不同程度干旱胁迫对油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长特性的影响

采用不同渗透势聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)模拟干旱胁迫处理,观察油菜种子的萌发及生长状况.结果表明,干旱胁迫不同程度降低了油菜种子的萌发速率和出苗速率,-0.5～-1.0 MPa处理的最终发芽率随着渗透势的降低而显著降低,较对照降低了3.9%～86.9%,在-0.6～-1.0 MPa渗透势范围内不能成苗.试验7 d后将...     

混合盐(NaCl+NaHCO3)和NaCl对黑果枸杞种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

用不同浓度混合盐(NaCl+NaHCO_3)、NaCl分别处理黑果枸杞种子,研究不同盐分对黑果枸杞种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、相对盐害率、复萌率和黑果枸杞幼苗鲜重、干重、含水量、根长、茎长及根茎比的影响。结果表明:与CK(对照)相比,随着混合盐(NaCl+NaHCO_3)浓度的增加,黑果枸杞种子发芽率、发芽势均为下降趋势,发芽指数、活力指数及幼苗根长、芽长、根茎比、鲜重、干重、含水量、复萌率呈先上升后下降的趋势,相对盐害率呈上升趋势。随着NaCl浓度的增加,黑果枸杞种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数及幼苗根长、根茎比、干重、含水量呈先上升后下降的趋势,茎长、鲜重呈下降趋势,相对盐害率、复萌率呈上升趋势。黑果枸杞种子对混合盐(NaCl+NaHCO_3)和NaCl具有不同的耐受性,通过比较发现黑果枸杞种子对NaCl耐受性较强。黑果枸杞幼苗在混合盐(NaCl+NaHCO_3)处理下生长情况好于NaCl处理,说明黑果枸杞幼苗更适应在混合盐(NaCl+NaHCO_3)环境中生长。     

白茎盐生草种子萌发特性及其对盐旱胁迫的响应

以白茎盐生草种子为材料,研究不同光照、温度、NaCl和PEG处理对白茎盐生草种子萌发特性的影响.结果表明:1)白茎盐生草萌发时对光暗条件要求不严,3种光暗条件下,白茎盐生草种子均在30℃/35℃时快速达到最大萌发率而完成萌发进程.2)当NaCl浓度为100 mmol/L时,对白茎盐生草种子萌发无显著影响向,但当NaCl浓度为200～ 500mmol/L则会显著抑制白茎盐生草种子的萌发,种子的耐盐(NaCl)阈值和极限值分别为350.94和510.32mmol/L.3)随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,完成萌发进程所用时间增长,最终萌发率显著下降.-0.2 MPa的渗透势对白茎盐生草种子最终萌发率无显著影响,渗透势为-0.4～-1.2 MPa时,种子最终萌发率总体呈显著下降的趋势,种子的耐旱(PEG)阈值和极限值分别为-1.58和-3.09 MPa.综上所述,白茎盐生草种子萌发时表现出较强的抗盐性和极强的抗旱性.     

聚乙二醇模拟干旱对新疆橡胶草种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响

以新疆橡胶草为材料,采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱法,PEG溶液渗透势范围为-1.0~0.0MPa,探讨干旱胁迫对橡胶草种子发芽势、发芽率、日相对发芽率、平均发芽速率、发芽指数、活力指数、幼根长度、幼叶长度以及幼叶宽度的影响。结果表明,随着PEG溶液浓度的增加,种子活力以及幼苗长势均呈现出先升高而后降低的趋势。当PEG溶液渗透势为-0.4 MPa时,发芽指数和活力指数显著低于对照组,而其幼根长度、幼叶长度以及幼叶宽度与对照组差异不显著,说明橡胶草种子活力比幼苗生长对于干旱胁迫更敏感;当PEG溶液渗透势为-0.8 MPa时,橡胶草种子萌发受到完全抑制,表明-0.8 MPa为橡胶草种子萌发的临界水势。     

水盐胁迫对裸果木种子萌发的影响

以裸果木(Gymnocarpos przewalskii)种子为供试材料,在渗透势分别为-0. 3、-0. 5、-0. 7、-0. 9、-1. 2MPa条件下,以蒸馏水为对照(0 MPa),分析模拟水分(PEG-6000)和盐分(Na Cl)胁迫对种子萌发的影响,以确定其耐旱性和耐盐性。结果表明:两种胁迫均使裸果木种子的萌发受到明显抑制,聚乙二醇(PEG)胁迫使种子的萌发指数、活力指数和胚根长度均显著降低,渗透势≤-0. 7 MPa时,萌发率显著下降。Na Cl胁迫下萌发指数和胚根长度均显著降低,渗透势≤-0. 9 MPa时,萌发率显著降低,萌发指数、活力指数和胚根长度对水盐胁迫敏感,可作为评价裸果木种子萌发耐旱耐盐性的主要指标。等渗条件下,渗透势为-0. 7 MPa和-0. 9 MPa时,PEG胁迫下种子萌发率、活力指数、胚轴长度显著低于Na Cl胁迫;渗透势≤-0. 7 MPa时,PEG处理的发芽势、萌发指数明显低于Na Cl处理,说明影响裸果木种子萌发的主要因素是渗透胁迫,而不是离子毒害。种子萌发耐受PEG胁迫的临界值为-0. 8 MPa,极限值为-1. 1 MPa;耐受Na Cl胁迫的临界值为-1. 5 MPa,极限值为-2. 2 MPa,表明裸果木种子萌发期的耐盐性大于耐旱性。     

不同产地扁蓿豆种子萌发期抗旱性综合评价

采用不同渗透势聚乙二醇（PEG6000）溶液模拟干旱胁迫,研究了甘肃景泰、陇西、镇原、永昌、天水、榆中、宁县、夏河、临夏、渭源和内蒙古土默特、陕西陇县12个扁蓿豆（Medicago ruthenica）居群种子萌发期的抗旱性。结果表明,PEG胁迫降低了扁蓿豆种质资源的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数,抑制了胚芽和胚根的生长。-0．3 MPa的渗透势胁迫可促进陇西扁蓿豆种子的萌发,且在此浓度下其相对发芽指数和相对活力指数均显著高于其他11份材料。在-0．3 MPa PEG胁迫下景泰和土默特扁蓿豆的相对胚根长较高,表现出一定的抗旱性;高渗透势的胁迫严重抑制了扁蓿豆胚芽和胚根的生长。以种子萌发期的相对发芽率、相对发芽指数、相对活力指数、相对胚根长和相对胚芽长等5项为指标,应用隶属函数法对12份扁蓿豆抗旱性进行综合评价,抗旱性强弱依次为：景泰＞陇西＞土默特＞镇原＞永昌＞天水＞榆中＞宁县＞夏河＞临夏＞陕西陇县＞渭源。     

盐和PEG模拟干旱胁迫对沙米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

研究不周浓度盐溶液(NaCl、MgSO4、盐渍土壤)和PEG模拟干旱胁迫对沙米种子吸胀、萌发和幼苗生长的影响,并观察胁迫解除后种子的反应.结果表明:随着NaCl、MgSO4和PEG浓度的升高,沙米种子吸胀率先升后降,种子萌发率呈现不同程度降低,盐渍土壤溶液对萌发率没有显著影响;对沙米种子萌发和幼苗生长的胁迫效应是NaC...     

花生萌芽期水分胁迫品种适应性及抗旱性评价

通过PEG6000人工模拟干旱条件,研究了27个花生品种种子萌芽期对渗透胁迫的响应及抗旱性评价.结果表明,水分胁迫降低了各品种的发芽率,阻碍了胚根和胚芽的生长,降低了种子中贮藏物质的利用效率;不同品种抗旱性存在明显差异,在水分胁迫下抗旱性强的品种仍然保持较高的发芽率和生根率;在17.5%PEG6000水分胁迫处理下萌发期各指标a值(抗旱指数)品种间差异明显,可以作为花生品种抗旱鉴定浓度.     

