Health screening of free-ranging European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) on the German North-Sea island Pellworm

Background

A sudden decline of the European brown hare (Lepus europaeus) population in one of the best hunting districts for small game species in northern Germany, the German North-Sea island Pellworm, in the years 2007/08 following marked habitat changes led to the implementation of a thorough health assessment program of the population. 110 animals were collected during the normal hunting season in the years 2010 and 2011. A post-mortem examination and histopathological investigation was performed on all animals. Additionally, routine bacteriology of the small intestine and parasitology were carried out. Sera of hares were tested for European Brown Hare Syndrome (EBHS) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, and for Treponema sp. by indirect immunofluorescent test. Additional testing was performed when deemed necessary.

Results

The most striking result was a shift in the intestinal bacterial flora towards Gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae with a predominance of either Escherichia coli, or Aeromonas sp., or a high-grade double-infection with these two pathogens with subsequent catarrhal enteritis. Additionally, a marked coccidiosis, and varying infestations with the nematode Trichostrongylus retortaeformis were found. The sero-prevalence for EBHS was 78.1%, and for Treponema 43.9%.

Conclusions

The shift and decrease in diversity of the intestinal flora was the main and most consistent result found. In the authors’ opinion the change of the habitat combined with other stressors increased the animals’ sensitivity to ubiquitous bacterial species and parasites which usually would not have such fatal effects.     

动物超数排卵影响因素的分析与总结

本文就多年来关于影响动物超数排卵效果的因素作了全面性的概括和总结,并且对这些因素进行了详细地比较与分析。     

瘦素在动物繁殖上的研究进展

瘦素（ｌｅｐｔｉｎ）是１４６个氨基酸组成的分子量为１４６ｋＤａ的多肽,由脂肪细胞所分泌。瘦素作为内分泌因子,通过阿片促黑激素皮质素原（ＰＯＭＣ）和神经多肽Ｙ（ＮＰＹ）影响丘脑下部（ＧｎＲＨ）释放,从而影响着生殖激素的产生和释放,动物初情期的发动伴随着瘦素水平的不断提高,成年动物繁殖功能的维持也有赖于瘦素发挥作用。瘦素对性腺和垂体的作用机理尚不明确。     

First molecular detection of Pneumocystis spp. in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes linnaeus, 1758) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides gray, 1834)

Fungal organisms of the genus Pneumocystis may cause Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in humans, but also domestic and wild mammals. Almost every animal species hosts its own genetically distinct Pneumocystis species, however information is sparse. In this study, 62 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and 37 raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) were collected in North-East Germany. The lung tissues of the animals were analysed by a new designed specific pan-Pneumocystis mtLSU rRNA gene PCR and sequencing. With this PCR, detection and discrimination of all known Pneumocystis spp. in a single step should be possible. This first detection of Pneumocystis spp. in 29/62 (46.8%) red foxes and 29/37 (78.4%) raccoon dogs indicated, that they harbour two dissimilar strains, as seen by specific single nucleotide position changes (SNPs). Nevertheless, five samples with contrary SNPs showed a probable inter-species transmission.     

镰刀菌毒素对动物毒性作用的研究进展

镰刀菌是污染粮食和饲料的主要真菌菌属之一,可产生多种高毒性、低分子量的代谢产物,如玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、T-2毒素等,这些毒素严重威胁动物和人类的健康。摄入镰刀菌毒素可对动物造成多种毒性作用,包括生殖毒性、免疫毒性、肠道毒性、肝肾毒性、细胞毒性及致癌性等。不同类型镰刀菌毒素引起的毒性作用不尽一致,且不同毒素间存在互作效应。为此,本文对单一或混合镰刀菌毒素毒性的研究进展进行了总结和归纳,为镰刀菌毒素的深入研究提供参考和借鉴。     

几种微量元素对动物生殖毒性的研究进展

随着微量元素饲料添加剂的广泛应用,其对动物的生殖毒性已经引起了人们的关注。文章就微量元素氟、砷?锰?镍、硒对动物生殖的毒性作用作了简要的综述。     

家蚕丝素蛋白铜元素螯合物的制备及其对动物生理影响研究

以水解丝素粉螯合微量金属元素,通过改变螯合液的PH值可以调节微量金属元素的螯合量,螯合的金属元素改变了丝素肽的分子结构及其蛋白末端羧基的性质.经动物实验证明丝素蛋白-铜螯合物对小鼠和大鼠均无毒或异变影响.     

