时 ,计算了烟气羽流各截面的质量流量和热流密度。此外 ,还计算了林木表面与烟气换热的热流密度和总换热量。在此基础上分析了山坡斜度和风速对烟气运动的影响 ,从而对林火的蔓延发展进行分析和预测。     

Post-fire germination: The effect of smoke on seeds of selected species from the central Mediterranean basin

In regions with a Mediterranean-type climate wildfires are a frequent occurrence: in such environments fire tolerant/favoured species are frequently encountered. In the Mediterranean basin, many species of fire prone habitats are resprouters while others are known to germinate after fire. Fire causes an enhancement of seed germination in many species from fire prone habitats in the other regions with a Mediterranean-type vegetation such as Western Australia, California and South Africa. Seeds of a number of these species are stimulated to germinate by the smoke generated from burning of plant material in either an aerosol or aqueous form. However, for species from the Mediterranean basin the role of smoke in germination is poorly known, despite the fact that in the field many species seems to be encouraged to germinate after fire. We examined the germination of 10 species native to the Mediterranean basin that were treated with aerosol smoke. Some species were from fire prone habitats while others were not. In relation to the controls, increased germination occurred in three of the species (e.g. Cistus incanus), three had more rapid germination but no total increase (e.g. Rhamnus alaternus), two showed reduced germination (e.g. Asphodelus ramosus) and two exhibited no difference in germination (e.g. Clematis flammula). There was additionally no consistent pattern of germination behaviour depending on the habitat from which the species came. Comparison is made between the results of this study and those of other studies on seed germination response to heat and smoke in other areas of Mediterranean-type climate. An understanding of the importance of fire in relation to other disturbances in the vegetation dynamics in the Mediterranean basin needs to be clarified by further detailed studies of the effect of heat and smoke products on seed germination of Mediterranean species. Outcomes of further research, also on a broader range of species, would have important impacts also for conservation, environment management, horticulture and ecosystem restoration.     

森林火灾中烟气与林木间的传热分析

对烟气与大乔木、小乔木、灌木主干及大乔木叶间的对流、辐射换热进行了计算,分别比较了它们的总传热量和单位面积上的传热量.讨论了烟气流速、温度、林木尺寸、回流区等因素对换热的影响.在此基础上,对不同林木的火险特性进行了预测.     

林火视频监控中烟识别方法概述

介绍国内外林火监测技术的发展现状,火灾的物理特征,烟图像的火灾监测技术,火灾图像的获取与预处理,火灾图像烟的纹理特征、动态特征、形状特征．认为森林火灾的探测基础理论及技术仍然不够完善,将数字图像处理技术应用到火灾报警上是一种有效的火灾探测手段．     

Forest fire smoke recognition based on convolutional neural network

Traditional fire smoke detection methods mostly rely on manual algorithm extraction and sensor detection;however,these methods are slow and expensive to achieve discrimination.We proposed an improved convolutional neural network(CNN) to achieve fast analysis.The improved CNN can be used to liberate manpower.The network does not require complicated manual feature extraction to identify forest fire smoke.First,to alleviate the computational pressure and speed up the discrimination efficiency,kernel principal component analysis was performed on the experimental data set.To improve the robustness of the CNN and to avoid overfitting,optimization strategies were applied in multi-convolution kernels and batch normalization to improve loss functions.The experimental analysis shows that the CNN proposed in this study can learn the feature information automatically for smoke images in the early stages of fire automatically with a high recognition rate.As a result,the improved CNN enriches the theory of smoke discrimination in the early stages of a forest fire.     

阻燃刨花板阻燃剂的研制

以氨基树脂为载体,磷-氮系阻燃液与固体无机耐火剂所构成的刨花板用阻燃体系,采用阻燃剂与刨花直接混合的添加工艺,不会造成阻燃剂的浪费,不污染环境。所生产的阻燃刨花板主要物理力学性能达到国家标准。阻燃性能:氧指数40%～50%.1000℃火焰穿透时间15～25分钟,发烟等级为一级。对人低毒。     

磷酸三聚氰胺复配硼酸锌阻燃中密度纤维板的燃烧性能

选用磷酸三聚氰胺与硼酸锌复配,制备阻燃中密度纤维板(MDF),并采用锥形量热仪测试其燃烧性能,分析复配阻燃剂对板材燃烧性能的影响.结果表明:复配阻燃剂可有效提高MDF试材的阻燃抑烟性能,降低其热释放速率、总热释放量、产烟速率、总产烟量、CO及CO2生成速率,以磷酸三聚氰胺和硼酸锌等质量复配时,MDF试材的阻燃效果最优.     

利用单体燃烧试验装置检测装修板材的燃烧性能

为了量化考察装修材料在真实火灾中对燃烧的反应和燃烧性能,并规范其使用范围,选取常用的4种装修板材,采用单体燃烧试验装置,测定材料的燃烧增长速率、总热释放、烟气增长速率和总生烟量等参数。结果表明,单体燃烧试验装置能够准确评定各材料的燃烧性能;由于材料主体成分及处理工艺不同,防火涂料涂刷细木工板和难燃胶合板的各项指标,明显优于普通细木工板和橡塑保温板。     

Chapter 9. A Database for Spatial Assessments of Fire Characteristics,Fuel Profiles,and PM10 Emissions

Summary

This paper describes the procedures and data used to develop a database of 28 fire, fuels, and smoke attributes for the broad-scale scientific assessment of the Interior Columbia River Basin. These attributes relate to three general areas: (1) fire weather, fuel moisture, and fire characteristics; (2) fuel loading and fuel consumption; and (3) PM₁₀ smoke emissions. The process flow and development protocols for creation of the database are fully described and illustrated, with examples provided where appropriate. This database was developed for application to a certain geographic area with parameters specific to both the biophysical environment and the management issues of that area. However, the methods and protocols used to develop this comprehensive suite of fire-related data are applicable to any ecosystem for which predictions are needed for wildfire hazard, fire potential, biomass consumption, and smoke emissions.