柑橘三种蚜虫取食行为的EPG分析

为探究柑橘3种蚜虫取食行为差异,利用刺吸电位图谱(electrical penetration graph,EPG)技术对褐色橘蚜Toxoptera citricida(Kirkaldy)、棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover和绣线橘蚜Aphis citricola van der Goot在椪柑上的取食行为进行了测定。结果表明:3种蚜虫均产生8种取食波形,依次为非刺探波(np波)、路径波(A、B、C波)、电位下降波(pd波)、韧皮部分泌唾液波(El波)、韧皮部被动吸食波(E2波)以及木质部主动吸食波(G波)。棉蚜开始取食的第1次刺探时间最早,绣线橘蚜刺探的次数最多,且C波时间最长。褐色橘蚜pd波出现的次数最少,棉蚜次之,绣线橘蚜最多,显著高于褐色橘蚜。与其它2种蚜虫相比,绣线橘蚜于木质部主动吸食汁液(G波)时间最长,有G波的个体比例最高。3种蚜虫E1波次数和总持续时间差异均不显著,但褐色橘蚜E2波的持续时间217.01±27.56 min显著长于棉蚜142.49±27.85 min和绣线橘蚜116.64±20.05 min。初步推断3种蚜虫对柑橘衰退病毒的传毒效率与E2波有关。     

亚致死浓度毒死蜱对小麦禾谷缢管蚜生长和繁殖的影响

为探讨毒死蜱对小麦禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)的亚致死效应,采用玻璃管药膜法确定了其亚致死浓度(LC10、LC20和LC30),并研究了该浓度下毒死蜱对小麦禾谷缢管蚜生长和繁殖的影响。结果表明:以LC10、LC20和LC30浓度处理后,禾谷缢管蚜成蚜的寿命分别为(8.60±0.22)、(8.03±0.18)和(6.68±0.18)d,均显著短于对照的(10.36±0.31)d;单雌产仔量分别为(21.88±0.63)、(20.41±0.53)和(16.68±0.35)只,也均显著少于对照的(26.40±0.89)只;产仔历期分别为(7.55±0.22)、(6.69±0.17)和(5.64±0.15)d,均显著短于对照的(9.13±0.31)d;试验浓度药剂处理对下一代若蚜期的影响不显著;LC30浓度处理对下一代成蚜繁殖有显著的抑制作用,可减少单雌产仔量3.74只,缩短产仔历期1.39 d。生命表参数分析表明:LC30浓度毒死蜱处理使小麦禾谷缢管蚜的净增殖率(R0)比对照降低了34.71%,使种群加倍时间(t)比对照延长了17.37%;LC20浓度处理使小麦禾谷缢管蚜的平均世代历期(T)延长了12.59%;LC10浓度处理组各项指标与对照间无显著性差异。研究表明,亚致死浓度毒死蜱能够缩短小麦禾谷缢管蚜成蚜的寿命,降低其繁殖力,该结果对小麦禾谷缢管蚜综合防治策略的制定具有积极意义。     

2种蚜虫取食诱导棉花对棉长管蚜与棉蚜取食行为的影响

为研究棉长管蚜Acyrthosiphon gossypii 与棉蚜 Aphis gossypii 对蚜虫取食诱导棉花的取食适应性, 揭示取食诱导下两种蚜虫的取食竞争机制, 采用刺探电位图谱技术(electrical penetration graph, EPG)测定在健康棉花、棉长管蚜或棉蚜诱导的棉花上取食6 h的棉长管蚜和棉蚜的16个重要参数, 比较两种蚜虫的取食行为。研究发现:1) 取食健康棉花时, 棉蚜在木质部(G波)的取食持续总时间长于棉长管蚜，棉蚜在木质部的取食能力大于棉长管蚜，但二者在韧皮部的取食能力相差不大。2) 取食棉长管蚜诱导的棉花时, 棉蚜取食韧皮部(E2波)持续的总时间为(2 531.33±60.86)s, 显著大于棉长管蚜E2波持续总时间［(2 196.00±98.91)s］;取食棉蚜诱导的棉花时, 棉蚜取食韧皮部、木质部持续的总时间显著长于棉长管蚜(P＜0.05), 说明棉蚜对于棉蚜诱导棉花的取食耐受性大于棉长管蚜。棉蚜对两种蚜虫取食诱导棉花的适应性更强, 更易在竞争中取得优势。棉长管蚜与棉蚜取食棉长管蚜或棉蚜诱导棉花的F波持续总时间长于健康棉花, 说明经取食诱导的棉花具有一定的抗虫性。     

3种农药对莲藕莲缢管蚜的杀虫活性和安全性

为筛选防治莲藕莲缢管蚜的理想药剂,比较研究了吡虫啉、啶虫脒、吡蚜酮的杀虫活性、田间防效、作物安全性和残留。结果表明,啶虫脒对莲缢管蚜3日龄蚜虫的LC50为0.09mg/L,毒力显著高于吡虫啉和吡蚜酮(LC50值分别为0.26mg/L和1.0mg/L)。湖南、湖北、浙江、福建和山东田间试验结果表明,吡虫啉、啶虫脒和吡蚜酮在15g/hm2以上有效使用剂量时,药后7d对莲藕莲缢管蚜的防治效果均在90%以上。10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂、5%啶虫脒乳油、25%吡蚜酮可湿性粉剂在稀释250倍及以下剂量时拌种或茎叶喷雾对莲藕植株生长均无药害。残留试验结果表明,吡虫啉在莲叶上的半衰期为2.5~5.9d;啶虫脒在莲叶上的半衰期为7.4~9.5d;吡蚜酮在莲叶上的半衰期为0.8~1.3d。吡虫啉、啶虫脒和吡蚜酮防治莲藕莲缢管蚜安全、高效。     

异色瓢虫对不同蚜虫的喜食性及高龄幼虫的捕食功能反应

异色瓢虫在河北南部区域有多个变种,其成虫及高龄幼虫是多种蚜虫的重要天敌之一。2022—2023年普查发现8个变种。通过比较异色瓢虫成虫对当地8种主要蚜虫的取食喜好性,发现其对禾谷缢管蚜、大豆蚜、萝卜蚜、槐蚜表现出明显偏好,平均日捕食量比柳蚜、桃蚜高45.93%～61.54%。根据异色瓢虫捕食特点及当地主要蚜虫种类,选取3、4龄幼虫捕食大豆蚜、萝卜蚜、禾谷缢管蚜,并用Holling II型圆盘方程建立了功能反应模型,结果表明3龄幼虫对上述3种蚜虫理论最大日捕食量分别为86.5、89.9、123.8头,4龄幼虫捕食量分别为197.4、214.9、209.3头。研究结果可为生产上生物防控蚜虫提供参考。     

河北廊坊小麦穗期蚜虫优势度和生态位分析

为明确华北小麦穗期主要蚜虫种类及其生态位, 为京津冀地区小麦蚜虫预测预报和科学防控提供技术支持，采用五点式和棋盘式取样法系统调查了河北廊坊小麦穗期不同蚜虫种类的种群动态及其在植株上的分布, 利用生态位理论, 计算荻草谷网蚜Sitobion miscanthi (Takahashi)、禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus)和麦无网长管蚜Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) 3种优势蚜虫的生态位宽度和重叠度。禾谷缢管蚜的时空生态位最宽, 其次为荻草谷网蚜和麦无网长管蚜, 其中禾谷缢管蚜的生态位宽度随时间推移呈上升趋势, 其他两种蚜虫呈下降趋势。不同蚜虫种类之间存在生态位重叠, 其中荻草谷网蚜与禾谷缢管蚜的重叠度最大, 为2.073 0, 荻草谷网蚜与麦无网长管蚜的重叠度最低, 为1.656 4; 随时间推移, 荻草谷网蚜与禾谷缢管蚜之间的竞争趋于增强, 禾谷缢管蚜与麦无网长管蚜之间的竞争趋于减弱, 而荻草谷网蚜与麦无网长管蚜的竞争关系相对稳定。荻草谷网蚜是当地小麦蚜虫主要优势种群, 禾谷缢管蚜时空生态位宽度最大, 与荻草谷网蚜竞争激烈, 麦无网长管蚜时空生态位相对稳定。     

麦蚜发生规律及其防治研究

麦蚜是我县沿江圩田三麦上重要害虫,尤以晚小麦受害更重。对其发生危害及防治进行了初步研究,结果报道如下。 一、麦蚜种类和发生特点 沿江圩田三麦上蚜虫有二种:禾谷缢管蚜(又名黍蚜)Rhopalosiphum padi[Linnaeus]及麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae[Fabricius]。 定点田系统观察结果:前期以麦长管蚜较多,后期禾谷缢管蚜所占比例逐渐上升,最高可占到99％以上(见表1)。 大田调查,禾谷缢管蚜比例占59.2—96.4％。禾谷缢管蚜所以能占绝对优势,主要因为这种蚜虫生长势强,繁殖速度快,5月下旬单个蚜虫繁殖平均达45只,而麦长管蚜虫只有4.2只。     

基于EPG分析无翅型和有翅型柑橘蚜虫的取食行为

为明确无翅型、有翅型柑橘蚜虫取食行为的差异,采用EPG技术对褐色橘蚜Toxoptera citricida(Kirkaldy)和棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover的有翅型、无翅型成蚜在柑橘苗上的取食行为进行测定。结果表明,褐色橘蚜无翅型和有翅型的EPG均记录到7种取食波形,依次为非刺探波np、路径波A、B和C、电位下降波pd、韧皮部取食波E1和E2;棉蚜无翅型和有翅型的EPG记录到9种取食波形,除上述7种外,还包括木质部主动吸食波G和口针阻碍波F。褐色橘蚜有翅型和无翅型的np波持续时间为25.73 min和8.39 min,二者间差异显著;棉蚜有翅型的np波持续时间、刺探次数、C波次数分别为27.34 min、19.16次、20.21次,显著高于无翅型,而刺探总持续时间为332.66 min,显著低于无翅型。棉蚜的C波次数及总持续时间、刺探次数、pd波次数及总持续时间均显著高于褐色橘蚜,而E2波总持续时间及平均持续时间均显著小于褐色橘蚜。表明棉蚜无翅型比有翅型在柑橘上更容易取食,影响有翅型蚜虫取食的抗性因子可能位于柑橘表面;褐色橘蚜比棉蚜对柑橘的适应性更强。     

用不同蚜虫作猎物对大灰食蚜蝇生长发育的影响

在20～25℃室温下用5种蚜虫分别饲养大灰食蚜蝇的结果表明,用麦长管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜、麦无网长管蚜、豌豆蚜作猎物,均能使食蚜蝇完成发育。幼虫期历期分别为11.0、10.2、10.1和10.6天,发育全期(幼虫+予蛹+蛹期)分别为29.0、30.6、27.4和26.1天,蛹重为33.9～40.7mg,差异不显著。但取食甘蓝蚜的食蚜蝇则不能完成个体发育。每天分别供应5、10、20、40和80头2～3龄麦无网长管蚜饲养食蚜蝇,在5头处理中,幼虫历期明显较长,予蛹及蛹期历期最短,其它4个处理间差异均不显著;幼虫成活率、蛹重和羽化率,则随取食蚜虫量的增加而明显增加。试验结果指出,人工饲养食蚜蝇必需选择适合的蚜种,虽然食蚜蝇幼虫取食86头2～3龄蚜虫即能完成发育,但提供更丰富的猎物还是必要的。     

棉蚜为害玉米初报

在河北省廊坊地区玉米田蚜虫种类除了玉米蚜［Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch)］、禾谷缢管蚜［R.padi (Linnaeus)］、荻草谷网蚜［Macrosiphum (Sitobion) miscanthi (Takahashi)］和麦二叉蚜［Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)］等蚜虫外,还发现一种在玉米生长前期在下部叶片取食, 玉米生长中后期向植株中上部转移为害的蚜虫,经形态学和分子生物学鉴定,证明该种为棉蚜,这是棉蚜为害玉米的首次报道。     

Systemic action of novel neonicotinoid insecticide IPP‐10 and its effect on the feeding behaviour of Rhopalosiphum padi on wheat

BACKGROUND: IPP‐10 is a novel neonicotinoid insecticide recently developed in China and has good activity against sucking insects. Studies were carried out to investigate the activity of IPP‐10 against Rhopalosiphum padi L. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that IPP‐10 had both contact and systemic activity, including acropetal and basipetal translocation in wheat vascular bundles. Starved R. padi were allowed to stay on wheat treated with a sublethal dose of IPP‐10. The results of studying their feeding behaviour from an electrical penetration graph (EPG) revealed a decrease in total time and bout duration of xylem and phloem ingestion, but the total time and bout duration of phloem salivation were significantly prolonged. The frequency (7.03 ± 0.49 Hz) of the xylem ingestion waveform produced by aphids on wheat treated with IPP‐10 was significantly lower than that of blank control aphids (8.20 ± 0.30 Hz). Consequently, aphids born on wheat treated with IPP‐10 were obviously lighter and less fecund than the control aphids. CONCLUSION: These tests indicated that IPP‐10 had both contact and systemic activity, with sublethal effects resulting in reduction in R. padi feeding behaviour, growth rate and fecundity. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Electrical penetration graph evidence that pymetrozine toxicity to the rice brown planthopper is by inhibition of phloem feeding

BACKGROUND: Pymetrozine is a valuable novel insecticide for control of sucking insects, including the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), one of the most serious pests on rice. This study was conducted to elucidate the action mechanisms of pymetrozine on the feeding behaviour of the planthopper. RESULTS: The activity test showed that pymetrozine primarily functioned as an antifeedant that caused starvation and death in N. lugens, rather than having neurotoxicity. Pymetrozine‐treated insects died at a significantly slower speed than insects treated with starvation. Electrical penetration graph (EPG) data indicated that pymetrozine significantly increased the duration of non‐probing periods and had a strong inhibition to phloem ingestion. The inhibition was strongly dose dependent, resulting in a complete suppression of the activity in the phloem region when the pymetrozine concentration was increased to 400 mg L^?1. Starvation caused by inhibition of phloem ingestion might be a major toxicity mechanism of pymetrozine. EPG data also showed that pymetrozine had no significant effect on stylet movement and duration of xylem sap ingestion. CONCLUSION: The study revealed that pymetrozine disturbed the feeding behaviour of N. lugens mainly by increasing the non‐probe period and inhibiting phloem ingestion. The inhibition resulted in a slow death similar to starvation. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of cycloxaprid,a novel cis‐nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide,on the feeding behaviour of Sitobion avenae

BACKGROUND: Cycloxaprid with cis‐configuration is a novel neonicotinoid insecticide, developed in China, that has good industrialisation prospects for its high activity against imidacloprid‐resistant pests. Studies were carried out to investigate the biological activity of cycloxaprid and its effect on the feeding behaviour of Sitobion avenae. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that cycloxaprid had good contact and root‐systemic activity. The electrical penetration graph (EPG) revealed that cycloxaprid significantly increased the total time of non‐probing periods and greatly inhibited phloem ingestion of treated aphids because it significantly reduced the total time and the frequency of phloem ingestion. Furthermore, cycloxaprid can increase the phloem salivation of treated aphids by comparison with aphids treated with imdacloprid and distilled water. Consequently, a sublethal dose of cycloxaprid impaired aphid ingestion of phloem sap and thereby reduced the weight of aphids. On the other hand, EPG data showed that a sublethal dose of cycloxaprid had no significant effect on xylem sap ingestion, in contrast to imidacloprid. CONCLUSION: All these tests indicated that cycloxaprid had both contact and root‐systemic activity, with sublethal effects resulting in reduction in Sitobion avenae phloem‐feeding behaviour and growth rate. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Pymetrozine,a Fast-Acting and Selective Inhibitor of Aphid Feeding. In-situ Studies with Electronic Monitoring of Feeding Behaviour

Pymetrozine, a pyridine azomethine compound, represents a novel insecticide with a selective activity against homopteran insects. It acts in a unique way: aphids are not knocked down on contact but seem to die of starvation. This implies an effect of pymetrozine on feeding behaviour. The aim of the present work was to elucidate how and at which step pymetrozine interferes with the complex mechanisms underlying phloem feeding. The effect of pymetrozine, applied in various ways, on different phases of stylet penetration and feeding activity of individual aphids was studied using the Electrical Penetration Graph technique (EPG). Initial choice experiments indicated that pymetrozine does not have a deterrent or antifeedant action. Topical application (150 ng pymetrozine mg^-1 fresh weight) inhibited stylet insertion into the plant. When injected, less than 30 ng mg^-1 was sufficient to produce the same effect. When pymetrozine was systemically applied via plant spraying or root uptake, aphids started feeding normally. After some time, however, they withdrew their stylets from the phloem and walked around with unaffected locomotion. At low doses aphids eventually recovered and resumed feeding. High doses, however, irreversibly disrupted feeding and prevented stylet reinsertion. Aphid motility was not affected up to an estimated haemolymph concentration of 1 mM pymetrozine. Aphids which eventually stopped feeding on pymetrozine-treated plants showed EPGs with distorted salivation/ingestion patterns. It is concluded that pymetrozine does not have a general toxic effect on aphids but selectively interferes with the nervous regulation of feeding behaviour which consequently results in death due to starvation after a few days. © 1997 SCI.     

Translocation of Pymetrozine in Plants

Pymetrozine, a pyridine-azomethine, is a selective biocide against aphids, whiteflies and plant hoppers with a high plant systemic activity. By means of bioassays and autoradiographic techniques it has been shown that this systemic behaviour originates not only from xylem but also from phloem mobility. After foliar application the growing points of plants are protected by pymetrozine imports mainly from leaves. This indicates a high importance of phloem mobility for the systemic activity of pymetrozine against plant-sucking insects. © 1997 SCI.     

不同浓度吡虫啉对禾谷缢管蚜酯酶的影响

采用生物化学方法研究不同剂量吡虫啉对禾谷缢管蚜酯酶活性和酶动力学参数的影响.结果表明,不同浓度吡虫啉处理禾谷缢管蚜后,可极显著诱导禾谷缢管蚜蛋白含量增加和酯酶活力增强,且不同处理组间蛋白含量差异显著,但不同剂量吡虫啉处理并未对禾谷缢管蚜酯酶动力学参数产生明显影响.不同浓度吡虫啉处理禾谷缢管蚜后,并未改变其酯酶的性质,但酯酶的表达量显著增加.     

Effects of pymetrozine, an antifeedant of Hemiptera, on Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, feeding behavior, survival and transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus

BACKGROUND: Vector‐borne plant disease management can be enhanced by deployment of antifeedants in addition to the use of broad‐spectrum neurotoxic insecticides. The effects of pymetrozine on Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, feeding behaviour, survival and transmission of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las), the presumed causal pathogen of huanglongbing, were investigated. RESULTS: Pymetrozine applied at 52 and 104 µg mL^?1 to citrus plants [Swingle citrumelo (X Citroncirus webberi Ingram and Moore)] modified the feeding behavior of ACP and increased the amount of time spent performing non‐penetration behaviors while decreasing the time spent performing ingestion behaviors compared with the controls 1 day after treatment. However, the antifeedant effect of pymetrozine subsided 5 days after application. Pymetrozine reduced the survival of both adults and nymphs on treated plants compared with the control. However, it had a greater impact on survival of nymphs than on survival of adults. Pymetrozine applied at 52 and 104 µg mL^?1 on Las‐infected ‘Valencia’ sweet orange plants [Citrus sinensis L. (Osbeck)] reduced acquisition (12 and 21% respectively) and transmission (11 and 18% respectively) of Las by feeding ACP adults compared with the controls; however, these reductions were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Pymetrozine exhibited moderate antifeedant effects by modifying the feeding behavior of ACP adults with short residual activity. The impact of pymetrozine on survival of nymphs was greater than on adults at the higher concentrations tested. Pymetrozine also reduced the acquisition and transmission of Las by feeding ACP adults up to 21 and 18%, respectively, compared with untreated controls. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Variation in Transmission Efficiency Among Barley yellow dwarf virus-RMV Isolates and Clones of the Normally Inefficient Aphid Vector, Rhopalosiphum padi

The RMV strain of Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV-RMV) is an unassigned member of the Luteoviridae that causes barley yellow dwarf in various cereal crops. The virus is most efficiently vectored by the aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis, but can also be vectored with varying efficiency by R. padi and Schizaphis graminum. Field collections of alate aphids migrating into the emerging winter wheat crop in the fall of 1994 in central New York identified a high proportion of R. padi transmitting BYDV-RMV. This prompted a comparison of the BYDV-RMV isolates and the R. padi populations found in the field with type virus and aphid species maintained in the laboratory. A majority of the field isolates of BYDV-RMV were similar to each other and to the type BYDV-RMV isolate in disease severity on oat and in transmission by the laboratory-maintained population of R. maidis and a field-collected population of R. maidis. However, several field populations of R. padi differed in their ability to transmit the various BYDV-RMV isolates. The transmission efficiency of the R. padi clones was increased if acquisition and inoculation feeding periods were allowed at higher temperatures. In addition, the transmission efficiency of BYDV-RMV was significantly influenced by the aphid that inoculated the virus source tissue. In general, BYDV-RMV transmission by R. padi was higher when R. padi was the aphid that inoculated the source tissue than when R. maidis was the inoculating aphid. The magnitude of the change varied among virus isolates and R. padi clones. These results indicate that, under certain environmental conditions, R. padi can play a significant role in the epidemiology of BYDV-RMV. This may be especially significant in regions where corn is a major source of virus and of aphids that can carry virus into a fall-planted wheat crop.