ELISA检测兰州不同动物粪便中轮状病毒抗原及临床意义

为探讨动物轮状病毒检测的临床价值及本地轮状病毒在不同动物中的流行情况,本研究以秋冬季腹泻的动物为研究对象进行采样,应用轮状病毒单克隆抗体检测其抗原的方法,检测粪便中的轮状病毒。在进行牛、羊、犬粪便轮状病毒检测中发现犬的阳性率最高,其次是牛和羊。表明本地的轮状病毒感染主要集中在幼犬中。本试验为今后动物轮状病毒在临床应用中的检测及动物轮状病毒检测试剂盒的研制等作以参考。     

高钼环境分布与家畜钼中毒研究

陕西省境内某钼矿的选矿废水常年排放到南洛河,污染了河水。家畜饮用污染废水或采食河边牧草后即发生以腹泻为主的钼中毒,发病率达18.74％,死亡率为9.41％,使该地区畜牧业损失严重。经对15个品种219份样品1800余样次毒源成分分析检测,结果表明,钼在水、土壤、植物和动物组织中的含量均属高浓度水平。家畜饮用含有高钼污水,摄入的钼量极易达到中毒标准而致病。冶金工业污染引起高水平钼在食物链上正相关分布与迁移即为中毒原因。单纯饮用高钼污水完全能够引起反刍动物中毒。     

家畜经穴循经特性的研究

本实验采用脉冲电流法和叩听高音法在动物皮肤表面沿背中线的垂线作各个水平的扫描测定在12只绵羊、10只山羊、3只北京白猪、10只小香猪、11只家猫和7头驴体上的测定结果表明,不同种属动物的背部体表(从百会穴垂线水平至肩胛后缘)每侧均存在有两条低电阻线和叩听高音线,它们均与背中线平行,左右两侧呈对称分布,而且相对稳定。它们距背中线的距离因动物大小而定,叩听高音线与低电阻线基本重合,且其在体表的循行路线与传统经络基本相吻合。并在猪、猫背部扫描对所记录的低阻电流变化曲线与高音量变化曲线相一致,表明经络除具有上还低电阻特性外,还具有叩听高音的特性,由之进一步证明了经络在动物体上存在的客观性。同时,我们应用脉冲电流经络电阻测定仪,在驴体上进行了十二经脉体表循行线低阻抗特性的初步探测,结果表明,在驴体表存在有十二条低电阻线,其基本稳定,而且可以重复测出,它们在体表的循行路线与有关资料所描述的马的经络循行路线大部分相吻合。通过对家兔抢风穴的测试,证明穴位点电阻值低于周围非穴位点,当动物处于抑制状态时虽二者的电阻值均有下降,但穴位点电阻值低于非穴位点的特性未能改变。循经加压阻滞有抑制激光作用于穴位使痛阈提高的效应等,说明激光照射穴位所引起的信号,具有循经传导     

Multiple genetic typing of Salmonella Enteritidis phage-types 4, 6, 7, 8 and 13a isolates from animals and humans in the UK

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a common cause of salmonellosis in people in the UK. This study aimed to assess the degree of genetic diversity among animal and human isolates from UK, Wales and northern Ireland. A total of 250 isolates from humans (n=59) and animals or their environment (n=191), belonging to the most common phage-types, were fingerprinted by a combination of PFGE, PS ribotyping and plasmid profiling. The different techniques identified different degrees of polymorphism (PS ribotyping (52 types)>PFGE (22 types)>plasmid profiling (17 types)). A prevalent genomic clone, as well as a variety of less frequent clones are present for each of the phage-types. In most cases, the prevalent clones appeared within isolates from several animal species and from several geographical locations. The percentage of sporadic clones found in animal and human populations were very similar. There was not clear evidence of a higher degree of diversity for human or animal isolates. Some clones were found to be present in both human and animal.     

