高寒牧区羔羊育肥效果分析

为了探讨高寒牧区羔羊的最优育肥模式,以澳洲美利奴×甘肃高山细毛羊杂种一代羔羊、邦德×甘肃高山细毛羊杂种一代羔羊、特克塞尔×甘肃高山细毛羊杂种一代羔羊(分别简称澳甘细、邦甘细、特甘细)和甘肃高山细毛羊纯繁羔羊(简称甘高细)作为试验对象,采用全舍饲和"放牧+补饲"2种方式进行育肥试验,观测其生长(育肥期增重、平均日增重)和屠宰(胴体重、屠宰率)性能。结果表明:不同育肥方式对羔羊的生产性能无明显影响(P>0.05),全舍饲和"放牧+补饲"下,羔羊的育肥期增重分别是9.95 kg和9.83 kg,平均日增重分别是165.88 g和163.79 g,胴体重分别是14.41 kg和14.38 kg,屠宰率分别是47.61%和47.26%。经济效益分析表明"放牧+补饲"育肥羔羊的平均效益较全舍饲高35元/只;3个杂种羔羊群体的育肥效果都好于甘高细,其中特甘细的生长和屠宰性能最好。全舍饲育肥下,特甘细的胴体重分别比澳甘细、邦甘细高2.83和2.3 kg(P<0.01);"放牧+补饲"育肥下,分别比这2个群体高0.79和0.28 kg。由此说明,"放牧+补饲"是高寒牧区羔羊育肥的最优技术,特克塞尔×甘肃高山细毛羊杂种一代羔羊是羔羊育肥的最优群体。     

不同饲养模式对阿尔巴斯白绒山羊羔羊育肥增重及屠宰性能的影响

试验主要研究了不同饲养模式对阿尔巴斯白绒山羊羔羊育肥增重及屠宰性能的影响。从内蒙古白绒山羊种羊场的4月龄断奶羔羊中选择日龄为(130±10)d的母羔和去势公羔(羯羔)各30只作为放牧补饲组,从淘汰群中选择与放牧补饲组日龄相近的母羔和去势公羔(羯羊)各30只作为舍饲组进行舍饲育肥,共120只,分为4组,每组30只。采用2×2完全随机试验设计,第一因素为饲养模式,设放牧补饲和舍饲育肥两种,其中,放牧补饲的羔羊按照原厂方式,每天在天然草场上放牧并每只补饲玉米(风干基础)300 g,舍饲育肥的羔羊,按照试验设计饲喂全混合日粮;第二因素为性别,分为母羔与羯羔,育肥期3个月。育肥结束时,采用单因子完全随机试验设计,分别从舍饲育肥和放牧补饲的羯羔组中每组选择接近平均体重的6只羯羔屠宰,研究不同饲养方式对羯羔屠宰性能的影响。结果表明,与放牧补饲相比,舍饲模式的育肥体重和增重显著增加,育肥期内舍饲组的日增重较放牧补饲组提高69%,饲料转化效率是放牧补饲组的2倍。屠宰试验结果表明,舍饲模式的胴体重、屠宰率、净肉率显著提高,分别较放牧补饲组增加64.60%、27.56%、37.39%。因此,阿尔巴斯白绒山羊羔羊进行短期舍饲育肥与放牧补饲相比,对增重性能、饲料转化效率和屠宰性能的促进效果明显,可显著提高产肉量。     

高寒牧区羔羊不同育肥方式的效果比较

试验对当年4月龄羔羊采用全舍饲、放牧加补饲和全放牧5种方式进行育肥。结果显示：全舍饲育肥羔羊比对照组每只活重高19．29kg、胴体重高15．69kg、屠宰率高12．25个百分点、经济效益高52．80元；放牧加补饲育肥羔羊比对照组每只活重高6．99kg、胴体重高5．61kg、屠宰率高7．80个百分点、经济效益高56．00元。     

不同育肥方式对山羊屠宰性能及肉品质的影响

选择健康无病、体重相近、年龄6月龄左右的努比亚黑山羊公羊30只,随机分为放牧补饲育肥和全舍饲育肥2组,育肥期65d后进行屠宰测定和肉品质分析。结果显示,屠宰率、净肉率以及羊肉中蛋白质、粗脂肪、18种氨基酸及总氨基酸含量等指标差异均不显著(P0.05);但脂肪酸中的油酸含量舍饲组(43.6%)高于放牧补饲组(38.35%)5.25个百分点,差异显著(P0.05);而亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量放牧补饲组均显著高于舍饲组(P0.05);羊肉中微量元素铁含量放牧补饲组较舍饲组高47.02%,两组间差异极显著(P0.01),铜含量放牧补饲组较舍饲组高64.71%,两组间差异极显著(P0.01)。结论:努比亚黑山羊采取放牧补饲育肥和全舍饲育肥方式羊肉主要营养指标相当,其中放牧补饲育肥羊肉中所含的对人体健康有益的营养物质更丰富。山羊适度放牧补饲育肥是目前一种可行的育肥模式。     

海晏县牦牛育肥试验效果分析

试验采用舍饲、放牧+补饲及放牧的饲养方式,对30头24月龄牦牛进行育肥试验研究,数据分析结果表明,舍饲组牦牛的平均日增重达到484.83 g,放牧+补饲组牦牛的平均日增重达到358.27 g,对照组牦牛的平均日增重达到117.11 g,舍饲组与放牧+补饲组及对照组牦牛的平均日增重对比,差异显著(P0.05);放牧+补饲组与对照组牦牛的平均日增重对比,差异显著(P0.05);研究表明,采用舍饲及放牧+补饲的育肥方式,显著提高育肥牦牛的增重效果,经济效益显著。     

放牧对松辽黑猪生长肥育及胴体肉质的影响

选择松辽黑生长育成猪200头,分成舍饲组和林地放牧组,进行饲养育肥性能测定。舍饲组按常规全期饲喂全价配合精饲料;放牧组则先在舍内育成至体重达40kg后,白天林地放牧,早晚各补饲一次精饲料,直至达到育肥体重。饲养试验结束,各饲养组选取4头(2公2母)体重100kg左右的试验猪,进行屠宰做胴体肉质测定。结果表明:日增重舍饲组为736.5g,放牧组为467.5g,差异极显著(<0.01),而放牧组则每增重1kg比舍饲组少耗精饲料730g,差异显著(<0.05)。屠宰率放牧组为70.71%,比舍饲组的69.21%高,差异显著(<0.05),肌内脂肪含量放牧组为4.92%,舍饲组为3.60%,差异显著(<0.05),其它胴体肉质指标如眼肌面积、背膘厚、瘦肉率及肉色、pH、失水率、嫩度等,两种饲养方式,差异均不明显,但放牧饲养组要比舍饲组有改善和提高的趋势。     

不同饲养方式对松辽黑猪生长肥育及胴体肉质的影响

选择松辽黑生长育成猪50头和200头,分成舍饲组和林地放牧组,进行饲养育肥性能测定。舍饲组按常规全期饲喂全价配合精饲料;放牧组则先在舍内育成至体重达40kg后,白天林地放牧,早晚各补饲一次精饲料,直至达到育肥体重。饲养试验结束,各饲养组选取4头(2公2母)体重100kg左右的试验猪,进行屠宰做胴体肉质测定。结果表明:日增重舍饲组为736.5g;放牧组为467.5克,差异极显著(P<0.01),而放牧组则每增重1kg比舍饲组少耗精饲料730g,差异显著(P<0.05)。屠宰率放牧组为70.71%,比舍饲组的69.21%高,差异显著(P<0.05),肌内脂肪含量放牧组为4.92%,舍饲组为3.60%,差异显著(P<0.05),其他胴体肉质指标如眼肌面积、背膘厚、瘦肉率及肉色、PH、失水率、嫩度等,两种饲养方式,差异均不明显,但放牧饲养组要比舍饲组,有改善和提高的趋势。吉林延边     

