鼢鼠破坏对天祝高寒草地土壤营养的影响

对天祝高寒草地在鼢鼠破坏条件下土壤氮、磷的变化特征进行了研究。结果表明,随着时间的增长,鼢鼠破坏后的土壤全氮含量呈先下降后上升的趋势,而速效氮含量呈增加的趋势,其中,新鼠丘和旧鼠丘的土壤全氮含量均极显著低于对照（P〈0．01）,而旧鼠丘的土壤全氮含量极显著高于新鼠丘（P〈0．01）;土壤速效氮含量的变化为：对照〈新鼠丘〈旧鼠丘,对照和新鼠丘的速效氮含量均极显著低于旧鼠丘的含量（P〈0．01）,而对照和新鼠丘之间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。鼢鼠破坏后土壤的全磷含量和速效磷含量均呈现不断下降趋势,土壤全磷含量和土壤速效磷含量的变化均为：对照极显著高于新鼠丘和旧鼠丘（P〈0．01）,新鼠丘显著高于旧鼠丘（P〈0．05）。     

东祁连山不同退化程度高寒草甸土壤养分特征研究

研究了东祁连山不同退化程度的高寒草甸草地土壤养分特征,结果表明,随着退化加剧,高寒草甸草地的土壤pH值逐渐增加;全氮、全磷、速效锰和速效铁含量逐渐减少;有机质、速效锌、速效氮和速效磷含量先降低后增加,有机质含量以重度退化草地最低,速效锌、速效氮和速效磷含量以中度退化草地最低;全钾和速效铜含量并未因草地退化而改变,且极度退化草地土壤有机质和全氮含量在20～30 cm土层反而高于表层。总体上,随土层加深土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效钾、速效磷和速效锌含量下降,速效铁、速效铜和速效锰则增加。     

施肥对全膜双垄沟播玉米土壤养分动态变化的影响

采用大田随机区组试验法,研究了不同施肥水平下全膜双垄沟播玉米土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和速效磷的动态变化情况。结果表明:整个玉米生育时期0～20cm土层各处理的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和速效磷变化趋势与20～40cm土层基本一致。土壤有机质和碱解氮含量随着玉米生育时期的推进而不断降低,且分别在抽雄期和灌浆期达到最低值,成熟期有机质和碱解氮含量又略有回升。全磷含量从苗期到成熟期逐渐降低。全氮和速效磷含量在玉米生长前期不断增加,且分别在抽雄期和拔节期达到最大值,之后随着生育期的推进而不断降低。两个土层的土壤养分含量存在着明显的垂直递减规律。西北干旱半干旱地区全膜双垄沟播玉米种植密度确定为6.75×104株/hm-2时,最佳施肥量为纯N 210kg/hm2、P2O5168kg/hm2。     

东祁连山不同退化程度高寒草甸土壤有机质含量及其与主要养分的关系

对东祁连山金强河河谷轻度、中度、重度退化高寒草甸土壤有机质含量变化及其与土壤全磷、全氮、速效磷、速效氮含量之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明：随着退化程度的加重,020 cm层土壤有机质、全氮和速效磷含量均不断下降,全磷含量呈现出先降后升但总体呈下降的趋势,但速效氮含量则不断上升,各养分的变化差异均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。在划分的轻度退化草地土壤中,有机质含量分别与全磷、全氮、速效磷、速效氮含量之间均不存在显著的相关关系(P>0.05),另外所划分的中度退化和重度退化草地也同样如此。但是通过把3个不同程度退化草地结合起来作为整体进行综合分析,结果表明,除了全磷,土壤有机质含量分别与全氮、速效氮、速效磷含量三者之间存在极显著的相关关系(P<0.01)。在较大尺度上,有机质可以作为土壤营养状况的主要判断指标。在研究高寒草地土壤养分状况及其综合评价中,要特别注意其时空异质性,要重视尺度问题。     

长江源区高寒草地土壤有机质和氮磷含量的分布特征

土壤养分是高寒草地生态系统维系健康的基础。本研究分析了长江源区沼泽化草甸、典型草甸、草原化草甸和沙生草地的土壤养分特征,以期为高寒草地合理管理提供理论依据。研究表明,不同类型高寒草地的土壤有机质和全氮含量存在明显的差异,表现为沼泽化草甸＞典型草甸＞草原化草甸＞沙生草地,土壤有机质和全氮含量在各个草地类型内均随着土层深度增加而显著降低(P＜0.05);土壤速效氮含量为草原化草甸＞典型草甸＞沼泽化草甸＞沙生草地,草原化草甸含量高达65.5 mg·kg-1,而沙生草地含量仅为11.5 mg·kg-1,除沙生草地外,其他草地类型土壤速效氮含量最大值出现在10-20 cm土层;土壤全磷和速效磷含量在高寒草甸不同退化演替阶段及其各土层中差异不显著(P0.05);高寒草甸退化演替过程中,土壤养分各因素间相互影响,其中,土壤全氮、全磷、速效氮和速效磷与土壤有机质之间呈显著正相关关系,土壤速效氮与全氮和土壤速效磷与全磷之间亦呈显著正相关关系,而土壤pH值与土壤各养分之间的相关性均不显著。     

