The use of immunostimulating herbs in fish. An overview of research

The use of immunostimulants as an alternative to the drugs, chemicals and antibiotics currently being used to control fish diseases in fish culture is attracting the attention of many researchers. In this context, many have focused on the use of medicinal plant products as potential therapeutic measures for modulating the immune response and, specifically, on the use of herbs to prevent and control fish diseases. Medicinal plants (plant remedies) are a deeply rooted component of the cultural heritage of many people from diverse cultures and countries and are, as such, closely linked to the maintenance of good health. The aim of this paper is to review research currently being carried out on the herbs and herbal extracts that have been shown to modulate the immune system of fish. Special attention is given to the use of Chinese and Indian herbs.     

我国香鱼的养殖研究现状与开发前景探讨

香鱼俗称石鱼、油香鱼、海胎鱼 ,为一年生小型经济鱼类 ,以肉味清香而驰名 ,素有“淡水鱼之王”之美称 ,尤受日本客商的青睐。近几年由于江河水利设施日益增多、工业废水污染以及酷捕等原因 ,香鱼资源日趋减少。香鱼养殖市场广阔、效益较高 ,极具发展前景。本文就我国香鱼的研究现状作一概述 ,并对养殖的发展趋势和应采取的几项措施 ,谈一点粗浅看法 :1　研究的现状1 1　人工苗种培育香鱼人工繁殖研究 ,在我国已有近五十年历史。英木 195 4年就开展了香鱼人工孵化试验 ,接着杨世举 (196 1)也进行了人工孵化试验 ,随后李德尚 (196 5 )对香鱼…     

Applications of fish nutrition research in aquaculture: the Taiwan experience

Fish is an important dietary animal protein in Taiwan. Fish production has increased from 20 000 tonnes (t) in 1938 to over 300 000 t today. The change in feed inputs from trash fish to formulated feeds enabled industrial production of fish food. Nutrition studies for shrimp began in the 1970s and continue today. Stable ascorbic acid derivatives have allowed industrial production of shrimp feeds and the development of the extensive production systems in Taiwan and elsewhere in Asia.     

The role of phospholipids in nutrition and metabolism of teleost fish

It has been known for almost 25 years now that inclusion of intact phospholipids in the diet could improve culture performance of various freshwater and marine fish species. The primary beneficial effect was improved growth in both larvae and early juveniles, but also increased survival rates and decreased incidence of malformation in larvae, and perhaps increased stress resistance. Determination of absolute dietary requirements has been hampered by the use, in different dietary trials, of a wide range of phospholipid preparations that can vary greatly both in phospholipid content and class composition. Larval studies have been compromised further by the need on many occasions to supply phospholipid through enrichment of live feeds with subsequent re-modelling of the phospholipid and fatty acid compositions. Generally, the levels of phospholipid requirement are around 2–4% of diet for juvenile fish and probably higher in larval fish. The effects were restricted to young fish, as a requirement for dietary phospholipids has not been established for adult fish, although this has been virtually unstudied. As the majority of studies have used crude mixed phospholipid preparations, particularly soybean lecithin, but also other plant phospholipids and egg yolk lecithin, that are enriched in several phospholipids, it has been difficult to elucidate which specific phospholipid classes impart beneficial effects. Based on the few studies where single pure phospholipid species have been used, the rank order for efficacy appears to be phosphatidylcholine > phosphatidylinositol > phosphatidylethanolamine > phosphatidylserine. The efficacy of other phospholipid classes or sphingolipids is not known. The mechanism underpinning the role of the phospholipids in larval and early juvenile fish must also explain their lack of effect in adult fish. The role of phospholipids appears to be independent of fatty acid requirements although the presence of an unsaturated fatty acid at the sn-2 position may be important. Similarly, the phospholipid requirement is not related to the delivery of other essential dietary components such as the bases choline and inositol. Studies also suggested that the phospholipid effect was not due to generally enhanced emulsification and digestion of lipids. Rather the evidence led to the hypothesis that early developing stages of fish had impaired ability to transport dietary lipids away from the intestine possibly through limitations in lipoprotein synthesis. The current hypothesis is that the enzymic location of the limitation is actually in phospholipid biosynthesis, perhaps the production of the glycerophosphobase backbone and that dietary supplementation with intact phospholipids in larvae and juvenile fish compensated for this. Thus, dietary phospholipids increase the efficiency of transport of dietary fatty acids and lipids from the gut to the rest of the body possibly through enhanced lipoprotein synthesis.     

