玉米自交系SSR多样性与穗部性状的关联分析

玉米穗部性状直接影响其单株产量。为深入剖析玉米自交系穗部性状的遗传多样性,寻找与目标性状关联的分子标记,采用145对SSR引物对186份玉米自交系进行遗传多样性分析,共检测到652个等位基因,平均等位基因数为4.5个,平均多态信息量为0.478;利用Structure软件,将186份自交系分为5个亚群(旅大红股、塘四平头、兰卡斯特、P群、瑞德);并通过GLM关联分析模型分析,共找到14个与穗行数、穗粗、轴粗、穗长、秃顶长、行粒数、单穗重、百粒重、穗轴重9个穗部性状相关的标记,各标记对表型变异的解释率为0.0211~0.2159;通过MLM关联分析模型,共检测到8个与穗部性状相关的标记,各标记对表型变异的解释率为0.0174~0.1243;这些标记分布在1、2、3、4、5、7、8、9、10号染色体上。通过研究玉米遗传多样性与穗部性状的关联分析,可以为发掘优异的等位变异基因,复杂性状的遗传学研究和分子标记辅助育种奠定基础。     

玉米自交系SSR多样性与穗部性状的关联分析

玉米穗部性状直接影响其单株产量。为深入剖析玉米自交系穗部性状的遗传多样性,寻找与目标性状关联的分子标记,采用145对SSR引物对186份玉米自交系进行遗传多样性分析,共检测到652个等位基因,平均等位基因数为4.5个,平均多态信息量为0.478;利用Structure软件,将186份自交系分为5个亚群(旅大红股、塘四平头、兰卡斯特、P群、瑞德);并通过GLM关联分析模型分析,共找到14个与穗行数、穗粗、轴粗、穗长、秃顶长、行粒数、单穗重、百粒重、穗轴重9个穗部性状相关的标记,各标记对表型变异的解释率为0.0211～0.2159;通过MLM关联分析模型,共检测到8个与穗部性状相关的标记,各标记对表型变异的解释率为0.0174～0.1243;这些标记分布在1、2、3、4、5、7、8、9、10号染色体上。通过研究玉米遗传多样性与穗部性状的关联分析,可以为发掘优异的等位变异基因,复杂性状的遗传学研究和分子标记辅助育种奠定基础。     

不同播种深度对羊草出苗率和幼苗生长的影响

利用盆栽研究了7种播种深度(0cm、1cm、2cm、3cm、4cm、5cm和6cm)对羊草出苗率和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,羊草出苗率与种子萌发率呈极显著正相关(r=0.9147),而与播深呈极显著负相关(r=-0.9408)。在浅播(0～2cm)条件下,羊草初始出苗时间为5.0～7.7d,最终出苗率为70.0%～80.7%;在深播(4～5cm)条件下,初始出苗时间延迟到16.3～20.0d,羊草种子萌发率下降到41.0%～43.0%,但出苗率不足7%,株高不超过2cm;当播深在6cm以上时,其萌发率为37.0%,但出苗率为0。此外,播种深度显著影响羊草幼苗株高、茎叶鲜重及叶片数量。     

颖果重和种植深度对格兰马草萌发及幼苗生长的影响

本文旨在阐明格兰马草颖果重、种植深度和品种与种子萌发出苗、幼苗形态学及幼株之间的关系。结果表明,随着播种深度的增加,胚芽鞘下节间的长度随之伸长,胚芽鞘长度也有一定伸长,但单位长度的节间重减少。不同品种及颖果重等级间在种子根长、茎长和胚芽鞘长上表现出显著的差异性。深播对种子根入土深度影响不大,但对种子的萌发出苗不利。颖果重越大,出苗百分数越高,同时茎重和不定根重也越大。因此选择颖果重大的种子是格兰马草幼苗成功建植的关键。     