高原鼠兔洞口密度对高山嵩草草甸土壤主要养分含量的影响

高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)干扰会引起高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草甸土壤养分含量的变化。本研究分析了高原鼠兔干扰对高山嵩草草甸土壤主要养分的影响,并同步分析了高原鼠兔有效洞口密度和总洞口密度与土壤主要养分含量的关系。结果表明,高原鼠兔干扰显著增加了土壤0-20cm土层有机碳、全氮、全磷、铵态氮、硝态氮含量(P0.01),但显著降低了土壤速效磷含量;随着高原鼠兔有效洞口密度和总洞口密度增加,土壤0-20cm土层全效养分(有机碳、全氮、全磷)含量先增加后降低,而速效养分(铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷)含量先降低后增加,说明高原鼠兔总洞口密度和有效洞口密度与土壤养分含量的关系一致,因此当分析高原鼠兔干扰程度对土壤养分含量影响的趋势时,可采用总洞口密度代替有效洞口密度。     

荒漠草原土壤养分和植物群落稳定性对不同管理方式的响应

以宁夏短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原为研究对象,研究不同管理方式(放牧、补播改良和封育)对土壤养分及植物群落稳定性的影响,并分析土壤养分与植物群落稳定性之间的相关性.结果表明:不同管理方式对荒漠草原0～40 cm土壤养分含量影响显著,封育和补播有利于土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量的积累,中等强度的自由放牧较封育降低了土壤有机质、水解氮和速效钾含量;土壤养分的垂直分布规律并不一致,土壤有机质含量和全氮含量5~15 cm土层高于表层,而速效磷含量和速效钾含量表现为0～5 cm最高.不同管理方式下的荒漠草原植物群落均处于不稳定阶段,相比之下封育5年和7年草地植物群落稳定性较高;群落稳定性与土壤速效钾含量成显著正相关关系,与其他养分含量无显著相关性.     

不同植龄啤酒花根区营养环境的变化及与产量和品质的关系

试验以22年、20年、18年、8年和5年植龄啤酒花Humulus lupulus为研究对象,测定了啤酒花农田土壤养分含量,分析了土壤养分含量及与啤酒花产量和品质的关系.结果表明:随啤酒花植龄的延长,土壤pH值略有降低,而有机质、全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾含量显著增加.与5年生的相比,植龄为18年、20年、22年的啤酒花农田土壤pH值分别降低了1.69%、3.23%和4.19%;有机质分别增加32.11%、67.34%和84.50%;全氮分别增加56.34%、76.06%和83.10%,速效氮分别增加62.36%、100.00%和180.00%;全磷分别增加了39.07%、39.74%和49.01%,速效磷分别增加了126.77%、311.27%和317.31%;速效钾分别增加了61.44%、79.86%和150.64%.相关分析结果表明,α-酸含量与土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾呈显著的负相关关系,而产量与全氮和全磷呈显著的正相关关系.因此,随着啤酒花植龄增加,由于连年不合理施肥,啤酒花农田营养元素的大量积累尤其是硝态氮累积可能是造成啤酒花品质弱化的重要原因之一.     

退耕还(林)草多年生栽培草地土壤养分特征研究

分析了不同类型退耕还(林)草多年生栽培草地的土壤养分,结果表明:退耕还(林)草不同类型栽培草地的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷随着土层的加深,均呈现下降的趋势,但土壤全磷的变化幅度较小。退耕还(林)草不同类型栽培草地与其各自对照区的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷在0~101、0~20 cm土层上多呈现显著差异(P0.05)。总之,退耕还(林)草多年生栽培草地的土壤养分含量总体上均低于其对照的土壤,并且都主要集中在表层土壤中。     

封育和添加牛粪对退化亚高山草甸土壤恢复的影响

为了解封育和添加牛粪措施对退化草地土壤恢复的影响,本研究以滇西北部亚高山草甸为研究对象,进行了延续4年的试验。结果表明,封育、添加牛粪均显著提高了退化亚高山草甸土壤有机质含量(P0.05),且封育下有机质含量高于添加牛粪处理;二者对土壤容重、含水量均无显著影响(P0.05)。封育、添加牛粪对土壤氮磷钾含量的作用有所不同,封育显著提高了0-10cm土层中全氮、全磷、速效钾的含量(P0.05),降低了全钾的含量(P0.05);牛粪处理则显著降低了0-10cm土壤全氮和速效磷的含量(P0.05),对全磷、速效钾的含量没有明显影响(P0.05)。封育和添加牛粪措施之间存在互作效应,共同作用时对0-10cm的全氮、全磷、速效磷的影响最大,对0-30cm土壤的有机质含量则存在累积效应。另外,全氮、全磷、全钾、速效磷、速效钾在土壤中的分布以0-10cm为主,在0-30cm土层中从上往下呈递减趋势。可见,封育和添加牛粪均改善了土壤的养分状况,有利于退化亚高山草甸土壤的恢复。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein