暗褐网柄牛肝菌废菌渣为主料栽培巨大口蘑试验

暗褐网柄牛肝菌人工栽培的生物学转化率较低,收菇后的废菌渣中余留了大量营养物质。为充分利用其废菌渣中的营养成分,减少资源浪费,研究采用不同比例暗褐网柄牛肝菌菌渣为主料栽培巨大口蘑。结果显示,采用暗褐网柄牛肝菌废菌渣为主料栽培的巨大口蘑长势良好,菌丝生长速度在6.49±0.33～9.65±0.52 mm/d,鲜菇产量263.87±12.93～401.33±6.10 g/袋,生物学转化率达到57.36%～87.25%,表明巨大口蘑可以充分利用暗褐网柄牛肝菌废菌渣中的营养物质。建议栽培巨大口蘑时,暗褐网柄牛肝菌废菌渣用量控制在90%以内,并加强出菇管理。     

用提取樟油后的樟叶栽培平菇

取油后的樟叶是一种较好的食用菌栽培原料。试验表明,樟叶培养料比木屑培养料鲜菇产量可增加20—30%,但出菇时间推迟,添加木屑等其他原料可缩短栽培期。该项试验可充分发挥樟叶的应用潜力,具有显著的经济效益。     

微量元素硒在猴头菇栽培中的应用研究初探

采用不同浓度的亚硒酸钠溶液对培养料进行处理,以探讨其对猴头菇的菌丝生长、子实体产量及其多糖含量的影响。试验结果表明:采用1mg/L和10mg/L的处理对菌丝生长有促进作用,并可显著提高子实体产量;不同浓度的亚硒酸钠溶液处理对猴头菇子实体多糖含量都有增加,以10mg/L和100mg/L的处理表现较好,分别比对照提高12.53%和11.41%;采用亚硒酸钠溶液对猴头菇的培养料进行处理时浓度以10mg/L为佳。     

油茶壳栽培香菇、金针菇的初步研究

本文用对比试验法,进行油茶壳屑与壳斗科树种木屑的不同配方袋栽香菇和瓶栽金针菇的试验,结果表明使用油茶壳屑的鲜菇产量略高于使用纯壳斗科木屑的产量,氨基酸含量提高10—50%,为油茶的综合利用及代料栽培香菇、金针菇提供了新途径。     

榆黄蘑内层架式瓶栽法

榆黄蘑室内层架式瓶栽法就是在室内利用架子把培养料装瓶进行栽培 ,每ｍ２ 菇房（指养菌室和出菇室面积）年产鲜菇５０ｋｇ左右 ,最高可达到１２５ｋｇ ,下面将栽培过程介绍如下 :１培养料的配制、配方木屑７８ %、豆饼粉１０ %、麦麸２０ %、石膏粉１ %、糖１ %、水适量。制法     

不同培养料配方对白灵菇生长的影响

通过不同培养料配方对白灵菇菌丝体和子实体生长的对比试验,结果表明,在供试的4个配方中,配方1棉子壳培养料菌丝生长速度最快、产量最高,其次是配方2玉米芯培养料和配方4玉米芯与木屑混合培养料,配方12、4、子实体各自产量与配方3木屑培养料子实体产量差异极显著,配方1与配方2对白灵菇的菌丝体生长和子实体产量的影响差异不明显,配方1和配方4相比差异显著,说明配方2玉米芯培养料是代替配方1棉子壳培养料进行白灵菇生产的最佳配方,其次是配方4玉米芯与木屑混合培养料,为白灵菇生产者提供了新的原料资源。     

提高平菇子实体产量的培养料添加因素水平优化研究

以平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)为研究对象,通过在培养料中添加不同浓度的有益金属元素硒、锌以及改变培养料的初始pH值,设计三因素三水平正交试验,以确定提高平菇子实体产量的最优组合,试验结果表明添加30mg/kg硒标准液、15mg/kg锌标准液,初始PH值为7的组合为最优组合,其子实体产量比培养料中不添加任何因素的子实体产量提高了36.84%。     

毛竹食用菌复合经营模式研究

利用毛竹林生态环境条件,以竹笋加工废料笋壳为培养基质,进行食用菌生产试验。结果表明,以笋壳作为培养料的平菇、榆黄蘑产量分别为592.59 kg/100 m²、187.50 kg/100 m²,分别占同样条件下以木屑作为培养料所获产量的44.06%和20.15%;以笋壳作为培养料的食用菌生产经历了2潮明显的出菇高峰,时间周期短而集中;而木屑培养料的食用菌则经历了3潮明显的出菇过程,时间周期较长。在产量方面,虽然平菇比榆黄蘑产量高,但榆黄蘑的市场价格较高,因此也值得推广。与木屑相比,笋壳具有生产成本低、生态环保、市场潜力大等优势,具有很高的潜在利用价值。     

玉米芯发酵法栽培平菇的研究

介绍了以玉米芯为原料,采用发酵法栽培平菇的高产技术。在采用玉米芯发酵法栽培平菇的试验中,对栽培的季节安排、原料的准备、辅料的选用、发酵处理方法、培养料处理、接菌方法及发菌管理等都做了系统研究。其结果表明,利用玉米芯为原料,采用发酵法,每500 g干料产鲜菇一般都在300~600 g,生物转化率稳定在150%以上。     

不同覆盖物对勃氏甜龙竹笋生长与品质的影响

在云南省临沧市临翔区开展不同覆盖物(竹叶、菜籽饼和玉米秆)对勃氏甜龙竹笋生长和品质影响的研究。结果显示：与对照组相比较,菜籽饼显著增加了竹林土壤的平均温度,达到20.9℃,高于对照(19.8℃);而玉米秆显著增加了竹林土壤的平均湿度,达到74.90%,高于对照(71.00%)和其他2种处理;玉米秆覆盖后,竹笋质量和蛋白质含量明显增加,分别达到1 020 g/个和2.60%,高于对照(753 g/个和2.06%)和其他2种处理;而竹笋内各种有害元素的含量并没有显著增加。研究认为,采用玉米秆覆盖竹林是促进勃氏甜龙竹笋生长和笋品质的有效措施。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.