育苗方式对甘草种苗质量的影响

为提高甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)育苗效率和成苗质量,本研究设置温室穴盘育苗、温室苗床育苗、露地育苗3种育苗方式分析其对甘草种苗出苗率、移栽成活率及株高、根长、叶片数、总鲜重等形态指标的影响。结果表明,1)播后20 d时,温室苗床和穴盘育苗平均出苗率分别达到54.8%和53.8%,极显著高于露地出苗率31.4%(P0.01);2)播后60 d移栽,温室内苗床和穴盘育苗平均成活率分别为92.3%和91.1%,而传统露地苗为93.5%,但三者差异不显著(P0.05);3)播种后传统露地苗各性状指标都高于温室苗,其中叶片数和总鲜重两指标表现最为明显。传统露地育苗种苗性状指标高,但育苗时间较长(近一年),占用耕地;而温室育苗生物量较低但出苗率较高,育苗时间短(约60d)。生产中可以采用温室苗床育苗绿体移栽技术来提高甘草育苗效率,降低育苗时间和土地成本。     

大整薯稀播对马铃薯农艺性状和产量的影响

为探索提高马铃薯产量的新途径,以大整薯作为种薯进行大田试验,研究了大整薯稀播的增产潜力和对马铃薯主要农艺性状的影响。结果表明,大整薯稀播能使马铃薯的出苗率、主茎数、株高、穴结薯数、穴薯鲜质量、叶面积指数、产量和商品率均有不同程度增加,与切块播种相比,差异极显著。综合比较表明,大整薯稀播具有很大的增产潜力,并能改善马铃薯的主要农艺性状,在生产中推广应用的前景较大。以每个整薯质量为140～160 g,播种密度为27 779株/hm²组配的处理,增产幅度最大,故在马铃薯生产中建议使用此组配形式。     

不同播深下硬秆仲彬草种子萌发及幼苗生长

模拟硬秆仲彬草(Kengyili rigidula)种子自然埋藏深度状况,设计0、1、2、3、4和5 cm共6个播深,研究了其出苗率及幼苗生长对播深的响应。结果表明,不同的播深对硬秆仲彬草的种子萌发率、幼苗出苗率和种子休眠率有显著影响。硬秆仲彬草种子出苗率随播深的增加呈下降趋势,播深为1 cm时出苗率最高为78.4%,播深为2和3 cm时分别为63.2%和63.6%,播深为0时最低,为13.6%,与前三者有显著差异。硬秆仲彬草种子最适宜的播深为1~3 cm,0及4 cm以上播深不利于其出苗和幼苗生长     

不同播种密度对紫花苜蓿主要性状的影响

在5个播种密度下对紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa德宝品种的10个主要性状进行了研究。结果表明,在不同播种密度下,紫花苜蓿的单株分枝数、单株叶片数、体积、干质量、鲜质量5个性状随播种密度的增加而减少,差异达显著或极显著水平,根体积、根干质量、根鲜质量3个性状,随密度的增加也有减少或下降的趋势,但差异不显著。根长与株高2个性状比较稳定。对鲜质量影响最大的是鲜体积,其次为单株叶片数,单株分枝数和株高。除单株叶片数外其余性状均为正效应。     

多胺浸种对鸭茅抗旱性的影响

以四川主推的3个鸭茅(Dactylis glomerata L.)饲用型品种宝兴、滇北和川东为研究对象,对其进行多胺浸种及干旱处理。通过测定其相对发芽率、相对发芽势、发芽率、相对根长、相对苗长、相对胚芽鞘长等指标,研究多胺浸种对鸭茅抗旱性的影响。结果表明:PEG胁迫降低了3个鸭茅品种的发芽能力、发芽速度及活力,抑制了胚根、胚芽及胚芽鞘的生长。综合各指标评定,3个鸭茅品种种子萌发期的抗旱性表现为宝兴滇北川东。精胺和腐胺浸种能不同程度提高3个品种抗旱性,且精胺浸种对宝兴和滇北品种的作用较腐胺更为显著。     

莆田黑鸭白羽系体重和体尺性状相关性分析

本试验对莆田黑鸭白羽系的体重、体尺进行测定,分析其各性状间的相关性。结果表明:莆田黑鸭白羽系母鸭体重与胫长呈显著正相关(P0.05);体斜长与龙骨长、胸宽均呈显著正相关(P0.05);胫长与龙骨长、胸宽、半潜水长呈显著正相关(P0.05)。莆田黑鸭白羽系公鸭体重与体斜长、半潜水长均呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与龙骨长呈显著正相关(P0.05);体斜长与龙骨长呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与胸深、胸宽呈显著正相关(P0.05);龙骨长与胸宽、胸深呈显著正相关(P0.05);胫长与胫围呈显著正相关(P0.05)。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.