盐分和水分胁迫对补血草种子萌发的影响

在不同昼夜温度条件下用不同浓度NaCl(mmol/L)溶液及等渗聚乙二醇溶液处理大叶补血草(Limo-nium gmelinii(Willd.)Kuntze)和耳叶补血草(Limonium otolepis(Schrenk)Kuntze)种子,分别测定其萌发率、发芽势和发芽指数,测定处理9 d未萌发的种子移入蒸馏水后的萌发恢复率,以研究温度、盐胁迫和模拟干旱胁迫对种子萌发的影响。结果表明:两种补血草种子萌发的最适温度为25~15℃,在蒸馏水中的萌发率最高,随着盐浓度和PEG6000溶液浓度的增加,种子的萌发率、发芽势和发芽指数递减,对萌发产生抑制作用;PEG6000溶液对种子的萌发抑制程度与等渗NaCl溶液相当。较高盐浓度和PEG6000溶液处理下的种子复水后萌发可以恢复。     

青海云杉种子萌发特性

以天祝县青海云杉天然种群种子为研究对象,通过对种子生活力测定,分析种子萌发对温度、光照、水分和盐分胁迫的响应,为引种提供参考数据。结果表明：① 种子的生活力为72%。② 在黑暗条件下,温度小于10 ℃种子不萌发,最适萌发温度25/15 ℃(72%);种子在24 h黑暗和24 h光照条件下的萌发率显著高于14 h光照/10 h黑暗。③ 当NaCl胁迫浓度为50 mmol·L^-1时,可促进种子萌发,当胁迫浓度大于50 mmol·L^-1时,抑制种子萌发;胁迫解除后,随着胁迫浓度的增加,恢复萌发率(RGR)先增加后减小,胁迫浓度为400 mmol·L^-1时,RGR达到最大值13%。④ 随着PEG-6000试剂胁迫渗透势的增加,种子萌发显著减少,在-0.9 MPa时,种子不能萌发;胁迫解除后,RGR先增加后减少,在-0.9 MPa时,达到最大值35%。     

盐碱胁迫对棉花生长和养分吸收的影响

选取棉花品种鲁棉研24号为研究对象，探究盐胁迫（CS,NaCl含盐量为4.43 g·kg^-1）和碱胁迫（AS,Na₂CO₃+NaHCO₃质量比1∶1，含盐量为2.03 g·kg^-1）对棉花生长、生理和养分吸收的影响。结果表明：盐碱胁迫显著抑制棉花生长，与CK相比，CS处理叶、茎、根的K/Na值分别降低86.4%、9.2%和75.0%，总生物量降低57.5%，叶片REC、MDA含量、SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性和PRO含量分别增加74.2%、211.7%、118.9%、9.0%、134.0%和230.0%；AS处理叶、茎、根的K/Na值分别降低94.4%、91.7%和84.5%，总生物量降低58.8%，叶片REC、MDA含量、SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性和PRO含量分别增加31.5%、208.3%、215.3%、12.4%、276.1%和264.2%;CS处理叶中Na含量提高 563.0%，N含量提高13.9%，P含量降低35.5%，K含量降低10.0%，Ca含量降低21.4%，Mg含量降低19.2%，S含量降低14.3%，Fe含量提高26.2%，Mn含量提高37.2%，Zn含量提高32.2%，Cu含量降低11.1%，B含量提高5.7%，Mo含量提高21.1%，Ni含量降低5.1%;AS处理叶中Na含量提高1 761.0%，N含量降低2.7%，P含量降低23.3%，K含量提高5.9%，Ca含量降低40.0%，Mg含量降低27.3%，S含量降低17.5%，Fe含量提高71.8%，Mn含量提高81.8%，Zn含量提高19.7%，Cu含量提高10.3%，B含量降低20.3%，Mo含量提高133.7%，Ni含量提高66.8%。棉花通过强化抗氧化酶系统和积累脯氨酸适应盐碱胁迫。盐胁迫下叶面喷施N、P、K、Ca、Mg、S、B、Fe、Cu和Ni，碱胁迫下叶面喷施N、P、Ca、Mg、S、Fe、Zn和B可以缓解盐碱胁迫对养分吸收带来的不利影响。[     

干旱胁迫和风沙吹袭对白刺光合作用的影响

以民勤荒漠绿洲过渡带分布的天然白刺灌丛为实验材料,采用两因素实验设计,分别设置两个土壤水分条件(补水和干旱)和两个风沙吹袭水平(沙障遮挡的无风沙和自然风沙吹袭),用LI-6400XT型光合作用测量系统测定白刺叶片的气体代谢参数,从叶片水平上研究干旱胁迫和风沙吹袭对白剌光合作用的影响.结果 表明:单一的干旱胁迫使白刺叶片...     

Influence of drought, salt stress and abscisic acid on the resistance of tomato to Botrytis cinerea and Oidium neolycopersici

Abiotic stress may affect plant response to pathogen attack through induced alterations in growth regulator and gene expression. Abscisic acid (ABA) mediates several plant responses to abiotic stress. The effects of drought, salt stress and ABA on the interaction of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) with the biotrophic fungus Oidium neolycopersici and the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea were investigated. Drought stress resulted in a twofold increase in endogenous ABA as well as a 50% reduction in B. cinerea infection and a significant suppression of O. neolycopersici on tomato cv. Moneymaker. Salt stress did not affect B. cinerea infection, but significantly reduced infection by O. neolycopersici , with no obvious increase in endogenous ABA. Compared with the wild type, the ABA-deficient sitiens mutant was more resistant to O. neolycopersici and B. cinerea . Exogenous ABA resulted in increased susceptibility of sitiens to both pathogens, but did not increase the basal susceptibility of wild-type plants. It is concluded that, in tomato, drought and salt stress stimulate different, but possibly overlapping, pathogen-defence pathways which may not necessarily involve ABA. Meanwhile, basal endogenous ABA levels suppress the resistance of tomato to O. neolycopersici and B. cinerea , but an ABA increase above the basal level, resulting from exogenous application, does not increase susceptibility to these pathogens.     

NaCl和Na_2CO_3对枸杞的胁迫效应

对5个月苗龄的枸杞幼苗用0.3%～0.9%的中性盐NaCl和碱性盐Na2CO3处理,以观察枸杞幼苗对盐碱的耐受程度。结果表明:枸杞耐Na2CO3的最高浓度为0.3%,而耐NaCl的最高浓度为0.9%。在两种盐胁迫下,相对生长率、O2-·、H2O2、MDA含量以及质膜透性的变化趋势基本相似。但是,在Na2CO3胁迫下,相对生长率明显下降,O2-·、H2O2、MDA含量上升加剧,质膜透性也明显增加。叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量明显下降;可溶性糖和淀粉含量出现明显下降趋势。而在NaCl胁迫下,叶片可溶性糖含量出现先降后升的趋势,根中的淀粉含量也出现缓慢上升的趋势,并且二者差异显著(P<0.05),由此说明枸杞对盐的耐受力高于碱。     

模拟水、盐胁迫对沙棘幼苗PSII活力影响的对比研究

通过PEG-6000和NaCl模拟试验,研究了水分和盐分胁迫对沙棘幼苗叶片光系统II（PSII）活力的影响。结果显示：2种胁迫抑制了PSII受体侧的电子传递,减少进入电子传递链的能量流,抑制叶绿素的合成,但对单位面积反应中心密度影响不大。不同的胁迫对沙棘叶片PSII活力的影响程度不同：在NaCl胁迫下,单位反应中心吸收...     

Seed germination ecology of creeping mannagrass (Glyceria acutiflora) and response to POST herbicides

Creeping mannagrass is a perennial grass weed widely distributed in China and is becoming increasingly problematic in nurseries and landscapes in some regions. Understanding the germination ecology and response to commonly available POST herbicides of this weed is critical to determining its adaptive capabilities and potential for infestation, and assist in the development of effective control strategies. In the light/dark regime, creeping mannagrass germinated over a wide range of temperatures (15/5 to 30/20°C), with maximum germination at 20/10°C (95%). No seed germinated at 35/25 or 10/0°C. The time required for 50% of maximum germination increased as temperature decreased. Compared with the light/dark conditions, germination was slightly stimulated when seeds were placed in the dark. Creeping mannagrass is moderately tolerant to osmotic and salt stress, which had 53 and 50% germination rates at ?0.6 mPa osmotic potential and 200 mM NaCl concentration, respectively. Seedling emergence of the seeds buried at a depth of 0.5 cm (86%) was higher than those sowing on the soil surface (17%), but declined with burial depth increasing. There were no differences in the emergence rates from a burial depth 0.5–2 cm. Few seeds (4%) could emerge when seeds were sowed at a depth of 8 cm. POST application of haloxyfop‐R‐methyl, quizalofop‐p‐ethyl, sethoxydim, and pinoxaden provides 100% control of creeping mannagrass at the three‐leaf to five‐leaf stages. To achieve 80% control with clodinafop‐propargyl, mesosulfuron‐methyl, and fenoxaprop‐p‐ethyl, herbicides had to be applied at the three‐leaf stage.     

“旱涝急转”对水稻生长发育的影响及其有关问题的思考

近年来我国很多地区,尤其是长江中下游地区发生了快速、剧烈的"旱涝急转"事件,造成农作物大幅度减产。介绍"旱涝急转"的概念及内涵,阐明干旱胁迫、湿涝胁迫及"旱涝急转"对水稻生长发育、产量、品质、根系活力、生理特性的影响以及不同水稻基因型对其反应的差异性,概述水稻"旱涝急转"最新研究进展,提出"旱涝急转"灾害的预防与补救措施,就培育抗旱和耐涝水稻品种的研究前景进行展望。     

Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) control under drought stress with 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and glyphosate

Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) is a common and troublesome weed in cropping systems throughout the United States. With the potential for future periods of low rainfall or drought, the need for improved weed control under drought stress is necessary. Drought stress typically reduces herbicide efficacy by reducing the foliar uptake of herbicides and their translocation. The objectives of this research were to determine the efficacy of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) and glyphosate, applied alone or when tank‐mixed, on waterhemp under varying levels of drought stress, the effect of the timing of drought stress in relation to herbicide application and the absorption and translocation of each herbicide in drought‐stressed waterhemp. At reduced herbicide rates, 2,4‐D had a greater level of control of waterhemp under drought stress, compared to glyphosate. The level of herbicide efficacy was lower when the amount of water that was applied to the plants was reduced. The level of waterhemp control was greatest when drought stress occurred before the herbicide application and when the plants were watered to saturation after the application, compared to when drought stress occurred after the herbicide application or restricted watering levels occurred throughout the entire study. Glyphosate absorption and translocation were reduced in the drought‐stressed plants, but 2,4‐D absorption and translocation were not altered. The absence of a reduction in 2,4‐D translocation in the drought‐stressed weeds has not been previously reported. Applying herbicides prior to a rainfall event could increase the weed control level, even if the weed is stressed. Determining how and why 2,4‐D absorption and translocation levels, compared to those of glyphosate, are unaffected by drought stress in waterhemp can aid in improving the control of drought‐stressed weeds with other postemergence herbicides.