水解鱼蛋白的营养特征及其在水产动物营养饲料中的研究进展

鱼粉短缺是当今水产饲料行业中亟待解决的难题,而水产品加工副产品占水产品的总重量超过60%,因此,充分利用水产品加工副产品,提高其营养价值,是解决鱼粉短缺的重要途径。水解鱼蛋白是水解水产品加工副产品而得到的富含游离氨基酸和不同肽链长度的蛋白寡肽,目前,越来越多的研究证明,其对水产养殖动物的生长性能具有重要的促进作用。本文从水解鱼蛋白的制备、营养特性及水产饲料中的研究和应用方面展开综述,系统论述近年来水解鱼蛋白在水产动物营养相关领域的研究成果,并提出在水产饲料中的进一步研究方向,以期为水解鱼蛋白在水产动物营养学研究及其在水产饲料中的应用提供参考。     

An overview of functional and stereological evaluation of spermatogenesis and germ cell transplantation in fish

Although there are almost thirty-thousand species of fish living in a great variety of habitats and utilizing vast reproductive strategies, our knowledge of morphofunctional and quantitative aspects of testis structure and spermatogenesis is still incipient for this group of vertebrates. In this review, we discuss aspects that are important to better understanding of testis structure and function, and of the development of germ cells (GC) during spermatogenesis. To achieve this, we have recently completed a number of studies presenting morphometric and functional data related to the numbers of GC and Sertoli cells (SC) per each type of spermatogenic cyst, the number of spermatogonial generations, the SC efficiency, and the magnitude of GC loss that normally occurs during spermatogenesis. We also investigated SC proliferation and the relationship of this important event to early spermatogenic cysts. The available data strongly suggest that SC proliferation in sexually mature tilapia is the primary factor responsible for the increase in testis size and for determination of the magnitude of sperm production. The influence of temperature on the duration of spermatogenesis in tilapia was also evaluated and we have used this knowledge to deplete endogenous spermatogenesis in this teleost, in order to develop an experimental system for GC transplantation. This exciting technique results in new possibilities for investigation of spermatogenesis and spermatogonial stem cell biology, creating also an entirely new and promising scenario in biotechnology—transgenic animal production and the preservation of the genetic stocks of valuable animals or endangered species.     

VGLMs and VGAMs: An overview for applications in fisheries research

The vector generalized linear and additive model (VGLM/VGAM) classes of statistical regression models implement general maximum likelihood estimation and smoothing. The VGLM/VGAM framework is very general and is shown to include many popular fisheries regression models such as GLMs and GAMs, the negative binomial (NB), the zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) and ZINB, the zero-altered Poisson (ZAP) and ZANB as special cases. The primary purpose of this article is to introduce the VGLM/VGAM methodology into fisheries science. To this end, data from the 2008 FIPS-MOUCHE World Fly Fishing Championships is used to illustrate the chief advantages of the framework, viz. its large size and its ability to fit each model in a very flexible manner. Having a large framework leads to greater efficiencies in the practical modelling of data. The specific questions examined fall under two categories: (i) what distribution do the fish lengths have in each of the sectors? (ii) can fish catch reduction be detected and if so, how can the effects be ameliorated? As well as the above models, the utility of several other seemingly disparate regression models to fisheries research are presented, such as the bivariate odds-ratio model, the generalized extreme value distribution, and several quantile regression techniques.     

