基于不同阶微分高光谱植被指数的牧区草场地上生物量估算

利用高光谱遥感技术能快速、无损、高效地获取草地地上生物量信息,对牧区牧草高效管理、草畜供求关系平衡以及放牧制度优化等方面具有重要意义。为了寻求估算生长旺盛期草地地上生物量最适宜的微分光谱阶数,本研究在内蒙古天然草场通过原位试验采集了高光谱反射率与地上生物量数据,对原始光谱反射率数据进行一至四阶微分处理,在全波段范围内挑选最佳波段构建简单比值植被指数(Simple ratio vegetation index, SRVI)、归一化植被指数(Normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI)、土壤调节植被指数(Soil adjusted vegetation index, SAVI)和增强型植被指数(Enhanced vegetation index, EVI) 4种高光谱植被指数,建立相应地上生物量估算模型并对比评价各模型精度。结果表明：对原始高光谱反射率进行微分处理,有助于提高敏感波段与地上生物量的相关性;红边波段与近红外波段是构建最佳植被指数的重要组成波段,占所有优选波段的82%;基于二阶微分光谱的最佳SRVI和NDVI模型精度最好,R     

伊犁绢蒿光谱反射率及反演精度对覆盖度变化的响应

为探究覆盖度变化对植物光谱反射率的影响,实现覆盖度和生物量的高精度反演,以伊犁绢蒿(Seriphidium transiliense)为对象,通过室内控制试验获取不同覆盖度下植物光谱反射率,采用最大归一法、一阶微分和二阶微分变换分析其反射率变化,利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)、比值植被指数(RVI)、增强型植被指数(EVI)和土壤调节型植被指数(SAVI)共4种植被指数对覆盖度与生物量进行反演,探讨反演精度对覆盖度变化的响应。结果表明：伊犁绢蒿植物种群的冠层光谱反射率在可见光波段随覆盖度增加逐渐减小,在近红外波段逐渐增加,在680 nm处形成植物特有的红边效应,最大归一化和微分变换突出了植物的光谱特征;光谱反射率差值在可见光波段随覆盖度增加基本稳定;利用植被指数逐级反演覆盖度与生物量时,精度随覆盖度增加整体呈上升趋势;利用土地利用/覆盖变化(LUCC)分覆盖度反演时,提高了覆盖度大于20%的伊犁绢蒿种群的数量特征反演精度,且最佳指数为SAVI。     

黄河源5种高寒植物光谱特征分析及识别

玛多县高寒草甸是黄河源区草地生态系统的重要组成部分,研究其主要植物地面光谱特征和植被指数是实现物种识别的基础。本研究使用地物光谱仪采集黄河源头在旺盛生长时期的5种常见高寒植物的光谱,将原始光谱数据进行转换和分析,筛选敏感波段组合计算归一化植被指数（NDVI）和比值植被指数（RVI）,以探索分类和识别5种植物的最佳方法。研究结果如下：1)5种高寒植物在可见光与近红外波段的光谱与植物特有的光谱特征相符,但相互存在明显差异;2）反射率（REF）和吸收率（ABS）的一阶微分（GREF和GABS）变换扩大了5种高寒植物的光谱特性,相对稳定的波长范围为520～595、880～1 100 nm、717～737和943～958 nm;3)5种植物在ABS及GABS转化下的490～530 nm和780～820 nm组合计算的NDVI’和RVI’差异明显大于全波段组合计算的NDVI’和RVI’,而且优于其他组合的NDVI’和RVI’。综上所述,运用一阶微分处理敏感波段反射率和吸收率优化植被指数可以提高黄河源区5种高寒植物的识别效果。     

基于高光谱数据的高寒草地土壤有机碳预测模型研究

土壤退化是草地退化的更深层次指示,运用遥感手段大面积测定土壤有机碳进而评估草地土壤状况有助于对草地退化状态的正确认识。以甘南州高寒草地土壤为研究对象,使用ASD地物光谱仪,在室内条件下对土壤样品进行可见光/近红外光谱测量,分析8种光谱变换形式与土壤有机碳含量的相关性并选取特征波段,利用3种多元回归方法(逐步多元线性回归、主成分回归、偏最小二乘回归),通过验证样本的决定系数(R_v²)、均方根误差(RMSE)和剩余估计偏差(RPD)来评价模型,进而确定高寒草地土壤有机碳的最佳估测模型。结果表明,微分变换方法可以显著提高光谱特征与土壤有机碳含量的相关性,在所有变换形式中以光谱反射率的一阶微分与土壤有机碳含量相关性最好,最大相关系数绝对值为0.865;基于光谱反射率一阶微分变换形式的3种多元回归方法对土壤有机碳均有极好的预测能力,表明对于土壤有机碳的稳定监测来说光谱反射率的一阶微分是非常有效的变换形式;综合考虑基于所有光谱变换形式的3种多元回归方法的预测结果,偏最小二乘回归法具有高的R_v²和RPD,同时具有低的RMSE值,是研究区土壤有机碳估测的最优回归方法;基于光谱反射率对数的一阶微分变换形式所建立的偏最小二乘回归模型具有相对较高的预测集决定系数(R_v²=0.878)、最大剩余估计偏差(RPD=2.946)和最小均方根误差(RMSE=7.520),因此该模型为甘南高寒草地土壤有机碳的最优估测模型,最优模型的RPD大于2.5说明该模型有足够的稳定性可以应用于其他地区土壤有机碳的估测。     

黄河源区玛曲县不同沙化程度高寒草地光谱特征分析

高寒草地是黄河上游主要的生态屏障，受自然和人为的双重影响，草地沙化现象严重且监测和治理困难。因此，分析不同沙化程度的高寒草地光谱特征可为该区遥感监测及沙化程度精细识别提供充分的地面验证信息。研究基于玛曲县野外实测不同沙化程度高寒草地的高光谱信息，利用多种光谱变化方法对其光谱特征进行分析，结果显示：除极重度沙化的光谱曲线表现出典型荒漠化土壤的特征外，其他沙化程度草地的红谷、绿峰及三边参数均与绿色植被光谱特征保持一致，其中720-1 000 nm是区分不同程度沙化类型草地的最佳波段，而在510-560和650-690 nm波段范围内的红谷和绿峰区分度不理想。利用一阶微分和包络线去除的光谱转化方法，对草地光谱反射率曲线进行处理，发现较好的可用于不同程度沙化草地区分的特征波段和参数有510-560、650-700 nm、红边幅值以及包络线去除后600-700 nm处的吸收深度，经过波段运算后的比值植被指数、绿红植被指数指数在不同程度沙化草地区分作用明显，同时对植被指数进行阈值化处理，可作为识别不同沙化程度草地的提供判别依据，研究成果为高寒区沙化监测及沙化程度精细识别提供数据支撑和参考。     

退化伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地群落特征与地面光谱反射率相关性分析

利用便携式光谱仪,采集围栏内外伊犁绢蒿(Seriphidium transiliense)荒漠草地群落的光谱反射率,并测定其群落数量特征,研究两者之间的相关性,围栏内外对比,并筛选出敏感波段进行回归分析,建立预测模型。结果表明:围封的退化伊犁绢蒿荒漠草地得到了一定恢复;一阶微分后的光谱数据与草地群落的相关性明显提高,归一化不但可以提高相关水平,更加突出了围栏内外的差异;根据筛选出的敏感波段做回归分析,比较显著性和相关性,确定预测模型,围栏外盖度以677.4~729.6nm波段建立,y=-232746x3+65081x2-5386.9x+165,相关系数达到0.82(P0.01),围栏内盖度以622~754.3nm波段建立,y=-1040.5x2+526.78x-8.3912,相关系数为0.73(P0.01);围栏外地上生物量以1 904nm和624.8~734.9nm波段建立,y=0.0773x2-6.5177x+159.41,y=10.46e8.7018x,相关系数分别为-0.86(P0.01)和0.86(P0.01);围栏内地上生物量以622~729.6nm波段建立,y=2875x2-328.02x+46.013,相关系数为0.82(P0.05),而地面光谱反射率及两种处理方法与群落的平均高度、密度相关性较低。     

武功山山地草甸主要群落类型高光谱特征

本研究以江西省武功山金顶风景区的五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)、野古草(Arundinella hirta)、飘拂草(Fimbristylis wukungshanensis)、中华苔草(Carex chinensis)、箭竹(Sinarundinaria nitida)为优势物种的5种主要群落为研究对象,以美国SVC HR-768野外便携式地物波谱仪测定的高光谱数据为基础,利用重采样、一阶微分和去包络线3种数据处理方法分别提取有效的光谱吸收特征参数,以此获得区分5种草地群落的光谱特征。结果表明,1)5种群落光谱反射率组间差异显著(P0.05),光谱反射率表现为中华苔草野古草五节芒箭竹飘拂草;2)重采样处理得到的特征参数中500-600、600-700和1 200-1 300nm 3个波段的波峰/谷深度差别都最明显,一阶微分处理提取的红边、黄边和蓝边有关的特征参数也能够很好的将5种群落进行分类,而利用连续统去除法提取的特征参数中,吸收谷的宽深比差值最大可达到92,是区分5种群落最有效的特征参数;3)波峰/波谷对应的波长位置是山地草甸5种主要群落的共性参数。     

新疆典型荒漠草地的高光谱特征提取和分析研究

本研究以新疆阜康地区的典型荒漠植被为对象,通过微分和Savitzky-Golay平滑滤波处理,从野外高光谱仪采集的高光谱谱线中,提取了典型荒漠植被的高光谱特征(红边、绿峰、红谷),结果显示,荒漠植被虽然也具有红边和绿峰等吸收特征,但是枝叶稀疏、覆盖度较低的荒漠植被高光谱受下垫面影响,不具有明显绿峰,红边特征也随着植被盖度的降低而减弱;由于荒漠植被10月份进入凋落枯萎时期,其光谱反射率受土壤光谱干扰而数值偏大,红边位置较5月份呈现出“红移”的规律,NDVI和RVI指数也呈现出10月份低于5月份的现象;不同草地类型、不同季相的荒漠植被,其红边、绿峰、红谷特征和植被指数均具有显著差异,但是NDVI和RVI具有较高的数据相关性。新疆典型荒漠草地的光谱特征提取和分析研究不但丰富了高光谱信息挖掘手段,还为基于高光谱信息的草地类型分类研究提供了数据基础和科学依据。     

基于CNN和SVM的地面高光谱遥感草地植物识别

物候期和识别模型的选择直接影响植物识别的精度。本研究以蒿类荒漠草地主要植物伊犁绢蒿(Seriphidium transiliense)、角果藜(Ceratocarpus arenarius)以及裸地为识别对象,选择4月、6月、9月3个时期,通过SOC 710 VP高光谱成像仪采集草地群落高光谱数据,在分析地物光谱反射率差异的基础上,利用最佳指数因子(OIF)筛选特征波段,通过卷积神经网络(CNN)和支持向量机(SVM)建立识别模型。结果表明：1)不同物候期的伊犁绢蒿与角果藜在可见光波段均表现为“低-高-低”的光谱反射率趋势,并随月份增加峰谷现象逐渐不明显;红边波段这两种植物表现出快速上升;在NIR平台区4月各识别对象间反射率大小差异最明显。2)利用OIF筛选的识别波段组合在月份间表现一致,为638.64、789.49和923.79 nm。3)在识别精度上,SVM> CNN;4月> 9月> 6月;裸地>伊犁绢蒿>角果藜。综合来看,采用SVM在4月对蒿类荒漠草地主要植物进行识别的精度最高,为92.12%。     

新疆三种主要草地植被类型的高光谱反射特征研究

本研究利用便携式地物光谱仪,对新疆部分天然草地类型及植物进行了实地光谱测量,分析和比较了3种草地类型的光谱反射特征。结果表明,在可见光波段,干荒漠类草甸植被,除角果黎外,其冠层反射率要低于低地山地草甸和蒿属荒漠草地。而在近红外波段,角果黎、骆驼蓬、梭梭冠层光谱反射率明显高于低地山地草甸植被和部分蒿属荒漠草甸植被。同一类型草地中,由于植被类别间的差异以及叶片内部结构的不同,冠层光谱反射率差异较大。3类草地类型不同植被的红边特征参数表现为干荒漠类草甸的梭梭红边位置最高,低地山地草甸的博洛塔绢蒿红边位置最低;蒿属荒漠类草甸的骆驼蓬的红边斜率和红边面积最大,低地山地草甸的苔草红边斜率和红边面积最小。对6种代表性的植被指数分析得出,PRI、OSAVI、MCARI指数均表现为蒿属荒漠类草甸<低地山地草甸<干荒漠类草甸。NDVI植被指数则表现为低地山地草甸最大,而干荒漠类草甸最小。GNDVI指数表现为低地山地草甸最大,蒿属荒漠类草甸最小。总之,高光谱遥感对于草地植被的分类监测和遥感反演等具有重要的意义。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein