Perspective of Chinese GF-1 high-resolution satellite data in agricultural remote sensing monitoring

High-resolution satellite data have been playing an important role in agricultural remote sensing monitoring. However,the major data sources of high-resolution images are not owned by China. The cost of large scale use of high resolution imagery data becomes prohibitive. In pace of the launch of the Chinese "High Resolution Earth Observation Systems",China is able to receive superb high-resolution remotely sensed images(GF series) that equalizes or even surpasses foreign similar satellites in respect of spatial resolution,scanning width and revisit period. This paper provides a perspective of using high resolution remote sensing data from satellite GF-1 for agriculture monitoring. It also assesses the applicability of GF-1 data for agricultural monitoring,and identifies potential applications from regional to national scales. GF-1's high resolution(i.e.,2 m/8 m),high revisit cycle(i.e.,4 days),and its visible and near-infrared(VNIR) spectral bands enable a continuous,efficient and effective agricultural dynamics monitoring. Thus,it has gradually substituted the foreign data sources for mapping crop planting areas,monitoring crop growth,estimating crop yield,monitoring natural disasters,and supporting precision and facility agriculture in China agricultural remote sensing monitoring system(CHARMS). However,it is still at the initial stage of GF-1 data application in agricultural remote sensing monitoring. Advanced algorithms for estimating agronomic parameters and soil quality with GF-1 data need to be further investigated,especially for improving the performance of remote sensing monitoring in the fragmented landscapes. In addition,the thematic product series in terms of land cover,crop allocation,crop growth and production are required to be developed in association with other data sources at multiple spatial scales. Despite the advantages,the issues such as low spectrum resolution and image distortion associated with high spatial resolution and wide swath width,might pose challenges for GF-1 data applications and need to be addressed in future agricultural monitoring.     

应用线形插值对风云二数据进行图像定位与投影计算

应用VC＋＋语言对风云二卫星数据进行读取、显示,并进行图像定位及投影变换。主要介绍通过线形插值的方法对风云二数据中提供的简化网格数据进行分区近似计算。从计算结果看比较理想,基本实现了风云二数据的图像定位,确定了目标遥感数据,为遥感数据的参数反演和针对性分析做铺垫。     

Multi-temporal analysis of terrestrial laser scanning data to detect basal stem rot in oil palm trees

Terrestrial laser scanning technology is an advanced active remote sensing ranging method that is well suited for yielding high-resolution scans of the morphology of a tree, which is an indicator of the health of the plant. The Ganoderma boninense fungus causes basal stem rot (BSR), which threatens the oil palm industry in Malaysia. To date, the current practice of inspection in a plantation is conducted every 6 months. Monitoring the progress with a closer gap is required to comprehend if any changes can be seen earlier than 6 months. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to identify the most suitable parameters of the oil palm trees to detect the BSR disease based on temporal laser scanning data and to identify suitable time frames for monitoring the progress of the symptoms of the disease. Terrestrial laser scanning data was used to analyse changes in the crown and frond metrics of oil palm trees with two different scan durations i.e., 2- and 4-months after the first scan. This spatio-temporal data is important in the precision agriculture field for better oil palm management, to understand the disease development for long-term solutions and also to provide a fast response so that appropriate treatment can be given to the palm as early as possible. Statistical analyses, i.e., the Kruskal–Wallis test with α?=?0.05 and the Wilcoxon post-hoc test, were conducted to determine significant differences in the parameters at different points in time. The results show that crown strata number 17 (850 cm from the top) and the crown area were the most suitable parameters to be used. Furthermore, the oil palm trees with BSR can be detected by comparing the 4-month scan or the second 2-month scan. The results have shown that the effect of Ganoderma boninense infection can be differentiated at the later stage. In conclusion, the changes can be measured at 4-months after the first inspection, thus helping to preventing crop losses.

     

Accuracy of carrot yield forecasting using proximal hyperspectral and satellite multispectral data

Precision Agriculture - Proximal and remote sensors have proved their effectiveness for the estimation of several biophysical and biochemical variables, including yield, in many different crops....     

海南省油棕园土壤养分调查与评价

【目的】调查海南省主要油棕园土壤养分状况,通过评价土壤肥力,为海南省油棕种植区土壤养分的合理、科学管理提供依据。【方法】选择海南省海口、陵水、儋州、定安、文昌等市县的油棕种植园采集油棕根际表层（10～20cm）土壤,测定土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙、交换性镁、有效铜、有效锌、有效铁、有效锰、有效硼等12个指标,并进行差异显著性分析。【结果】调查样点的pH较适合油棕的生长;油棕根际土壤的有机质和氮磷钾等主要营养含量较高的为儋州市和定安县,其次为海口市,最低的为文昌市和陵水县;海南省油棕园土壤交换性钙普遍供应充足,交换性镁除文昌市椰子所含量较低外,其他调查样点不存在缺乏现象;调查样点土壤不缺乏铜、锌、铁3种微量元素,除文昌市和陵水市土壤有效锰含量较低外,其他样点处于中等以上含量水平;整个海南省调查样点油棕地存在缺硼现象。【结论】应通过施肥,提高文昌市和陵水县土壤肥力水平,满足该地区油棕生长的需要;重视硼肥的施用,以改善海南省油棕园缺硼现象。     

油棕脱落酸受体PYL基因家族的全基因组鉴定及表达分析

【目的】鉴定油棕（Elaeis guineensis）脱落酸（ABA）受体PYR/PYL/RCARs （PYL）基因家族成员,分析其表达特性,为探究ABA信号通路在油棕果肉成熟过程中的功能研究提供理论依据。【方法】以拟南芥和水稻的PYL蛋白氨基酸序列作为参考序列,通过BLASTp比对及保守结构域预测分析从油棕基因组中鉴定出PYL基因家族成员,利用生物信息学软件对其染色体定位、基因结构、启动子顺式作用元件及编码蛋白的理化性质、保守结构域、进化关系进行分析,并采用实时荧光定量PCR对PYL家族基因在不同组织、不同发育期果实及外源ABA处理下的表达特性进行检测。【结果】从油棕基因组中共鉴定出12个油棕PYL基因家族成员（EgPYL1~EgPYL112）,分布在8条染色体和1个Scaffolds上,含有1~3个外显子,开放阅读框（ORF）为564~765 bp,编码187~254个氨基酸,蛋白分子量为20.95~28.33 kD,等电点（pI）为5.26~7.95,不稳定指数为32.67~52.87,脂溶指数为73.87~87.60,总平均亲水性为-0.68~-0.17。12个PYL家族蛋白均含有特征结构域PYR/PYL/RCAR,分为3个亚族。EgPYL1和EgPYL6基因具有共线性,EgPYL4、EgPYL5、EgPYL9和EgPYL11基因具有共线性。EgPYLs基因的启动子上含有大量植物激素响应元件、逆境胁迫响应元件和光响应元件。EgPYLs基因在根、茎尖、叶、花和果肉中均有表达,但表达量差异较明显。EgPYL7、EgPYL8和EgPYL9基因的表达量随果肉成熟度增加逐渐升高,在23周达峰值。11个Eg PYLs基因均受外源ABA诱导表达。【结论】大多数PYL基因家族成员参与油棕对ABA的响应,且部分成员（如EgPYL7、EgPYL8和EgPYL9）在油棕果实发育中发挥重要的调控作用。     

Method of evaluating diversity of carrot roots using a self-organizing map and image data

Carrot cultivars differ in nutritional value, and the quality of individual pieces may differ from the average, which can be troublesome for companies that process carrots. What is needed is a tool for quick confirmation of the existence and definition of the nature of the differences between the carrot roots. The aim of the experiment was to test whether the simple image parameters, such as colour, will determine the variation within populations of carrot and what kind of information about this differentiation may be provided by a self-organizing map. We indicated that the image data in combination with the self-organization algorithm can provide useful information about carrot roots. However analysis of each individual neural neuron could produce too many summaries to be useful. Therefore, the map was segmented into clusters using k-means method. Segmentation of the self-organizing map allowed to make a comprehensive evaluation of the roots. From the practical point of view such segmentation could help in sorting material, for example, taking into account suitability for processing. The proposed method is sensitive to changes in the processing features of the raw material and is able to locate it in the appropriate area of the topological map. This makes the processor can quickly check whether the raw material he received meets the standards established by a food processing plant. This information is important for the processing industry, in which final product parameters depend on the quality of raw material.     

Field data and satellite imagery of tsunami effects in Banda Aceh

After the 26 December 2004 earthquake and tsunami, field data on the extent of the inundation in Banda Aceh, Sumatra, were combined with satellite imagery to quantify the tsunami effects. Flow depths along the shores of Banda Aceh exceeded 9 meters, with inundation reaching 3 to 4 kilometers inland. To the southwest, at Lhoknga, flow depths were more than 15 meters at the shoreline and runup exceeded 25 meters. Erosion and subsidence moved the shoreline of Banda Aceh inland up to 1.5 kilometers, and 65 square kilometers of land between Banda Aceh and Lhoknga were flooded.     

NOAA卫星可见光和红外资料在干旱监测中的应用

利用NOAA卫星AVHRR通道1、2计算NDVI和通道4的亮温T4,建立模型方程W=aeNUV1 bT4 c监测辽西地区土壤干旱情况.结果表明,土壤深度20cm左右是该模型适用的最佳层次,且模型的监测结果与实测值相对误差较小.     

低温胁迫对油棕幼苗光合作用及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

在30 μmol/(m2.s)的弱光条件下,以25℃、10℃、7℃、4℃、1℃各处理油棕幼苗3天,测定了油棕幼苗叶片光合参数及叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果表明：温度由 25℃降至4℃,净光合速率（Pn）显著下降的同时,气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）也显著下降,但气孔限制值(Ls)和水分利用效率(WUE)却显著增加,说明光合作用的下降主要由气孔因素引起;之后随温度下降至1 ℃,净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、气孔限制值均出现显著下降,但胞间CO2浓度却显著上升,说明光合作用的下降主要由非气孔因素引起。叶绿素荧光参数显示,随温度下降,初始荧光(Fo)不断上升,PSⅡ最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数（qN）不断下降,其中以4 ℃以下的低温胁迫,这些参数的变化最为显著。表明严重低温对油棕幼苗产生了显著的光抑制,过剩的激发能不能通过热耗散途径散失,大量积累于PSⅡ反应中心,使光合机构遭受了较大程度的破坏,最终导致油棕幼苗光合能力的急剧降低。     

油棕果实发育及中果皮内含物含量和抗氧化酶活性的变化规律

【目的】研究油棕果实发育过程中的内含物含量和抗氧化酶活性的变化规律,为油棕果实的生长发育调控提供理论依据。【方法】取不同发育时期（雌蕊及授粉1～5个月,记为0M,1M～5M）油棕雌蕊或果实,分别测定果重、果长、果宽,中果皮含油量、总糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、过氧化氢（H₂O₂）含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、苹果酸脱氢酶（MDH）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性,分析各指标的变化规律和内含物与抗氧化酶活性的相关性。【结果】果实在授粉后2个月快速生长,至第5个月停止。木质素从授粉后1个月开始沉积,到果实成熟停止。中果皮含油量在果实发育前期缓慢上升,后期快速升高,含油量最后达46.02%;总糖含量在授粉后前期较高（92.69 mg/g）,之后快速下降并维持不变;可溶性蛋白含量先上升后下降至雌花未授粉时的水平（0.18 g/L）;H₂O₂含量急剧下降后维持较低水平,0M的H₂O₂含量最多（1582.44 mmol/g prot）。SOD活性先下降后上升,0M的总SOD活性最强（589.43 U/mg prot）;MDH活性前期不变后期迅速增强,4M的MDH活性最高（4.71 U/mg prot）;GR活性先升高后降低,1M时GR活性达最高值（0.0051 U/g prot）;CAT活性呈波段变化,在4M时达最高值（59.72 U/mg prot）;POD活性先下降后上升,5M时POD活性达最高值（287.94 U/mg prot）。油棕中果皮总糖含量与H₂O₂含量呈极显著正相关（P<0.01,下同）,可溶性蛋白含量与总SOD活性呈极显著负相关,果实重量与果实大小呈极显著正相关。【结论】油棕果实发育过程中,早期高含量的糖和蛋白质为后期油脂和木质素积累打下基础,其中MDH和GR活性可作为判断果实生长发育状况的指标之一。     

茶园双人修剪机的验收、使用与保养

讨论购机验收的必要性，介绍了茶园修剪机使用保养的常规作法及其注意事项。     

基于ZY-3和图像融合的冲沟参数提取研究

本文以山东省栖霞市庵里水库西岸流域为研究区,基于Gram-S chimdt(GS)方法、色彩空间(Hue Saturation Value,HSV)变换和主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)三种方法,对研究区的资源三号卫星(ZY-3)图像进行了图像融合,基于各融合图像提取冲沟参数并进行精度评价。结果表明:三种融合图像均保留了多光谱图像的光谱信息,同时具有全色图像的空间纹理细节信息;与基于原始多光谱图像解译冲沟参数相比较,采用GS光谱锐化、HSV变换及PCA变换融合图像解译冲沟参数更准确;相对检验区实测冲沟参数,基于GS光谱锐化融合图像提取的冲沟参数精度最高,解译出的冲沟沟面积和沟长的相关系数分别为0.991和0.984。是冲沟参数提取的最优图像融合方法。     

Delineating the rice crop activities in Northeast China through regional parametric synthesis using satellite remote sensing time-series data from 2000 to 2015

Accurate rice area extraction and yield simulations are important for understanding how national agricultural policies and environmental issues affect regional spatial changes in rice farming. In this study, an improved regional parametric syntheses approach, that is, the rice zoning adaptability criteria and dynamic harvest index(RZAC-DHI), was established, which can effectively simulate the rice cultivation area and yield at the municipal level. The RZAC was used to extract the rice area using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer time-series data and phenological information. The DHI was calculated independently, and then yield was obtained based on the DHI and net primary productivity(NPP). Based on the above results, we analyzed the spatial–temporal patterns of the rice cultivation area and yield in Northeast China(NEC) during 2000–2015. The results revealed that the methods established in this study can effectively support the yearly mapping of the rice area and yield in NEC, the average precisions of which exceed 90 and 80%, respectively. The rice planting areas are mainly located on the Sanjiang, Songnen and Liaohe plains, China, which are distributed along the Songhua and Liaohe rivers. The rice cultivation area and yield in this region increased significantly from 2000 to 2015, with increases of nearly 58 and 90%, respectively. The rice crop area and yield increased the fastest in Heilongjiang Province, China, whereas small changes occurred in Jilin and Liaoning provinces, China. Their gravity centers exhibited evident northward and eastward shifts, with offset distances of 107 and 358 km, respectively. Moreover, Heilongjiang Province has gradually become the new main rice production region. The methodologies used in this study provide a valuable reference for other related studies, and the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of the rice activities have raised new attention as to how these shifts affect national food security and resource allocation.     

Tropical deforestation and habitat fragmentation in the Amazon: satellite data from 1978 to 1988

Landsat satellite imagery covering the entire forested portion of the Brazilian Amazon Basin was used to measure, for 1978 and 1988, deforestation, fragmented forest, defined as areas less than 100 square kilometers surrounded by deforestation, and edge effects of 1 kilometer into forest from adjacent areas of deforestation. Tropical deforestation increased from 78,000 square kilometers in 1978 to 230,000 square kilometers in 1988 while tropical forest habitat, severely affected with respect to biological diversity, increased from 208,000 to 588,000 square kilometers. Although this rate of deforestation is lower than previous estimates, the effect on biological diversity is greater.     

基于GIS的农业科技示范园区土壤和土地资源管理研究

应用GIS（地理信息系统）技术建立浙江省衢县白水畈农业科技示范园区土壤和土地资源的信息化管理。园区1：1万土壤图和1：1万土地利用现状图经扫描输入计算机，交替运用ArcView和Are／Info软件，对土壤图和土地利用现状图进行了屏幕数字化，建立拓朴关系，经编辑、坐标转换等处理，建立空间数据库。园区34个土壤剖面的测定值和描述性状、51个耕层土样的测定值和调查统计资料由键盘输入计算机，建立了属性数据库。通过空间数据库和属性数据库的联接，实现土壤和土地资源及其相应属性的互相查询关系。在此基础上分析了园区土壤和土地资源的空间分布特征，获得各类土壤和土地资源的面积。并探讨了GIS在土壤和土地资源综合利用和管理方面的应用。     

基于GIS和地统计学的土壤重金属污染评价研究进展

土壤重金属污染是当今环境污染中污染面积最大、危害最大的环境问题之一。重金属污染直接或间接危害到人体健康,因此受到人们的广泛关注。所以,主要对重金属的来源、GIS和地统计在土壤重金属中的应用、重金属污染评价方法以及目前存在的问题和不足进行总结。     

利用GIS和SPSS技术综合评价长葛市农业土壤肥力

运用GIS和SPSS技术 ,对河南省长葛市主要农业土壤肥力进行综合评价。首先选取与土壤肥力密切相关的 7个因素 ,建立综合评价指标体系 ,结合长葛市土壤的理化性质特点 ,确定各指标的评价指数。并根据各个因素对土壤肥力影响的大小不同 ,建立判断矩阵 ,确定其权重。然后 ,对长葛市主要的 9种农业土壤的肥力进行了综合评价 ,评价结果表明 ,两合土、褐土化两合土和潮黄土为一等地 ,砂壤土、潮垆土、立黄土为二等地 ,褐土化砂土、盐化潮土、灰质黑老土为三等地。并根据评价结果 ,提出了土壤合理利用的建议。     

Determination of soybean yield gap and potential production in Iran using modeling approach and GIS

Increasing crop production is necessary to maintain food security for the growing global population.Reducing the gap between actual and potential yield is one of the important ways to increase yield per unit area.Potential yield and the yield gap of soybean were determined for Golestan Province,Iran,using Soybean Simulation Model (SSM-i Crop2) and Geographical Information System (GIS).Information from 24 weather stations and soil data of the region were used.Yield gap and production gap were calculated at county and province levels.The average actual yield of soybean in this province was2.28 t ha~(–1) while the province’s potential yield was 4.73 t ha~(–1),so the yield gap was estimated 2.44 t ha~(–1).Thus,there is a great potential for increasing soybean yield in Golestan,which is possible through improving crop management of soybean in farmers’fields.The average water productivity of soybean was estimated to be 0.81 kg m~(–3).Spatial distribution of water productivity in soybean farms showed that the highest and the lowest water productivities (0.99 and 0.44 kg m~(–3)) were in western and eastern regions of the province,respectively,in accordance to vapour pressure deficit.It was concluded that soybean production in the province could increase by 66%(from 109 970 to 182 170 tons) if 80% of the current yield gap could be removed.     

电缆式地层测压资料在西湖凹陷油气田中的应用

随着西湖凹陷油气田勘探开发的不断深入,以三低(低电阻率/低对比度、低孔隙度和低渗透率)油气藏为主要特征的复杂油气藏所占比例逐渐增大,电缆式地层测压资料在三低油气藏评价中发挥着越来越重要的作用.在收集整理西湖凹陷油气田大量地层测压资料应用实例的基础上,总结了形成研究区超压的影响因素及超压点判断的方法;归纳了研究区电缆式地层测压资料的分类,测压点主要分为5大类:有效点、超压点、干点、致密点、坐封失败点;研究了电缆式地层测压资料的3类具体应用:计算地层流体密度及气油比,根据压力剖面确定流体界面,评价地层渗透率;并提出了新的油气藏气油比评价方法及流度与渗透率的转化关系.电缆式地层测压资料在储层流体性质识别及确定流体界面方面取得了较好的应用效果,对电缆式地层测压资料在西湖凹陷的后续应用具有重要的借鉴意义.