鱼类促性腺激素抑制激素及其受体的研究进展

促性腺激素抑制激素是2000年由日本学者首次从鹌鹑脑中分离出的一种新型下丘脑神经肽,通过其受体介导参与机体的生长、生殖以及摄食等生理过程。迄今,只在金鱼、斑马鱼、星点东方鲀、罗非鱼以及斜带石斑鱼等几种鱼中鉴定出促性腺激素抑制激素。目前,鱼类促性腺激素抑制激素的生理学功能研究相对较少,且存在争议。鱼类促性腺激素抑制激素及其受体的表达调控以及其他生理学功能仍有待进一步研究。本研究简要总结鱼类促性腺激素抑制激素及其受体的研究进展,并对促性腺激素抑制激素的生理学功能进行概括讨论,旨在加深对鱼类促性腺激素抑制激素的认识和了解,为进一步研究做铺垫。     

The role of aquafeeds in abalone nutrition and health: A comprehensive review

Overpopulation and the pressure on land-based resources have driven the aquaculture sector to increase its production since the 1980s. To address such demands, new aquafeed technologies have been developed relying on natural and artificial ingredients that are commercially viable. In addition, current global sustainable initiatives require feed technologies to reduce the pressure on limited wild fisheries and minimize negative environmental effects. Although there are numerous studies on abalone nutrition, most tend to focus on animal growth and nutrient utilization. A more holistic research approach to ensure a sustainable future for this industry will require the development of feeds that provide integrated nutrition and health benefits. In this review, we aim to synthesize the most recent scientific literature on the nutritional and health benefits and shortcomings of two main abalone feeding approaches (seaweed and formulated feeds) within aquaculture production practices. We also identify major research gaps and future directions for the development of sustainable abalone feeds.     

重组激活基因(RAGs)功能机制及其在鱼类早期发育中的作用

在B淋巴细胞和T淋巴细胞的发育过程中, BCR和TCR基因座(Igκ、Igλ、Igh、Tcrα、Tcrβ、Tcrγ、Tcrδ)的可变区(V)、多样区(D)、链接区(J)发生V(D)J重排, 该重排过程是在重组激活蛋白(RAG-1和RAG-2)的作用下完成的, V(D)J重排机制使机体拥有庞大的抗体库, 以应对自然界中多元的病原微生物。RAGs结构分为核心区和非核心区, 核心区域发挥着重要的基因片段酶切功能, 而非核心区域的九聚体序列(nonamer)、锌指等结构具有调节V(D)J重排的功能。RAGs的功能在转录水平、染色体水平以及蛋白水平受到严格的时间和空间调控, 以保证B/T细胞的正常发育。随着国内外学者对哺乳动物RAGs基因的结构与功能机制的深入研究, RAGs也在淡水鱼和海水鱼中有了越来越多的报道。由于RAGs的功能特点以及在进化过程中的稳定性, 其已成为研究鱼类免疫系统发育过程和系统进化的重要分子标记。本文在赤点石斑鱼 (Epinephelus akaara) RAGs研究的基础上探讨了RAGs定位鱼类免疫系统的发生过程, 旨在为鱼类人工繁殖技术的突破、鱼类疫苗的开发与研制以及鱼类免疫学研究等提供理论借鉴。

     

The role of a food engineer in fish diet research and formula development

This paper expands upon the role that food engineers play in the multi-discipline area of aquaculture engineering. The author explains why it is necessary to apply basic engineering principles to those areas which have had only a minor emphasis in past aquaculture research programs.     

Progress on larval and juvenile nutrition to improve the quality and health of seawater fish: a review

In seedling production of seawater fish, providing appropriate nutrition is a necessity for successful production of quality larvae and juveniles. Mass-produced live prey organisms, such as the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis species complex and brine shrimp Artemia spp., alone do not provide sufficient nutrition to the larvae and juveniles of seawater animals. This inadequacy has led to various problems related to fish quality and health, including increased incidence of morphological and behavioral abnormalities and mass mortalities. It is, therefore, important to identify the factors associated with these problems to improve seedling production techniques. This review collates the efforts made during the past two decades in larval nutrition–focusing on advances made in the use of certain nutrients, such as docosahexaenoic acid, vitamin A derivatives, and taurine that are important for the mass production of seawater fish larvae and juveniles–with an aim to improve the quality and health of fish.     

