密植桃园的主干形修剪栽培试验

连续五年密植桃园的主干形修剪试验表明：主干形修剪技术用于密植栽培桃树早结果早丰产效果显著。‘春花’成苗定植后第二年产量达１３００ｋｇ．６６６．７ｍ＾－２,第三年为１５００ｋｇ．６６６．７ｍ＾－２,第四年为２２５０ｋｇ．６６６．７ｍ＾－２,第五年为１７５０ｋｇ．６６６．７ｍ＾－２,湖景蜜露定植后第二年和第三年产量为１０２１ｋｇ．６６６．７ｍ＾－２和１０１９ｋｇ．６６６．７ｍ＾－２;‘２锦绣’定植后第     

果树植物寄生线虫药剂防治研究

对果树植物寄生线虫应用几种药剂进行防治研究,结果表明：铁灭克（法）4．6kg·666．7m-2、克线磷5．5kg·666．7m-2和霸杀脒3．2kg·666．7m-2对柑桔根线虫（Tylenchulussemipenetrans）、苹果根腐线虫（Pratylenchusscribneri）和梨穿刺根腐线虫（Pratylenchuspenetrans）的防治效果最佳,国产铁灭克4．6kg·666．7m-2、克线磷2．8kg·666．7m-2和铁灭克（法）2．3km·666．7m-2次之,而呋喃丹较差;5种药剂对3种线虫持效期测定结果,克线磷、铁灭克（法）和国产铁灭克最长为180d,其次是霸杀眯为120～180d,呋喃丹最短,仅60d。     

日光温室密植葡萄的管理及植株低位更新修剪技术

利用日光温室进行葡萄密植促成栽培，植株采用低位更新修剪或嫁接改换新品种技术，666．7m2栽植1668～2223株时．第4年及以后产量4000kg左右．基本不影响年产量。该技术要点为1月在植株距地面30cm左右处选留培养萌生的1个健壮新梢或2月在新梢基部进行嫩枝嫁接新品种。6月采收后，于新梢着生部位之上20cm处剪除老枝蔓，对新梢适度摘心，当年发育为充实的结果母枝或新品种的结果母枝。每年进行植株低位更新修剪，减少了越冬病虫源和农药用量，提高了果实品质。简介了日光温室密植葡萄的主要管理措施。     

油桃保护地栽培整形修剪方式研究

连续3年在保护地高密（610株·667m(－2)）栽培条件下，对‘曙光’油桃两种整形方式和“采后去冠”（PostharvestCanopyRemoval，简写作PCR）修剪系统进行了研究。结果表明：（1）与传统的低干开心形相比，圆柱形整枝有利于形成较大面积的叶幕和较大体积的树冠，而且树冠疏松，冠内透光率高。2年生树产量2104．5kg·666．7m(-2)，比低于开心形高39．1％，3年生材产量达2318．0km·667m(－2)，比开心形高35．3％，且成熟期提早3～4d，外观及内在品质也较好。（2）PCR修剪后60～70d可再生新的树冠，然后，通过喷施PP333和控水、控氮、增磷等综合措施可形成大量饱满花芽。圆柱形整形结合PCR修剪可有效地控势、控冠，促进保护地密植栽培早产、稳产。     

主梢修剪对‘巨峰’葡萄果实品质与香气成分的影响

以5年生‘贝达’嫁接‘巨峰’葡萄为试材,研究不同主梢修剪技术对果实品质及香气成分的影响。结果表明:主梢二次成梢修剪处理果实的单粒重、可溶性固形物含量、可溶性糖含量和维生素C含量显著高于主梢三次成梢修剪处理和传统修剪(对照),可滴定酸含量显著低于主梢三次成梢修剪处理和对照;不同主梢修剪处理和对照之间香气物质组成和含量差异较大,其中主梢二次成梢修剪处理香气物质的含量和种类均高于主梢三次成梢修剪处理和对照。‘巨峰’葡萄的特征香气物质—酯类物质尤其是起关键作用的乙酸乙酯的含量,主梢二次成梢修剪处理显著高于主梢三次成梢修剪处理和对照。综上,主梢二次成梢修剪处理显著提升了‘巨峰’葡萄果实的品质和风味,因此,建议‘巨峰’葡萄在主梢管理上采取主梢二次成梢修剪技术,即花前7~15 d于花序前留3片叶进行第1次摘心,待顶端副梢长至新梢总长120~150 cm时进行第2次摘心,随后待顶端副梢展叶2~3片时反复摘心,新梢长度一直保留120~150 cm。     

黑蜜葡萄在苏北地区的表现及栽培技术

黑蜜葡萄果实紫红色,平均穗重500g,最大1500g,平均粒重12g,最大18g,有浓玫瑰香味,可溶性固形物含量18％。2006年新沂市引入黑蜜葡萄试栽,定植第2年平均666．7m^2产量756kg,第3年1225kg,第4年以后稳定在1500kg以上。主要栽培技术是：篱架栽培;以中梢修剪为主,结合长、短梢修剪;结果枝和营养枝适时摘心;疏花序、定果;果穗套袋等。     

大棚栽培粉红亚都蜜葡萄的技术

2004年利用塑料大棚栽培粉红亚都蜜葡萄15hm^2,平均666．7m^2产量达1500kg,果实6月中旬成熟。主要技术措施是施足有机肥开沟定植,适当密植,采用双十字架“Y”形整枝,喷涂石灰氮提前结束休眠。覆膜后缓慢升温,严格调控棚内温湿度,合理整形修剪,加强果穗管理,控制产量,并及时防治病虫害等。     

北京2号桃的引种表现与栽培技术

2002年春,引进北京2号桃试栽,表现丰产优质.定植第2年666 7m2产果500kg,第3年达1500kg;单果重220g,最大300g;着色好,肉质脆密,硬度高,汁多,可溶性固形物含量12%,甜酸爽口.主要技术措施:秋季改土,春季定植;加强肥水管理,及时疏果套袋;株行距1m×2m,采用细长主干形,长枝修剪.     

‘晚秋蜜’桃主干形整形修剪技术

‘晚秋蜜’是一个优质、抗寒、晚熟的芽变桃新品种,近几年在寒地桃产区发展较快。以1~4年生‘晚秋蜜’为试材,调查了干高、树高、干周、新梢长度等生长指标和修剪后的适宜长果枝数量,总结出桃树主干形冬季修剪关键技术。结果表明,‘晚秋蜜’采用主干形整形,成形快,早丰产,修剪操作简单,4年生树修剪平均用时3.8 min,大大提高了工作效率。     

冀南地区桃主干形栽培技术

主干形桃树是密植栽培条件下的树形创新。定植当年,采取科学的调控手段,促进主干延伸生长,促进副梢充分发生。主干形是桃树实现早产、高产、优质的一种值得推广应用的栽培方法,其主要特点及栽培技术如下:1主干形桃树优点1.1成形快、结果早成品苗栽植后不定干,本身就能发出10.20个或更多的横向枝。定植芽苗,当年树高可达2m以上,第2年可达3m以上,而且能基本成形,第2年即能结果。     

不同整枝方式对贝贝南瓜生长、果实特性及产量的影响

为提高贝贝南瓜的种植水平和种植效益,筛选适宜的整枝方式,以不整枝栽培为对照,研究了单蔓、双蔓、三蔓整枝方式对贝贝南瓜的品质及产量的影响。结果表明：采用双蔓整枝、三蔓整枝方式比对照分别提早采收4、3 d,叶片浓绿,长势较好,病虫害发生较少,第1雌花节位低,分别在7.3、7.4节,坐果率分别为97.00%、95.83%,果型大小均匀,平均单果质量分别为0.40、0.38 kg。双蔓整枝方式667 m²产量可达2 502.06 kg,三蔓整枝方式次之,为2 467.5 kg,分别较对照显著提高58.2%、44.1%。生产中建议贝贝南瓜选择双蔓整枝方式为最佳,可促进南瓜早熟,提高坐果率,降低畸形果率,提高产量;三蔓枝可备选。     

不同冬季修剪方法对桃树果实生长、产量及品质的影响

连续３年对庆丰和燕红桃树进行研究,结果表明,与传统短枝修剪技术相比较,长枝修剪后,树体丰产性能好、产量高,果实着色好,且在大多数情况下,果实可溶性固形物含量高,提高了品质。长枝修剪对果实生长的影响与品种的成熟期有关,早熟品种庆丰无显著作用,晚熟品种燕红采收时平均果重显著增加。采用长枝修剪技术,能显著地提高花芽的质量,尤其是枝条下部的花芽质量,从而可增强对晚霜冻害的抵抗能力,还对在长枝修剪条件下树体保留一年生枝的长度和姿势与果实大小的关系进行了研究,并对长枝修剪早果、丰产、稳产和优质的生物学基础和果园管理特点进行了讨论表示处理间存在Ｐ＝０．０１差异水平。２．２开花物候期修剪方式对树体初花期及花期待续时间无影响。１９９４年,长枝修剪和短枝修剪的庆丰、燕红的花期分别均为４月１４～１８日和４月１４～１９日。但是,开花动态在处理间存在差别。在初花期（４月１４日和１５日）长枝修剪树花朵开放率显著地高于短枝修剪树。另外,长枝修剪处理树体之间开花较整齐（变异系数小）。２．３坐果和产量１９９３年花期连续低温,经观察短枝修剪早久保和大久保受到严重冻害,坐果率低,负载量严重不足,而长枝修剪树对低温抵抗力强,坐果率显著高,从而获得?     

Long-term effects of managed grass competition and two pruning methods on growth and yield of peach trees

Ground cover competition and tree training strongly affect development of newly planted peach trees and eventual productivity of peach orchards. This experiment characterized the long-term interactive effects of three levels of competition and two pruning criteria on yield, fruit size, and marketable yield efficiency. Trees of two cultivars (’Jersey Dawn’, JD, and ‘Redskin’, RS, on Lovell) of peach (Prunuspersica (L.) Batsch) were planted in an orchard in 1993 and grown for 14 years in a vegetation free area (VFA) width of 0.6 or 2.4 m. A separate group of trees that were in the 2.4 m VFA had grass seeded beneath them in 1998 to obtain 0 m VFA. All trees were pruned to maintain canopy size with wide-angled scaffold limbs and intense pruning (IP) or upright branch form with reduced pruning (RP). In general, RS had greater yield than JD and yield was greatest in the 2.4 m VFA with RP and least in the 0.6 m VFA with IP. Cumulative marketable (≥6.35 cm) and average annual total yield of both cultivars was similar for RP trees in 0 m VFA and IP trees in 2.4 m VFA's although more of the fruit were in the largest size class (>6.98 cm) in the IP trees. Reduced pruning increased crop load. Fruit weight decreased with increased crop load more in RS than JD and this response was similar for all VFA's within each cultivar. Grass competition tended to reduce both the number and weight of fruit per tree but the average weight of individual marketable fruit was reduced only in the 0.6 m VFA of RS. Tree size was reduced by grass competition and pruning times measured from 1995 to 2000 were less in RP than IP. Consequently, marketable yield efficiency of marketable fruit (grams fruit ≥6.35 cm/cm² trunk cross-sectional area, TCSA) measured from 2004 to 2007 was generally greater in trees with RP than IP and in the 0.6 than the 0 and 2.4 m VFA. The results indicate that persistent competition will reduce total annual yield per tree but with reduced pruning the concomitant increased crop load can help maintain marketable yield.     

不同时期重截对大十果桑生长结果的影响

采果结束后对大十果桑结果母枝重截是其夏季修剪的主要内容。结果表明：采果结束时立即对结果母枝留3～4节重截提高次年产量和品质、减小树体、增强树势的综合效果最好。重截过迟,会严重削弱树势,造成次年大幅减产。叶果兼用时,为了克服因集中重截而造成断叶现象,可以在采果结束后30 d以内分期分批对结果母枝重截,对次年产量和品质的影响较小。     

Response of watersprout growth to fruit load and intensity of dormant pruning in peach tree

Watersprout occurrence and growth were investigated over a two-year period in an early maturing peach cultivar (Alexandra) under different intensities of dormant pruning for fruited and defruited trees. A preliminary study focused on identifying the laws that determine the probability of presence and occurrence of watersprouts in relation to watersprout-bearing shoot (WBS) length. The increase in watersprout probability of presence and occurrence resulting from greater WBS length illustrated the high capacity of peach for sprouting. Watersprout lengths were measured, as well as the lengths of young shoots, one-year-old fruit-bearing shoots (FBSs) and older branches considered as WBS in order to evaluate total shoot growth within the tree. Watersprout number and total length tended to be higher under severe dormant pruning and in fruited trees than under light dormant pruning and in defruited trees. This stimulation of watersprout length appeared to compensate for the concomitant lower total length of young shoots, resulting in a constant overall vegetative growth rate for the whole tree. In the second year of the experiment, watersprouts were either removed by summer pruning or not in order to evaluate watersprout incidence on the rest of the tree. After light and severe watersprout removal (WSR), the annual diametrical growth of FBS tended to be higher and lower, respectively, compared to trees not submitted to summer pruning. Light WSR might favour light interception in the centre of the canopy, thus improving assimilate production and allocation to FBS, whereas severe WSR could prevent carbohydrate export from watersprouts to FBS. Under our conditions, the limit at which WSR intensity became detrimental for FBS diametrical growth appeared to be after approximately 75% of the watersprouts were removed. Severe WSR appeared likely to improve fruit diameter, whereas it had no significant impact on the percentage of soluble solids.     

