高山生态关键带植物群落多样性格局与系统发育结构

为探讨高海拔植物群落多样性海拔格局及其群落构建机制，本研究以生态过渡带布丹拉山南坡植被群落为研究对象。综合分析了物种丰富度、系统发育多样性、系统发育结构对海拔梯度变化的响应。研究结果：样方调查共记录了298种种子植物，隶属于45科149属。布丹拉山南坡种子植物物种丰富度与系统发育多样性和海拔相关性均不明显，但沿海拔梯度升高，Shannon-Wiener指数(H)、Simpson优势度指数(D)和Pielou均匀度指数(E)显著增大。Shannon-Wiener指数与其他物种多样性指数、系统发育多样性指数之间都显著正相关，系统发育结构指数与其他多样性指数无显著相关。布丹拉山南坡植物群落系统发育结构主体上表现为聚集，沿海拔梯度并无明显变化趋势。表明高山生态过渡带物种多样性和系统发育多样性与海拔关系都不显著，生境过滤的生态作用对植物群落构建起主要作用。     

兰州市城市绿地木本植物多样性研究

通过对兰州城市绿地木本植物群落进行调查与研究,提高半干旱区城市木本植物多样性、优化群落结构提出建议。以兰州市公园、单位、居住区、工厂、道路等不同类型绿地的木本植物群落为调查对象,计算木本植物重要值、分析物种多样性格局。在调查范围内,共有木本植物39科、74属、149种。乔木层Simpson指数、 Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别为0.960,3.619和0.847;灌木层分别为0.920,3.162和0.744;乔木层的多样性、丰富度与均匀度均大于灌木层。不同绿地类型木本植物群落物种组成处于中等不相似的水平,Jaccard相似性系数处于0.25～0.50;不同绿地类型木本植物的物种数、丰富度、均匀度与多样性也不尽相同;其中,居住区绿地乔灌木的丰富度指数以及灌木Shannon-Wiener指数最高;公园绿地的乔灌木Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数以及乔木的Shannon-Wiener指数最高。在兰州城市绿地中,应该增加灌木物种以及本地乡土树种的应用,有助于提高木本植物的多样性及群落结构的稳定性。     

喜旱莲子草入侵对三峡库区重庆主城河岸带植物多样性的影响

为评估入侵物种喜旱莲子草对城市河岸带物种组成和多样性的影响,采用样方法在三峡库区重庆主城河岸带对47个样点进行群落调查。结果显示:1)干流河岸带Patrick丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著低于支流河岸带,但干流河岸带Pielou均匀度指数显著高于支流河岸带,Simpson多样性指数在干流和支流河岸带之间差异不显著。2)随着喜旱莲子草入侵强度逐渐增大,干、支流河岸带Simpson多样性指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数以及Pielou均匀度指数均先升高后降低,且支流河岸带喜旱莲子草入侵阈值低于干流,而支流Patrick丰富度指数显著下降,但干流无显著变化。3)影响干流河岸带物种多样性的主要土壤因子为有机质、硝态氮和全氮;影响支流河岸带物种多样性的主要土壤因子为含水量、全氮和速效磷。4)喜旱莲子草的入侵在干流河岸带受速效钾、有机质和全氮影响较大,在支流河岸带受速效磷、速效钾和全氮影响较大。研究表明,喜旱莲子草更容易入侵土壤养分含量高的生境;其轻度入侵可促进城市河岸带物种多样性,中、重度入侵会降低河岸带物种多样性,尤其是支流河岸带,因此,建议加强对该入侵物种...     

不同生境类型金莲花群落物种多样性比较

摘要：采用群落多样性指数中Shannon Wiener多样性指数、丰富度指数、Pielou均匀度指数及群落相似性指数中的Jaccard指数和Sorenson指数,对河北省承德接坝地区5种生境条件下金莲花(Trollius chinensis)群落进行比较。结果表明,林中空地、湿地、沟谷、荒坡及林下5种生境类型金莲花群落共包括36科、93属、182种,林中空地物种数最多,林下物种数最少。各群落的物种生态类型均表现为湿生植物多于旱生植物,反映了金莲花喜湿的特性。Shannon Wiener多样性指数表现为林中空地>沟谷>湿地>荒坡>林下,丰富度指数表现为林中空地>湿地>沟谷>荒坡>林下,均匀度指数表现为沟谷>林中空地>荒坡>湿地>林下。群落相似性比较表明,湿地和林中空地两种生境差异性最小,林下和沟谷差异性最大,群落相似性的比较结果与群落多样性的方差分析结果较为一致。土壤水分与光照是影响金莲花群落物种多样性及群落相似性的主要因子。     

青藏高原东北边缘云杉-冷杉林火烧迹地不同坡向植物群落结构与多样性研究

采用野外调查与植物群落相似性分析,研究了青藏高原东北边缘云杉-冷杉林火烧迹地不同坡向植物群落组成和物种多样性特点,结果表明：经过火后15年恢复,云杉-冷杉火烧迹地有草本植物22科40属46种,其中优势科有菊科,种类数最多（11种）,其次为毛茛科6种,伞形科4种,蓼科3种,茜草科、龙胆科、蔷薇科和忍冬科各2种;在草地北坡、西北坡、东北坡和东坡分别分布着高山冷蕨+密生薹草+总状橐吾群落、密生薹草+高山冷蕨+野草莓群落、密生薹草+野草莓+箭竹群落和密生薹草+野草莓+总状橐吾群落;北坡的Margarlef丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高,东坡的Simpson优势度指数最高,而4个坡向草地的Pielou均匀度指数差异不显著;不同坡向植物群落存在一定的梯度格局,但是彼此分布之间存在一定的差异。通过研究分析可以得出：随着坡向由阴坡（北坡）到半阳坡（东坡）的变化,植被盖度逐渐减小;北坡的Margarlef丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均最大,其次是西北坡和东北坡,而东坡的最小;不同坡向植被类型分异现象较弱,植物群落存在相似性。     

旱泉沟流域次生林演替过程中种群格局动态

对旱泉沟流域的植被种类组成、物种多样性和物种重要值进行调查分析,采用TWINSPAN对旱泉沟流域次生植物群落进行数量分类,从植物群系组成、植物群落之间的生态关系方面,研究旱泉沟流域封山禁牧区植被群落的分布格局,初步探讨乔木树种的演替趋势。研究结果表明：1）采用TWINSPAN数量分类方法,将植被划分为7个群落类型;2）从群落Ⅰ到群落Ⅶ, 乔木、灌木、草本的Simpson优势度指数基本持平,Shannon Wiener多样性指数为乔木<灌木<草本,Pielou均匀度指数为乔木>草本>灌木,物种丰富度逐渐升高。群落的物种组成和空间结构逐渐复杂化,并趋于稳定;3）次生林的演替序列为山杨树Populus davidiana→桦树Betula platyphylla→青海云杉Pica crassifolia,其自然演替顶级为青海云杉。     

青海湖流域沙地植物群落多样性研究

土地沙漠化是青海湖流域重要的生态问题之一,明晰区域内不同沙化阶段植物群落的演化特征,有助于为该区沙漠化防治工作有效开展提供科学依据。本研究通过野外样方调查并应用方差分析、主成分分析和相关性分析,厘清该区潜在、轻度、中度、重度和极重度沙化阶段植物组成特征与变化规律。结果表明,随沙化程度加剧,植物优势种从矮生嵩草、草地早熟禾和垂穗披碱草演替为青海固沙草、驼绒藜和沙蒿,生活型从中生向旱生演替;植物盖度、高度、地上生物量和多度依次降低;物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数与Pielou指数均为先升后降,轻度沙化阶段最高,符合“中度干扰假说”。沙化过程对多样性指数影响为Shannon-Wiener指数>物种丰富度>Simpson指数>Pielou指数,除Pielou指数外,其余多样性指数与植被特征相关性显著。研究结果可为青海湖流域沙化防治及群落多样性研究提供参考。     

紫云县不同程度石漠化区域植物多样性研究

对贵州省紫云县石漠化区域不同程度石漠化区域植物种类组成进行抽样调查,在40个样方内共查得34科、61属、72种植物,其中,禾本科植物占33.33%,是绝对优势种,单属、单种的科占总科数的76.47%;比较不同石漠化阶段的植物种类组成,结果表明:随着石漠化程度加深及石灰岩植被的生境向旱生化和岩生化发展,植物群落结构越来越趋于简单,到极重度石漠化阶段植物的科、属、种数比轻度石漠化阶段依次减少68.18%,69.23%和70.73%;从轻度、中度、重度到极重度石漠化阶段,植物的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数都呈下降趋势,而Simpson多样性指数却呈增加趋势,反映出原本多样化的物种逐渐被适应力更强的少数几个物种替代,并最终随着土壤流失,岩石裸露,只有少数低等植物生存的石漠化全过程。     

黑龙江松嫩草地植物群落物种多样性与植物碳储量的关系

采用样方法对黑龙江松嫩草地开展植物群落调查,以探知黑龙江松嫩草地不同植物群落物种多样性和植物碳储量的变化及其相互关系。结果表明：(1)不同植物群落的物种多样性差异显著,羊草+寸草苔群落和羊草+杂类草群落的物种多样性显著高于其他群落,而星星草群落和碱蓬群落的物种多样性显著低于其他群落。(2)不同植物群落地上部分碳储量、地下部分碳储量和植物群落碳储量都有显著差异,野古草群落碳储量高达753g C/m²,而羊草+杂类草群落碳储量显著低于其他群落,仅为125g C/m²。(3)不同植物群落碳储量与物种多样性指数表现出显著线性正相关或负相关。虎尾草群落地上部分碳储量与Patrick丰富度指数呈显著线性正相关,羊草群落、星星草群落、虎尾草群落、牛鞭草群落和野古草群落地上部分碳储量和植物群落碳储量均与Pielou均匀度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数表现出显著或极显著线性负相关。在黑龙江松嫩草地轻度退化显著提高了物种多样性指数,而重度和极度退化显著降低了物种多样性指数;植物群落物种多样性与植物群落碳储量主要表现为负相关...     

退化沙质草地植物群落物种多样性与土壤肥力的关系

研究了科尔沁退化沙质草地不同沙漠化阶段物种多样性的变化,以及不同植被类型物种多样性与土壤肥力的相互关系。结果表明,沙质草地沙生植被的多样性指数很低,从固定沙丘到流动沙丘,草本层Shannon Wiener多样性指数、Simpson指数和Margalef丰富度指数均降低;0～10 cm表层土壤各因子对多样性的影响不同,有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效氮与Shannon Wiener多样性指数、Simpson指数和Margalef丰富度指数达到显著（P＜0.05）或极显著（P＜0.01）相关关系,而Pielou均匀度指数与这几种土壤肥力指标均无显著相关关系。土壤速效磷和pH值与多样性指数也无显著相关关系。     

Scrapie in goats in Cyprus

Ovine scrapie was first recorded in Cyprus in 1985. Subsequently four dairy goats kept in two mixed flocks with affected sheep developed characteristic clinical signs similar to those seen in sheep. Fifteen goats from the two flocks were examined histologically and neurological lesions consistent with a diagnosis of scrapie were found in the four animals and in three others which had subsequently developed early neurological signs. These lesions were similar to those of naturally-affected sheep although neuronal degeneration and vacuolation were more severe in some cases.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1991

In late November 1991, 1883 clinics in Canada were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs in 1991 and there was a 60.0% response. There were 344,031 dogs tested for heart-worm (HW), 627 were found infected and the prevalence of HW infection was 0.18%. There were 417 dogs with HW in Ontario, 116 in Manitoba, 38 in Quebec, 53 in British Columbia, three in Alberta, and one in Nova Scotia. In British Columbia, all of the infected dogs but one were from the Okanagan valley which, as from 1991, is a new focus of infection in Canada. Most dogs with HW had not been on preventive medication in 1990, and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 0.59%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Companion dogs, over three years of age and maintained primarily outdoors in rural areas, were most frequently infected. One cat was diagnosed with D. immitis and 33 dogs had Dipetalonema reconditium.     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.