光合细菌菌剂在提高板蓝根品质中的应用研究

为比较光合细菌菌剂与沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris)的生理生态特性,分析了不同初始菌量的菌剂PG和菌株PSB-1对实验水体氨氮(

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New insights into the mechanism of egg activation in fish

The commercial culture of several important species of fish has long been associated with productivity problems generally attributable to fertilisation rates, hatching rates, and embryonic development. Our present knowledge of the molecular processes accompanying fertilisation in fish is scant at best. Here, we examine how new findings about the molecular mechanisms underlying reproduction in other animal groups may help advance our understanding of how egg activation takes place in fish. A better understanding of egg activation in fish is likely to make a highly valuable contribution to future growth of the aquaculture industry.     

小肽及其在鱼类营养中的应用

小肽作为蛋白质的主要消化产物,在氨基酸消化、吸收和代谢中起着重要作用。主要对小肽的概念、分类、小肽理论的提出与发展、小肽的吸收机制和特点、小肽在水产养殖中的应用及影响鱼类利用小肽的因素等方面的内容作一概述,并提出一些存在的问题。     

饲料中高直链淀粉对大口黑鲈肠道物理屏障和菌群的影响

为了探究牛磺酸对脂质氧化饲料饲喂下黄河鲤生长性能和肠道健康的影响,实验先用等量的氧化鱼油 (记为OFO)替换基础日粮 (记为FO)中的新鲜鱼油,接着将不同含量 (0.4%、0.8% 和1.2%,质量分数)的牛磺酸分别加入OFO组饲料中 (分别记为T0.4、T0.8和T1.2),对初始体重为 (8.74±0.01) g的黄河鲤进行为期10周的养殖实验。结果显示,与FO组相比,OFO组的终末体重、增重率、特定增长率和饲料效率均显著降低。上述所有指标在T0.4、T0.8和T1.2组中均显著高于OFO组。适量牛磺酸可抑制氧化脂质饮食引起的nrf2 mRNA表达水平的降低和keap1 mRNA表达水平的升高,并且显著提高受Nrf2调控的下游转录因子 (gr、gpx和sod)的mRNA表达水平。牛磺酸还能缓解氧化脂质饲料引起的肠道消化酶活性、绒毛高度、绒毛宽度和肌层厚度的降低。另外,OFO组中肠道微生物组成的丰度和多样性显著降低,条件致病菌丰度明显升高,而有益菌的丰度却有所下降,这些不良现象在牛磺酸组中均得到明显改善。研究表明,牛磺酸可缓解脂质氧化饲料对黄河鲤造成的生长性能抑制、肠道组织结构破坏、消化功能下降及肠道菌群紊乱等不良影响。结合本研究结果,在氧化脂质饲料中牛磺酸的建议添加剂量为0.4%~0.8%。本研究为进一步探索牛磺酸对鱼类肠道的生物学功能奠定理论基础。

     

鱼用疫苗的研究概况

鱼用疫苗在提高动物体特异性免疫水平的同时亦能增强机体抗应激的能力,不污染环境,无药物残留。随着研究的不断深入,鱼用疫苗的种类愈来愈多。根据获得疫苗的不同方法,可将其分为死疫苗、减毒活疫苗、亚单位疫苗、DNA疫苗、合成肽疫苗等。鱼用疫苗的使用还有一系列问题尚未解决,如寻找保护性抗原,如何改进接种方式,如何将安全、经济、高效疫苗及时、大规模应用到养殖生产中等。     

海水鱼脂类营养与饲料的研究进展

脂类在鱼类营养中起着重要的作用,能为机体提供生长所需的必需脂肪酸等营养物质,机体中的必需脂肪酸对维持细胞结构和功能的完整性至关重要。此外,脂类在能量供应方面也起着重要作用。本文主要介绍了海水鱼类必需脂肪酸、鱼油替代、脂类营养与水产品品质关系以及海水鱼饲料这四个方面的研究现状,并就未来海水鱼脂类营养与饲料的研究重点进行了展望。