云南48—50支半细毛羊产肉性能及肉品质的研究

采取昼夜放牧与放牧补饲相结合两种饲养方法，对云南４８—５０支半细毛羊育成羊进行育肥试验和产肉性能研究。结果表明，７月龄是育成羊增重高峰期，放牧组、补饲组该月平均日增重达到１７４．０７ｇ和２０１．０２ｇ；在１５０ｄ（５～１０月龄）育肥期中平均日增重分别为１１８．６７ｇ和１４１．６０ｇ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；１０月龄体重分别达到４２．２５ｋｇ和４４．７４ｋｇ，胴体重分别为１９．８ｋｇ和２１．５４ｋｇ（Ｐ＜０．０５），均达到国内上等羔羊肉胴体肥度分等标准。屠宰测定和肉品分析结果表明，云南半细毛羊具有产肉性能好、羊肉品质高的优点。该试验还证明，在人工草地条件下，采用昼夜放牧方式可以达到育肥的目的。     

不同饲养方式对波×黑杂交肉羊育肥效果对比试验

本试验采用放牧 补饲、舍饲 补饲、全放牧、舍饲不补饲等4种方式对波×黑杂交F1代肉羊作育肥试验.试验羊80只,随机分成4组,每组20只,育肥期120 d.通过平均日增重、经济效益等指标对育肥效果进行分析,试验结果显示:各组平均日增重分别为157.3 g、166.7 g、146.3 g、155.3 g,舍饲 补饲组极显著高于其他各组(P＜0.01);舍饲不补饲组与放牧 补饲组差异不显著(P＞0.05),全放牧方式最差.放牧 补饲、舍饲 补饲、全放牧、舍饲不补饲各组利润分别为79.8元/只、88.4元/只、57.4元/只、72.2元/只,投入产出比分别为1∶2.12、1∶2.23、1∶1.69、1:1.94,舍饲 补饲组极显著高于其他各组(P＜0.01).结果表明:舍饲 补饲组增重速度最快,肥育末重最大,投入产出比最高,经济效益最大,舍饲 补饲方式波×黑杂交肉羊育肥最为理想,可在生产中推广;放牧 补饲组产生的经济效益高于舍饲不补饲组,生产中应给予补饲,以增加产出;在生产中不应采取全放牧方式进行波×黑杂交肉羊的育肥.     

不同育肥方式对呼伦贝尔羔羊育肥性能及屠宰性能的影响

试验主要研究不同育肥方式对内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市羔羊育肥性能和屠宰性能的影响,研究结果为呼伦贝尔羊科学育肥方案的制定提供理论依据。选择120只(公母各半)4月龄断奶后羔羊做为试验动物,采用二因素完全随机试验设计,第1因素为育肥方式,分为自然放牧和放牧补饲2种方式;第2因素为羔羊性别,分为公羔和母羔2种,共分为4组。研究不同育肥方式和性别对呼伦贝尔羔羊育肥性能的影响。试验结束时,分别从放牧补饲组和自然放牧组中选择接近平均体质量的5只公羔羊进行屠宰试验,研究不同育肥方式对公羔羊屠宰性能的影响。结果表明,与自然放牧相比,放牧补饲羔羊的育肥体质量和日增质量显著增加(P0.05),羔羊出栏体质量达到39.37 kg,在整个育肥期较自然放牧羔羊日增质量增加38.46%。屠宰试验结果表明,放牧补饲公羔羊胴体质量、屠宰率、净肉质量、净肉率和大网膜脂肪质量均显著高于自然放牧羔羊(P0.05),分别提高34.43%、13.76%、40.55%、19.21%和87.50%,屠宰率和净肉率分别达到54.47%和45.67%。与自然放牧相比,对断奶羔羊放牧补饲可显著增加育肥性能和屠宰性能,产肉量显著增加(P0.05)。在呼伦贝尔地区对断奶羔羊补饲是一种有效的育肥方式。     

牦牛肉品质特性研究进展

从牦牛肉化学组成、营养价值、食用品质、技术品质及卫生品质等方面总结了近年来人们对牦牛肉品质特性的研究。作为中国西部肉类蛋白的重要来源,牦牛肉具有安全、高蛋白、低脂肪、良好的氨基酸和脂肪酸组成等优点。而有关＂牦牛肉较老＂的观点可以归因于屠宰年龄较大并且没有进行分档,宰后成熟处理对提高牦牛肉嫩度及其它肉品质效果显著。     

Lung cancer risk in workers in the meat and poultry industries--a review

Laboratory and in vivo studies in primates, and serological evidence in humans, indicate that food animal oncogenic viruses show potential for causing cancer in humans. However, until fairly recently, supporting analytic epidemiologic studies have been lacking and have concentrated on lung cancer. We conducted an extensive Medline search and reviewed 60 studies investigating lung cancer risk in highly exposed workers in the meat and poultry industries. The overwhelming majority of studies of different designs (including all the cohort mortality and cancer incidence studies) indicate at least a 30% excess risk of lung cancer in meat and poultry plant workers, even after controlling for smoking. Evidence points to food animal oncogenic microorganisms as one of the main causes. This has important public health implications because the general population is also widely exposed. Studies carried out thus far have not had sufficient statistical power to investigate other potentially carcinogenic exposures within the industries. Thus, large studies that can adequately control for occupational and non-occupational confounding factors are needed, so that the possible role of food animal oncogenic viruses in the occurrence of human lung cancer can be clearly defined.     

禽肉色泽影响因素研究进展

本文对禽肉色泽及其影响因素包括内在因素(肌红蛋白含量、血红素的化学形态、pH)及人为因素(应激、营养因子、视觉缺陷)进行了综述。     

江西地方品种水牛产肉性能及肉品质分析研究

对18～24月龄鄱阳湖、峡江和信丰山地3个江西地方品种水牛各3头,进行肉用性能和牛肉主要营养养分的测定分析。结果表明,水牛肌肉肉色符合标准,且无PSE肉、DFD肉产生,符合优质肉牛标准;鄱阳湖水牛的胴体重、净肉重、胴体产肉率、Fe含量、Zn含量较高,显著高于信丰山地水牛（P<0.05）;鄱阳湖水牛18种氨基酸含量除酪氨酸外均高于其它2个地方品种,其中天门冬氨酸、谷氨酸、丝氨酸、脯氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸及胱氨酸含量显著高于信丰山地水牛（P<0.05）,鲜味氨基酸、甜鲜味氨基酸含量显著高于信丰山地水牛（P<0.05）;牛肉脂肪酸中花生酸含量在品种间存在显著差异（P<0.05）,而其它各种脂肪酸含量、硬脂肪酸总含量和不饱和脂肪总含量在品种间均无显著差异（P>0.05）。     

Comparison of the histological changes in the dog after treatment with the progestins medroxyprogesterone acetate and proligestone

Abstract

Administration of progestins in the dog may result in overproduction of growth hormone, suppression of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenocortical axis, and insulin resistance. In this paper we present a comparison of the histological findings in control dogs and dogs treated with either medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) or proligestone (PROL).

Depot preparations of MPA or PROL were administered (SC) at 3‐week intervals in two groups of seven ovariohysterectomized beagle dogs, after which three dogs of each group were killed. After a 6‐month period without hormone treatment during which recovery was studied, the remaining dogs received five additional injections at the same interval and were subsequently killed. Tissue samples of four intact female beagle dogs served as controls.

Progestin treatment resulted in atrophy of the adrenal cortex. In both MPA‐ and PROL‐treated dogs, the thickness of the combined zona fasciculata and reticularis was significantly smaller than in control animals. In the mammary glands of progestin‐treated dogs there were well developed alveoli and normal ducts adjacent to foci of hyperplastic ductular epithelium. Five dogs in each treatment group had developed benign mammary tumours which varied from simple tubular and papillary adenomas to benign complex and mixed tumours, whereas no mammary tumours were observed in the control animals. In each treatment group, steroid‐induced hepatopathy was observed in the liver of three dogs. Vacuolation of the cells of the islets of Langerhans and the epithelium of the intercalated ducts was present in two dogs of each treatment group and was only observed after the second series of progestin administrations. Incidental findings included chronic pyelonephritis, aspecific dermatitis, and mucinous dysplasia of the gall bladder. No abnormalities were found in sections of spleen, lung, brain, or pituitary gland.

There were no significant differences in the frequencies of the various abnormalities between MPA‐ and PROL‐treated dogs. Our findings correspond with the clinical and biochemical results after treatment of dogs with MPA and PROL. The high incidence of mammary tumours might be associated with our recent finding that in the dog progestins induce ectopic production of growth hormone in the mammary gland. The dog might be a good model for further studies on hormonally induced breast cancers.     

植物多酚的抗氧化机理及其在动物生产中的应用

肉及肉制品在加工及贮藏过程中易发生氧化而导致品质下降，在动物日粮中添加植物多酚可抑制脂肪及蛋白质氧化，进而提高肉及肉制品在加工及贮藏过程中的氧化稳定性。植物多酚因具有酚羟基结构而具有清除自由基的抗氧化作用，可提高动物机体及肉制品中抗氧化酶的活性，还可激活Nrf2/ARE信号通路从而提高肉制品在加工及贮藏过程中的抗氧化能力。将植物多酚添加到畜禽日粮中，可促进动物对饲料中营养物质的消化吸收，提高其生产性能，且可提高动物机体的抗氧化酶活性及总抗氧化能力，降低畜禽产品中丙二醛的含量，提高产品的质量，延长产品的货架期。文章介绍了植物多酚，包括黄酮类、酚酸类、非黄酮类化合物及其代表性化合物的结构，并阐述了其抗氧化性机理及其在动物生产中的应用，旨为研究利用植物多酚提高肉制品的氧化稳定性、安全性提供理论参考。     

添加牛磺酸对樱桃谷肉鸭生产性能和肌肉品质影响的研究

200只1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭,随机分为5组,每组4个重复.分别在基础日粮中添加0.05%、0.10%、0.15%、0.20%牛磺酸,饲喂35 d.分析测定肉鸭的体重、日增重、饲料报酬、屠体品质、肉品品质及肌肉组织学结构.结果表明,添加0.10%牛磺酸可极显著增加35日龄活重和平均日增重,显著提高饲料报酬,降低肉鸭腹脂率,提高全净膛率和瘦肉率.减小肌纤维直径,提高系水力、肌间脂肪的含量,增加肌肉嫩度.     

Wild-Harvested Venison Yields and Sharing by Michigan Deer Hunters

An increased societal focus on wildlife as food and recent policy deliberations regarding legal markets for wild-harvested meat are encouraging wildlife managers and researchers to examine the amount, use, and distribution of meat yielded through recreational hunting. We used responses to questions on the Michigan Deer Harvest Study to estimate the maximum yield of edible venison and assess hunters’ sharing behaviors. We estimated 11,402–14,473 metric tons of edible venison were procured during the 2013 hunting season. Of hunters who harvested a deer, 85% shared their venison. Hunters who shared did so with an average of 5.6 people (SD = 4.5). Sharing occurred most frequently within tight social networks: members of hunters’ households (69%), relatives (52%), and friends, neighbors, or coworkers (50%). In the absence of legal markets, venison is distributed widely by hunters and greatly amplifies the number of people benefiting from hunting. Nonetheless, we also identified the potential breadth of exposure to disease or contaminants from wild-harvested meat.     

中国肉羊生产的主要经济杂交模式

目前,我国肉羊生产正在快速发展,已取得了令人瞩目的成就.利用引进的肉羊品种与我国地方优良品种进行杂交,已成为商品肉羊生产的主要方式.文章介绍了在肉羊生产中适用的几种杂交方式,并对我国各地进行的肉用绵羊和肉用山羊杂交组合试验效果进行了归纳、总结和分析.     

江西地方品种黄牛产肉性能及肉品质分析研究

本研究选择18~24月龄广丰黄牛、吉安黄牛、锦江黄牛3个江西地方品种黄牛各3头,进行肉用性能和牛肉主要营养养分的测定分析。结果表明,广丰黄牛的骨率显著高于吉安黄牛(P<0.05);锦江黄牛与广丰黄牛、吉安黄牛相比屠宰率、净肉率较高,眼肌面积较大,但无显著差异(P>0.05);同时,锦江黄牛氨基酸总量低于其它品种,鲜味氨基酸、甜鲜味氨基酸高于其它品种,苦味氨基酸低于其它两品种,差异均不显著(P>0.05);各种氨基酸中,锦江黄牛赖氨酸和酪氨酸含量低于其它品种,但甘氨酸含量高于广丰黄牛,差异显著(P<0.05)。牛肉各种脂肪酸含量、硬脂肪酸总含量和不饱和脂肪总含量在品种间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。结果显示从常规养分含量、氨基酸、脂肪酸的营养价值评定方面,3个地方品种黄牛中,广丰黄牛、吉安黄牛优于锦江黄牛。