Leaf pruning intensities at flowering of banana (Musa AAA,cv. Grande Naine) did not influence fruit green and yellow life and quality

This study examined the effects of leaf pruning intensities at flowering on the green and yellow life and fruit quality of bananas (Musa AAA, cv. Grande Naine). The fruit from banana plants that retained 7, 9, 11 and 13 leaves after pruning were packed in carton boxes of 13.7 kg and stored in a cold room at 14 °C for 21 days to simulate transportation conditions. During this period, eight visual evaluations of fruit peel colour were made. Next, fruits were induced to commercial ripening using ethylene at 100 μl/ml. Four evaluations (every 2 days) on fruit firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, fruit weight and peel colour were made to assess fruit yellow life. No interaction between evaluations and number of leaves retained was found for pulp firmness, soluble solid percentage, fruit acidity, fruit weight and maturation grade. The fruit green life and peel colour was similar for plants retaining different number of leaves. After the application of ethylene, there were no differences in fruit firmness (P > 0.62), percentage of soluble solids (P > 0.24) nor in the percentage of acidity (P > 0.32). No difference in fruit weight (P > 0.07) and ripening grade (P > 0.17) were observed among plants retaining different number of leaves. The results suggest that in tropical commercial banana plantations, producing for international markets, it is possible to defoliate the banana plants to seven leaves at flowering without causing a reduction on the green and yellow life and quality of fruit.     

中晚熟桃新品种福瑞的选育

福瑞是以耐贮运油桃品种瑞光19号为母本、晚熟桃品种莱山蜜为父本,通过人工杂交培育的中晚熟桃新品种.果实卵圆形,平均单果质量256.2 g,果皮全面着深红色,果肉黄白色.果肉硬脆,风味甘甜,可溶性固形物质量分数为14.3％,高者达到18.9％.去皮硬度8.3 kg·cm-2,可滴定酸质量分数0.13％,维生素C质量分数1...     

防护网对冬枣生长和果实品质的影响

以7 a生的冬枣(Zizyphus jujuba Mill.)为试材,采用不同时间覆网并辅之根剪措施,研究防护网对冬枣生长及果实品质的影响。结果表明:冬枣开花前搭覆防护网结合根剪显著抑制了冬枣的二次枝生长、枣吊数量、坐果率、花量及产量,并明显降低了果实中的维生素C和可溶性糖含量,但未造成果实农药残留。而坐果后覆网加根剪对二次枝、坐果率、产量的抑制效果较小,并对枣吊数量和花量无明显影响作用。虽然坐果后覆网果实中检测到了农药残留,但相比对照显著降低,未对果实品质带来不利影响。2种覆网方式均降低了冬枣的光合特性。综合分析认为,坐果后覆网与根剪相结合是提高果实品质的有效措施。     

Timing of fruit removal affects concurrent vegetative growth and subsequent return bloom and yield in olive (Olea europaea L.)

Olive (Olea europaea) demonstrates a high tendency toward alternate fruit production, with significant negative consequences on the industry. Fruit load is one of the main cause-and-effect factors in the phenomenon of biennial bearing, often disrupting the balance between reproductive and vegetative processes. The objectives of the present study were to identify the time range during which heavy fruit load reversibly interrupts the reproductive processes of the following year. The linkage between timing of fruit removal, vegetative growth, return bloom, and fruit yield was studied. Complete fruit removal in cv. Coratina until about 120 days after full bloom (August 15) caused an immediate resumption of vegetative growth. The new shoots grew to twice the length of those on trees that underwent later fruit removal. Moreover, a full return bloom, corresponding with high subsequent yields, was obtained by early fruit removal, while poor or no bloom developed on late-defruited or control trees. Thus, the critical time to affect flowering and subsequent fruiting in the following year by fruit thinning occurs in olive trees even weeks after pit hardening—much later than previously suggested. Furthermore, the data indicate that flowering-site limitation, due to insufficient or immature vegetative growth during the On-year, is a primary factor inducing alternate bearing in olive.