水分胁迫对老芒麦种质萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

采用盆栽控水和PEG两种水分胁迫处理方法,对老芒麦种子萌发及生理生化指标进行测定,分析不同梯度胁迫下指标的变化情况,并对9份老芒麦的抗逆性进行综合评价,结果表明:随着水分胁迫加剧,老芒麦种子的相对发芽率、相对发芽势等均受到不同程度抑制,幼苗叶片中SOD活性出现先上升后下降趋势,丙二醛和脯氨酸含量呈上升趋势,相对含水量则不断下降;20%PEG浓度为合适的萌发期筛选浓度,根据隶属函数法进行综合评价,9份老芒麦材料水分胁迫综合评价由强到弱依次为E05、E06、E04、E03、E08、E02、E07、E09、E01。     

小黑麦种质萌发期苗期耐盐资源评价与筛选

盐渍化土壤是重要的后备土地资源,筛选耐盐作物品种资源是盐渍化土地农业应用的重要基础。本研究对来自美国和国内6个省份的14份小黑麦种质资源进行萌发期0.9%和苗期1.2%浓度的NaCl胁迫处理,通过测定发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数以及苗期株高、根长、地上干/鲜重、根干/鲜重、脯氨酸、丙二醛以及超氧化物歧化酶等农艺和生理生化指标,对小黑麦种质资源进行萌发期和苗期耐盐评价与筛选。结果表明：盐胁迫下小黑麦萌发期和苗期指标多态性丰富,变异系数为6.53%～99.65%,其中生理指标受盐胁迫的影响较农艺指标大。采用隶属函数法结合主成分分析法等多元统计方法对参试小黑麦种质资源萌发期和苗期耐盐能力进行综合评价,萌发期隶属函数值排名和苗期D值排名的相关性分析结果表明小黑麦萌发期与苗期耐盐性呈极显著正相关;鉴定出萌发期耐盐材料8份,苗期高耐盐材料1份,耐盐材料8份;萌发期和苗期较耐盐的前两个材料均为甘农4号和冀饲2号,可作为盐碱地后续利用和耐盐育种的优异资源。     

老芒麦种质资源耐盐性评价

通过隶属函数法计算了20份野生老芒麦种质材料萌发期各耐盐指标的综合值,并对隶属函数综合值进行了聚类分析。结果表明,20份老芒麦耐盐性综合指标值最高的材料是E02,耐盐性强;最低的材料是E21,耐盐性极弱。聚类分析将供试种质材料分为耐盐性极弱、弱、中和强四类,筛选出萌发期耐盐性强的种质为E02、E15、E18、E38、E41和E43;选出耐盐性强弱差异较大的两份种质材料为E15和E17,对苗期k~+、Na~+、Ca~(2+)含量进行了测定,结果表明,萌发期耐盐性强的种质,苗期耐盐性也强。     

NaCl胁迫对藜麦种子萌发和幼苗生理特性的影响

本研究报道了不同浓度NaCl处理对藜麦种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响,以确定藜麦的耐盐阈值,为藜麦在盐渍土地种植提供理论依据。结果表明,不同浓度NaCl处理对藜麦种子萌发和幼苗生理特性均产生显著影响,主要表现为,1)随着NaCl浓度的升高,藜麦种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均呈逐渐降低的趋势,当NaCl浓度达到3.0%时,藜麦种子几乎不发芽;2)幼苗叶片含水量逐渐降低,可溶性糖、脯氨酸、丙二醛含量、相对电导率及O₂^-·产生速率呈逐渐升高的趋势,叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在NaCl浓度为1.8%时达到最大值,而后随着NaCl浓度的升高呈降低的趋势;3)NaCl胁迫显著抑制了藜麦幼苗株高、茎粗的增加,根长的生长随着NaCl浓度的升高呈先增加后减少的趋势,在NaCl浓度为1.8%时根长最长,达到11.73 cm。说明低浓度(≤1.8%)NaCl处理对藜麦幼苗生长具有促进作用,而高浓度的NaCl处理则对其有抑制作用。藜麦耐盐阈值为1.8%。     

老芒麦种质对干旱胁迫的生理响应

以3个老芒麦种质为材料,采用不同PEG浓度(0％、5％、10％、15％)模拟干旱胁迫,通过老芒麦苗期生理指标的变化,并用隶属函数对3种老芒麦抗旱性进行分析,研究老芒麦幼苗对干旱胁迫的生理响应.结果 表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,老芒麦种质叶片相对含水量降低;超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶等抗氧化物质均显著增加(...     