动物胚胎移植技术发展概况及存在问题

动物胚胎移植实际是生产胚胎的供体和养育胚胎的受体分工合作繁殖后代的过程。其目的是使经济效益低、生产性能不高、不符合社会需要和人们生活需求的母畜作为受体生产出经济效益高、生产性能好、符合社会和人们需求的良种后代，以便迅速增加良种畜禽的数量，大大提高受体母畜的繁殖效率和经济效益。本文就国内外和甘肃省的胚胎移植技术发展概况进行阐述，并从胚胎移植推广应用角度分析了胚胎移植技术存在的主要问题。     

《动物传染病学》教学改革的必要性及设想

《动物传染病学》是研究动物传染病发生、发展规律,以及如何预防和治疗传染病的科学,是动物医学本科专业教学中的一门核心课程。课程的教学质量将与我国兽医人才队伍建设和未来动物传染病防控的水平直接相关。作为高等教育学院,其本职工作就是在了解当前形势的基础上,培养适应社会需要的人才。论文根据当前动物传染病出现的新特点,提出在新形势下进行传染病教学改革的必要性,并就动物传染病学教学中存在的问题、动物传染病学教学改革的创新以及探索等方面进行了阐述。     

淫蜂佐剂影响动物免疫功能的实验研究

分别以环磷酰胺、福氏佐剂作对照，观察淫蜂佐剂对小鼠、雏鸡Ｔ淋巴细胞转化率和家兔、母鸡特民划性抗体水平的影响。结果表明，淫佐剂不仅能显著提高４周龄小民２１、３５日龄雏鸡的细胞免疫功能，有铲地拮抗环磷酰胺的免疫抑制，并与其剂量和动物年龄有相关性而且能显著提高家兔、母鸡的体液免疫功能，效果与福氏佐剂类似，但比氏佐剂的副作用小、使用简便。     

HPLC-MS/MS检测2种中兽药制剂中非法添加庆大霉素的研究

应用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术,建立了兽用中药制剂穿心莲注射液和鱼腥草注射液中非法添加庆大霉素的检测方法。样品经水溶解后,稀释。采用20mmol/L HFBA乙腈与20mmol/L HFBA水溶液作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,经ACQUITY HSS PFP色谱柱分离,通过多反应监测模式进行测定。庆大霉素在0.04～2 μg/mL的范围内线性关系良好,相关系数0.9994。平均回收率为98.2%～100.3%,相对标准偏差均小于2.4%。检测限为0.2%,定量限为0.4%,该法准确、简单、快速。     

动物转基因技术研究新进展及其在牛育种上的应用

动物转基因技术已应用于生命科学的各个领域,尤其在研究基因功能、转基因动物育种（抗病育种和提高生产性能）、治疗人类疾病（生产药用蛋白、干细胞治疗和种器官移植）等方面得到了广泛的应用.本文从转基因技术的历史和发展状况入手,简要介绍了几种传统的转基因技术方法,重点综述了近几年为提高转基因效率和转基因精确调控的一些新技术.另外...     

《特种水产动物养殖学》课程教学探索与改革

特种水产动物养殖学是水产养殖学专业的重要课程之一,但是,受地理区域性和较强的实践性限制,其课堂教学难度较大。为深化特种水产动物养殖学教学的改革,课程组教师从教学内容、教学方式、实践环节及考核方式等方面进行了大量的探索和改革,并取得了较好的教学效果。     

Endostatin and vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in healthy dogs, dogs with selected neoplasia, and dogs with nonneoplastic diseases

To evaluate the relationship between endostatin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in cancers of dogs, circulating concentrations of these 2 tumor-associated markers were measured prospectively in healthy dogs (n = 44), dogs with tumors (n = 54), and dogs with nonneoplastic diseases (n = 42 for endostatin; n = 16 for VEGF). A canine-directed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was used for determination of endostatin, and a human-directed kit was validated for detection of canine VEGF. Concentrations of endostatin for all dogs were 28-408 ng/mL. Increasing serum endostatin concentration was associated with increasing age (P = .0396). Concentrations of endostatin were not different among groups of dogs (P = .1989) when adjusted for age. Mean endostatin concentrations for all dogs were higher in dogs (P = .0124) with detectable VEGF concentrations. Endostatin concentrations, when corrected for age, were related to decreasing PCV (P = .032) but not white blood cell count (P = .225) or platelet count (P = .1990). Measurable VEGF (> or = 2.5 pg/mL) was detected in 3 (7.0%) of 43 healthy dogs. Dogs with tumors had detectable VEGF in 24 (44%) of 54 dogs, with concentrations ranging from 2.5-274 pg/mL; only 1 dog with a nonneoplastic disease process had detectable VEGF. VEGF concentrations for all dogs after correcting for age, endostatin, and disease categories were associated with increased white blood cell count (P = .0032) and platelet counts (P = .0064) and decreased PCV (P = .0017). Linkage between increased endostatin and VEGF concentrations suggests that similar factors may influence concentrations of these markers. Further evaluation of endostatin and VEGF associations in dogs with tumors may provide information on the extent and progression of the disease.