青稞秸秆替代苇状羊茅对全混合日粮青贮早期发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响

本试验旨在研究不同比例青稞秸秆替代苇状羊茅对全混合日粮青贮早期发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响。试验设对照组(TH0)和3个青稞秸秆不同比例替代组TH5、TH10和TH15。青贮14 d开窖取样,分析其发酵品质、化学成分及微生物数量,将剩余的发酵TMR暴露于空气,用多通道温度记录仪记录温度变化;并分别在有氧暴露的第2、5和8天取样评定其有氧稳定性。结果表明,与对照组(TH0)相比,TH5的pH、乳酸、乙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸和乙醇含量无显著(P>0.05)差异;TH10和对照相比pH差异不显著(P>0.05),但乳酸、乙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸和乙醇含量显著(P<0.05)低于对照组;TH15 pH显著(P<0.05)高于对照组,乳酸、乙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸和乙醇含量显著(P<0.05)低于对照组;各组氨态氮/总氮和乳酸/乙酸无显著(P>0.05)差异,均以乳酸发酵为主,发酵品质良好。有氧暴露第2天后各组pH和氨态氮/总氮持续上升;乳酸、乙酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量持续下降;酵母菌和好氧细菌数量显著(P<0.05)升高。除TH15外,其他各组温度在第35 h开始上升,TH15温度上升延迟,并且温度上升峰值最小。和其他组相比,TH15有氧稳定性最好。综合考虑发酵品质、有氧稳定性及对青稞秸秆资源的最大化利用,建议采用TH15设计配方最为适宜。     

添加乙酸对西藏燕麦和紫花苜蓿混合青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响

为探讨不同水平乙酸对燕麦和紫花苜蓿(7∶3)混合青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响,试验设对照组和3个乙酸添加组(0.3%,0.4%,0.5%),青贮后第30,45和60天开窖取样,测定青贮饲料的发酵品质,同时60 d后打开剩余的所有实验室青贮窖,将青贮饲料暴露于空气中,测定青贮饲料有氧稳定性。结果表明,添加乙酸显著(P<0.05)降低了混合青贮饲料的pH,其中0.4%与0.5%乙酸处理组pH显著(P<0.05)低于0.3%乙酸处理组。青贮60 d后乙酸添加组乳酸含量显著(P<0.05)高于对照组,但处理组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。添加乙酸显著(P<0.05)降低了青贮过程中氨态氮/总氮,且氨态氮/总氮随着乙酸添加量的增加呈下降趋势(P>0.05)。各乙酸添加组水溶性碳水化合物均显著(P<0.05)高于对照组,其中0.4%乙酸添加组最高。在有氧暴露前10 d,各组pH和氨态氮/总氮基本保持稳定,其中乙酸添加组低于对照组。暴露10 d后各组pH均有上升,其中对照组显著(P<0.05)上升。在整个有氧暴露阶段,乳酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量逐渐下降,但各乙酸添加组均显著(P<0.05)高于对照组,其中0.4%乙酸添加组乳酸含量始终保持最高。综合考虑发酵品质和有氧稳定性,0.4%乙酸添加量最适宜。     

添加丙酸对青稞秸秆和多年生黑麦草混合青贮发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响

为探讨不同水平丙酸对青稞(Hordeum vulgare)秸秆和多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)混合青贮发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响,试验设0(CK), 0.3%(PA3), 0.4%(PA4)和0.5%丙酸(PA5)4个处理组。青贮后第30 d开窖取样测定发酵品质,并有氧暴露12 d分析有氧稳定性。结果表明:各组pH值、乳酸和干物质含量差异不显著,但丙酸添加组乳酸/乙酸(除PA3组)和水溶性碳水化合物含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),氨态氮/总氮和丁酸含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。有氧暴露阶段,PA4和PA5组pH值与对照组和PA3组相比上升幅度较小,乳酸、干物质含量损失较少,且水溶性碳水化合物含量随着丙酸添加量的增大而升高。随着暴露时间延长,各组氨态氮/总氮值和丁酸含量逐渐升高,且PA4和PA5组显著低于对照组和PA3组(P<0.05)。表明添加0.4%以上的丙酸能够改善混合青贮饲料的发酵品质和有氧稳定性。     

添加乳酸菌制剂和丙酸对全株玉米全混合日粮青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响

为评价乳酸菌制剂和丙酸对西藏地区全株玉米全混合日粮(TMR)发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响。试验设对照组、乳酸菌制剂和丙酸添加组3个处理。全混合日粮青贮45d后全部开封取样,测定其发酵品质,并分别在有氧暴露第6、9和12天取样评定其有氧稳定性。每个处理组每个时间点开5个青贮窖即5个重复。结果表明,全株玉米全混合日粮干物质含量适宜、乳酸菌数量和水溶性碳水化合物含量充足,因此对照组发酵品质良好,添加乳酸菌制剂进一步改善了发酵品质,虽然丙酸一定程度上抑制了乳酸发酵,但发酵品质仍属良好。在有氧暴露阶段,对照组和乳酸菌添加组乳酸含量持续下降,pH﹑氨态氮/总氮和酵母菌数量显著上升(P0.05)。丙酸添加组乳酸含量前9d逐渐升高,之后显著下降(P0.05),pH基本趋于稳定,12d后降至3.75,酵母菌数目显著(P0.05)低于其他组。综合全株玉米TMR的发酵品质和有氧稳定性,添加乳酸菌制剂改善了全株玉米TMR的发酵品质但没有提高其有氧稳定性,添加丙酸尽管一定程度抑制了乳酸发酵,但明显提高了发酵全混合日粮的有氧稳定性。     

西藏不同饲草全混合日粮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的研究

为了充分利用西藏的农作物秸秆和饲草资源,本试验在当地奶牛场采用的以全株玉米和青稞秸秆为主要粗饲料的TMR配方基础上,用苜蓿、全株燕麦和小麦秸秆按不同比例替代全株玉米。青贮发酵45 d后评定各组发酵品质、营养特性和有氧稳定性。结果表明,发酵45 d后,TMR-2、TMR-3和TMR-4组pH值显著高于TMR-1(P<0.05),乳酸含量均低于TMR-1,但各替代组仅检测到微量丙酸和丁酸含量,且氨态氮/总氮较低,表明各组发酵品质均良好。发酵后各组水溶性碳水化合物含量均有大幅度下降,除TMR-1组外,其他3组干物质含量基本不变,粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和粗脂肪等营养物质含量不同程度增加,其中TMR-2和 TMR-3组粗蛋白含量高于15%,能够满足改良奶牛的营养需要。在有氧暴露过程中,各组乳酸、乙酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量均出现不同程度的下降,丙酸和丁酸含量在有氧暴露第3天均有升高,之后逐渐下降。在有氧暴露9 d中,pH值均呈上升趋势,其中TMR-3组pH值上升幅度最小,其有氧稳定性最好。综上所述,虽然TMR-3发酵品质略低于TMR-1组,但其有氧稳定性有所提高,因此,TMR-3组可应用于生产实际中。     

青稞秸秆替代苇状羊茅对全混合日粮青贮早期发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响

本试验旨在研究不同比例青稞秸秆替代苇状羊茅对全混合日粮青贮早期发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响。试验设对照组(TH₀)和3个青稞秸秆不同比例替代组TH₅、TH₁₀和TH₁₅。青贮14 d开窖取样,分析其发酵品质、化学成分及微生物数量,将剩余的发酵TMR暴露于空气,用多通道温度记录仪记录温度变化;并分别在有氧暴露的第2,5和8天取样评定其有氧稳定性。结果表明,与对照组(TH₀)相比,TH₅的pH、乳酸、乙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸和乙醇含量无显著(P>0.05)差异;TH₁₀和对照相比pH差异不显著(P>0.05),但乳酸、乙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸和乙醇含量显著(P<0.05)低于对照组;TH₁₅ pH显著(P<0.05)高于对照组,乳酸、乙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸和乙醇含量显著(P<0.05)低于对照组;各组氨态氮/总氮和乳酸/乙酸无显著(P>0.05)差异,均以乳酸发酵为主,发酵品质良好。有氧暴露第2天后各组pH和氨态氮/总氮持续上升;乳酸、乙酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量持续下降;酵母菌和好氧细菌数量显著(P<0.05)升高。除TH₁₅外,其他各组温度在第35 h开始上升,TH₁₅温度上升延迟,并且温度上升峰值最小。和其他组相比,TH₁₅有氧稳定性最好。综合考虑发酵品质、有氧稳定性及对青稞秸秆资源的最大化利用,建议采用TH₁₅设计配方最为适宜。     

添加糖蜜和乙酸对西藏发酵全混合日粮青贮发酵品质及有氧稳定性影响

为研究乙酸和糖蜜对发酵全混合日粮(FTMR)品质及有氧稳定性的影响,试验以全混合日粮(TMR)为发酵原料,设对照组、乙酸(A)、糖蜜(M)、乙酸和糖蜜组合添加(AM)4个处理,发酵45 d后分析FTMR的发酵品质,同时将所有FTMR暴露到空气中,分别在第6,9和12天取样评定其有氧稳定性。结果表明,与对照相比,A和AM组降低了乳酸含量(P>0.05),各组仅检测到微量的丙酸、少量的丁酸和较低的氨态氮/总氮,表明各组FTMR发酵品质均良好。有氧暴露6 d后,各组乳酸、乙酸和水溶性碳水化合物含量均呈不同程度的下降,对照和M组pH值在第12 天显著(P<0.05)上升至5.70和6.50,具有较高的氨态氮/总氮和酵母菌数量。而A和AM组乳酸含量均呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,且好氧性微生物和酵母菌数量在整个有氧暴露的过程中始终维持在较低水平,有氧暴露12 d后pH值仍维持在4.50左右,延长了有氧稳定时间。综合考虑,为了获得品质优良的FTMR饲料,可在TMR中添加0.3%乙酸,既不影响发酵品质,也可提高其有氧稳定性。     

添加剂对西藏啤酒糟全混合日粮青贮发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响

本试验旨在评价布氏乳杆菌和双乙酸钠对西藏啤酒糟全混合日粮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响。试验设对照组(C)、布氏乳杆菌组(LB,106 cfu/g)和双乙酸钠组(SDA,0.5%)3个处理。青贮70d后全部开窖,取样分析发酵品质、营养和微生物成分,同时将剩余的发酵全混合日粮(TMR)暴露到空气中,用多通道温度记录仪记录温度变化,并分别在有氧暴露第6,9和14天取样分析,评定其有氧稳定性。结果表明,各组具有较高的乳酸含量,较低的氨态氮/总氮和微量的丁酸含量,发酵品质良好,添加双乙酸钠提高了乳酸含量,显著(P0.05)降低了pH、氨态氮/总氮和丁酸含量,同时显著(P0.05)提高了干物质回收率,但粗蛋白、粗灰分、粗脂肪、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量各组无显著差异;布氏乳杆菌处理组显著(P0.05)降低了乳酸、粗蛋白含量和干物质回收率,显著(P0.05)提高了pH和氨态氮/总氮值。在有氧暴露14d内,各组pH缓慢上升,且温度未超过环境温度2℃,显示有较高的有氧稳定性。添加布氏乳杆菌和双乙酸钠均在不同程度上降低了霉菌和酵母菌数量,对啤酒糟TMR有氧稳定性有积极的改善效果,其中双乙酸钠的效果优于布氏乳杆菌。综合考虑,在西藏地区生产啤酒糟发酵TMR时可添加0.5%的双乙酸钠,既能改善发酵品质,又能提高其有氧稳定性。     

添加剂对西藏混合青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响

为评价添加糖蜜、山梨酸钾和山梨酸钾+糖蜜对西藏地区燕麦(Avena sativa)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)(7:3)混合青贮发酵品质和有氧稳定性的影响,设对照组(C),4%糖蜜组(M),0.15%山梨酸钾组(S)和山梨酸钾+糖蜜(S+M)4个处理,青贮后第30,45,60 d开窖取样,测定青贮饲料的发酵品质,其他青贮窖在发酵60 d后全部打开,暴露于空气中5,10,15 d后取样分析其有氧稳定性.结果表明:与对照组相比,M组及S+M组pH显著降低,乳酸含量显著升高(P<0.05),有效地改善了混合青贮发酵品质,S组改善效果不显著.有氧暴露过程中,对照组和M组pH值迅速升高,乳酸含量显著减少(P<0.05),S组和S+M组的pH值、乳酸、水溶性碳水化合物等含量相对稳定.表明S+M组既能提高燕麦和紫花苜蓿混合青贮发酵品质,又能改善有氧稳定性.     

温度和乳酸菌添加剂对燕麦青贮发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响

以乳熟期刈割的燕麦为材料,研究温度和乳酸菌添加剂对其青贮发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响,设置无添加(对照,CK)、商业青贮添加剂Synlac I(SLI处理)和人工筛选菌株Lactobacillus rhamnosus HT1(HT1处理)3个处理,分别置于25℃、35℃和45℃下青贮60 d后,取样测定青贮燕麦的发酵品质和有氧稳定性。结果表明:随着贮藏温度的升高,燕麦青贮饲料中水溶性碳水化合物和乳酸含量降低,pH和氨氮含量显著升高(P0.05)。乳酸菌添加剂能够改善燕麦青贮饲料的发酵品质和有氧稳定性。25℃下,添加剂处理的青贮饲料霉菌和酵母菌数量低于1.00 log_(10 )cfu/g,丙酸和丁酸均未检出。与HT1处理相比较,SLI处理在25℃下效果更好,水溶性碳水化合物、乳酸和挥发性脂肪酸含量更高(P0.05),氨态氮和好气性细菌含量较低(P0.05)。45℃下则相反,HT1处理效果更优,其水溶性碳水化合物、乳酸和乙酸含量更高,氨态氮、酵母菌和好气性细菌数量较低。且35℃和45℃下HT1处理青贮饲料在有氧发酵阶段pH均小于4.20,有氧稳定性更好。综上所述,HT1处理可以提高燕麦青贮饲料的发酵质量和有氧稳定性,适合用于黄土高原夏季和初秋燕麦青贮饲料调制。     

Effects of ethanol,molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum on the fermentation quality,in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability of total mixed ration silages in the Tibetan plateau of China

In Tibet, it is common practice to make and relocate total mixed ration (TMR) silages before feeding due to the uneven distribution of forages temporally and spatially. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (L), molasses (M) or ethanol (E) on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of local adaptive TMR silage. After 45 days of ensiling, pH and ammonia nitrogen in inoculated TMR silages were significantly lower than control. During the first 6 days of the aerobic exposure test, a small fluctuation in lactic acid concentration for all TMR silages was observed, and then silages with ethanol continued this trend, while lactic acid in silage without ethanol sharply decreased until the end of the aerobic exposure period. Meanwhile, pH gradually increased along the aerobic exposure; silages treated with ethanol showed lower pH after 9 days of aerobic exposure. The population of yeast gradually increased during 6 days of aerobic exposure, after that an accelerated rise was observed in TMR silages without ethanol. The combinational beneficial effect of L. plantarum and ethanol was found in combined addition of ethanol and Lactobacillus plantarum silages (EL), indicated by intermediate fermentation quality and higher aerobic stability.     

Partial substitution of whole-crop corn with bamboo shoot shell improves aerobic stability of total mixed ration silage without affecting in vitro digestibility

To evaluate the feasibility of bamboo shoot shell (BSS) application in total mixed ration silage (TMR) production, the effects of BSS substitution for whole-crop corn on the fermentation characteristics, nutritive value, aerobic stability and in vitro parameters of TMR silage were studied. Four TMR formulations were designed based on dry matter: (1) 0% bamboo shoot shell + 23% whole-crop corn (BSS₀); (2) 4% bamboo shoot shell + 19% whole-crop corn (BSS₄); (3) 8% bamboo shoot shell + 15% whole-crop corn (BSS₈); and (4) 12% bamboo shoot shell + 11% whole-crop corn (BSS₁₂). After 90 days of ensiling, the silos were opened and sampled for fermentation characteristics, nutritive value and in vitro analyses, and subsequent 14-day aerobic stability test. All TMR silages were well preserved except BSS₁₂, characterized by high lactic acid content and V-score, low pH and NH₃-N and butyric acid content. With increasing proportion of BSS, crude protein increased (p <.05), and water soluble carbohydrate decreased (p < .05). Under aerobic exposure, BSS-substituted (BSS₄, BSS₈ and BSS₁₂) silages were more stable than BSS₀ silage, as characterized by relatively low silage temperature and high water soluble carbohydrate content. No obvious (p> .05) difference of BSS substitution was observed on in vitro ruminal gas production, digestibility, metabolizable energy and net energy for lactation. The substitution of whole-crop corn with 4% BSS and 8% BSS had no undesired effect on the fermentation characteristics and in vitro digestibility, and efficiently improving the aerobic stability of TMR silages. The BSS₈ substitution level is recommended to maximize the BSS utilization.     

Identification of bacteria in total mixed ration silage produced with and without crop silage as an ingredient

As a forage source for total mixed ration (TMR) silage production, locally produced crop silage is now used in addition to imported hay. This type of TMR ensiling is regarded as a two‐step fermentation process; hence, a survey was carried out to determine whether the bacteria in crop silage affect the subsequent TMR ensiling. Fermentation product contents and bacterial community were determined for TMR silage and its ingredient silages collected in August, October and November. August product contained corn, sorghum and Italian ryegrass silages, October product had wheat silage exclusively and November product did not include any crop silages. Acetic acid, lactic acid, 2,3‐butanediol and ethanol were predominant fermentation products in corn, sorghum, Italian ryegrass and wheat silages, respectively. Robust lactic acid fermentation was seen in TMR silage, even if acetate‐type and alcohol‐type silages were mixed as ingredients. The finding that bacterial community of the TMR silage appeared unrelated to those of ingredient silage supported this. Silages of various fermentation types can therefore be formulated without interfering with lactate‐type fermentation in TMR silage.     

‘热研4号’王草替代紫花苜蓿对TMR发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响

本试验旨在探讨不同比例‘热研4号’王草（Pennisetum purpureum×P.americana ‘Reyan No.4’）替代紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）对全混合日粮发酵品质及有氧稳定性的影响。试验设‘热研4号’王草替代比例为0%（H₀,紫花苜蓿对照组）,18%（H₁₈）,30%（H₃₀）,42%（H₄₂）4个处理,青贮60 d后开袋取样,分析其发酵品质和营养成分,并分别在有氧暴露的第0,3,6,9,12 d取样评定其有氧稳定性。结果表明：随着热研4号王草替代比例的增加,发酵全混合日粮中乳酸含量、pH及氨态氮/总氮逐渐减小,各组氨态氮/总氮小于100 g·kg^-1TN且均未检测到丁酸;发酵60d后,H₄₂组水溶性碳水化合物含量显著高于H₀,H₁₈组（P<0.05）,与发酵前相比,各组干物质和粗蛋白含量有所下降,H₄₂组干物质和粗蛋白含量下降最小;有氧暴露期间,好氧细菌、酵母菌和霉菌的数量逐渐增加,乳酸菌的数量逐渐降低,H₄₂组pH在12 d内未超过4.2,有氧稳定性最好。由经济效益分析可知,H₄₂组饲料成本最低。综上所述,选用H₄₂组进行全混合日粮发酵最为适宜。     

Fermentation characteristics and microorganism composition of total mixed ration silage with local food by‐products in different seasons

Total mixed ration (TMR) silage in different seasons was prepared with apple refuse, orchardgrass hay, orchardgrass silage, corn silage and a commercial compound feed in Tohoku, Japan, and with tofu cake, brewers' grains, tall fescue hay, Sudangrass hay, timothy hay, alfalfa hay and a commercial compound feed in Shikoku, Japan, respectively, and their fermentation quality and microorganism composition were evaluated. In Tohoku, the TMR silage in spring, autumn and winter displayed poor quality, with pH value above 4.7, and the harmful microorganisms such as escherichia, yeasts and molds were detected even after 60 days of ensiling; but the TMR silage in summer was well preserved and the escherichia were too few to count after 7 days of ensiling. In Shikoku, the TMR silage in all seasons was well preserved, with low pH, high lactic acid contents, and escherichia, yeasts and molds were consistently at or below the detectable numbers after 7 days of ensiling. The results showed that the TMR silage could not produce sufficient lactic acid to improve silage quality under low‐temperature conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to develop preparation techniques of promoting the lactic acid fermentation for TMR silage in cold seasons.