不同藜麦品种对盐胁迫的生理响应及耐盐性评价

为研究不同藜麦品种对盐胁迫的生理响应及耐盐性,本试验以3个藜麦品种——陇藜1号、陇藜3号及陇藜4号为材料,在水培和盆栽条件下,分别用100、200、300、400、500 mmol/L NaCl浓度模拟盐胁迫处理3个藜麦品种的种子和幼苗,通过测定种子发芽指标,幼苗生物量及生理生化特性,分析藜麦耐盐机制,对不同藜麦品种耐盐性进行综合评价。结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的升高,不同藜麦种子发芽率先升高后减低,种子发芽势和发芽指数均显著降低;幼苗地上部分生长和生物量积累受到抑制,而地下部分生长及生物量积累先增加后下降;幼苗叶片叶绿素、可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物抗坏血酸酶(APX)活性先升高后降低,均在300 mmol/L NaCl浓度下达到最大值;幼苗叶片可溶性糖、脯氨酸、丙二醛(MDA)含量显著升高。说明不同藜麦品种幼苗在盐胁迫初期可通过采取提高体内可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,增强SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性,降低MDA含量等自我保护机制以适应盐胁迫,从而促进适宜盐浓度下幼苗生长。隶属度综合评价结果表明,不同藜麦品种的耐盐阈值为300 mmol/L;陇藜1号耐盐性最强,陇藜3号次之,陇藜4号最弱。     

盐胁迫对新麦草种子萌发及幼苗期生理特性的影响

为研究新麦草种子萌发期及幼苗期的耐盐性,以前期在盐碱地种植的6个不同品种的新麦草为材料,采用0.6%~2.0%的8个浓度梯度NaCl溶液分别处理6种材料,蒸馏水为对照。统计盐胁迫处理下6个品种种子的发芽率、发芽势、根长、芽长等萌发指标。将经1.8%、2.0%高浓度NaCl处理下萌发的幼苗移栽到育苗钵中培育,材料生长到三叶期后,再次进行0.6%浓度NaCl中度盐胁迫,并测定叶片的生长高度,可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸含量,SOD、POD、CAT等抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛含量和电导率。通过隶属函数和主成分分析对6种新麦草萌发期与苗期的耐盐性进行综合评价。结果表明,随着盐浓度的增加,新麦草的发芽率、发芽势、活力指数和相对生长速度均呈下降趋势;幼苗叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、丙二醛的含量和相对电导率在中度盐胁迫后增加;SOD、POD、CAT的变化在不同材料中表现不一致。主成分分析表明盐胁迫下发芽指标是评价新麦草耐盐性的主要成分,其次是抗氧化酶活性和膜质过氧化性。     

盐胁迫对西藏3种野生披碱草属牧草种子发芽影响

为确定披碱草属(Elymus Linn.)3种优良牧草品种的耐盐能力,明确其耐盐浓度范围,试验设0%(对照)、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%5个NaCl浓度水平,对3种披碱草属牧草(披碱草、老芒麦、垂穗披碱草)进行单盐胁迫。结果发现:不同的单盐浓度对3种野生牧草种子发芽的影响很大;随着盐浓度的增加,3种野生牧草种子的发芽率、发芽势、相对发芽率、萌发指数和活力指数不断下降;当盐浓度为1.6%时,披碱草、垂穗披碱草的发芽率、发芽势、萌发指数、相对盐害率等均为0,即种子萌发受到了完全抑制。结合指标综合评价,西藏3种牧草种子萌发期的耐盐性排序:老芒麦>垂穗披碱草>披碱草。初步判定,西藏野生老芒麦耐盐性最强,西藏野生披碱草耐盐性最差。     

30份苜蓿种质萌发期耐盐性评价

选用30份来源不同的紫花苜蓿种质为试验材料,采用不同浓度(0、100mM、150mM、200mM)的NaCl盐溶液对萌发期的种子进行胁迫处理,通过对胁迫后各材料相对发芽率、相对发芽势、相对芽长等指标的测定分析和隶属函数的综合排序,鉴定评价试验材料的耐盐性,为耐盐材料筛选和新品种选育提供依据。研究结果表明,紫花苜蓿种子发芽率、发芽势、芽长和根长随着盐浓度提高呈明显下降趋势,低浓度盐胁迫对种子萌发具有促进作用,胁迫强度增强则会抑制种子萌发。不同材料之间耐盐性差异较大,具体可划分为耐盐、中度耐盐和敏盐3个类型,其中中苜1号苜蓿耐盐性最强,陇东苜蓿耐盐性最弱。     

引进紫花苜蓿耐盐性的评价

以18份引进紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)为材料,采用5种不同浓度NaCl下进行温室苗期耐盐性评价试验.结果表明,地上生物量、地下生物量、株高、存活率这4项指标随盐胁迫浓度的增加都呈递减趋势,且浓度间差异极显著(P<0.01),0.3%盐浓度偏小,不足以反映盐胁迫程度,而0.6%盐浓度过于偏大,导致试验后期幼苗枯萎、死亡,不适合作为引进紫花苜蓿耐盐,陛评价盐浓度.这4项指标作为耐盐性评价是最直观、最有效的方法.从耐盐生理评价显示,质膜透性和脯氨酸含量随着盐浓度的增加而增加,浓度间差异极显著(P<0.01),这两项指标也可作为耐盐性评价的辅助指标.综合以上耐盐性评价结果显示,材料13、14较耐盐,材料5、6、9、10、17耐盐性较差,其他11份材料为中等耐盐.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein