乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川东西支变化特征研究

利用乌鲁木齐河源区气温、降水资料以及1号冰川变化数据,分析了1号冰川东支和西支冰川变化特征的异同,并运用物质和能量平衡理论对1号冰川加速消融和特征变化进行解释。研究表明:1号冰川东支和西支冰川变化特征的差异是由各自冰川形态、海拔、地形、面积规模等不同所导致的,而气温升高和太阳短波辐射吸收率增加是1号冰川加速消融和特征变化的两个重要原因。     

天山奎屯哈希勒根51号冰川变化及其对气候的响应

哈希勒根51号冰川位于新疆奎屯市以南的天山依连哈比尔尕山北坡,即奎屯河上游支流哈希勒根河源区。继1998年对冰川末端和运动速度的首次观测之后,相继开展了多次重复测量,完成了冰川面积测量和首次雷达厚度测量。结合冰川实测资料和已有相关研究,对自20世纪60年代以来的变化特征进行了详细分析,结果表明：1964-2006年哈希勒根51号冰川面积共减小了0.123 km2,年平均退缩率约为0.19%,相比低于天山地区的整体水平（0.31%）。冰川末端累计退缩84.51 m,年平均退缩率为2.01 m。对于冰川运动速度,1999-2006年整体偏低,各流速点的年际变化较小,且略微有下降的趋势;7 a间物质平衡年际变化较小,整体表现出沿海拔高度增加而增加的趋势。1964-2010年冰川厚度减薄了约10 m,年均变化率约为0.22 m。与天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川相比,整体消融趋势稍弱。     

中国大陆型冰川和海洋型冰川变化比较分析——以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川和玉龙雪山白水河1号冰川为例

以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川和玉龙雪山白水河1号冰川为例,比较分析了全球变暖背景下中国大陆型冰川和海洋型冰川自20世纪中期以来的变化。结果表明：物质平衡亏损、平衡线高度上升、活动层温度升高、厚度减薄、运动速度降低、末端退缩、面积和冰储量减少是两类冰川的主要变化趋势;大陆型冰川变率有加大或者大于海洋型冰川的表现,并且两类冰川的变化幅度差距有逐渐缩小或趋稳的迹象。进一步分析认为：两类冰川消融退缩的主要原因是气温上升,重要因素是冰面反照率降低,而气候环境、响应气候变化的敏感性、加速消融机理等差异,是造成两者变化差异性的主要原因。     

1960-2009年中国天山现代冰川末端变化特征

基于冰川定位观测、野外考察、航空摄影、遥感影像和地形图分析方法,研究了1960-2009年中国天山8条冰川末端变化特征。结果表明：1960-2009年,在天山地区气温与降水呈上升趋势的背景下,8条冰川均处于退缩状态,退缩速率由西向东逐渐减缓,其变化幅度因气候环境、地理位置、冰川规模和冰川形态等的不同而存在明显的区域性与阶段性差异。其中,乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川1962-1973年冰川末端退缩速率为5.96 m•a^-1,1973-1980年为3.28 m•a^-1,1980-1993年为3.93 m•a^-1,在1993年完全分离成东、西两支独立的冰川;博格达峰四工河4号冰川末端1962-1981年退缩速率为6 m•a^-1,1981-2006年为8.9 m•a^-1,2006-2009年为13.3 m•a^-1。表碛覆盖的青冰滩72号冰川和74号冰川末端1964-2009年退缩速率分别为41 m•a^-1和30 m•a^-1,远较无表碛覆盖的庙儿沟平顶冰川退缩迅速（1972-2007年冰川末端退缩速率为2.32 m•a^-1）。表面特征（表碛）亦是造成冰川变化差异的一个主要原因。     

近50年来天山博格达峰地区冰川变化分析

选取了博格达峰地区的112条冰川,对近50年来该区的冰川变化情况进行详细分析。结合1:5万地形图、Landsat ETM+影像及数字高程模型数据,通过雪盖指数提取的方法,参照专家指导意见进行冰川边界的再次修订,得到1962~2011年该区的冰川变化数据,并分析了过去近50年来冰川变化特征及其对气候变化的响应过程。结果表明:1962~2011年,研究的112条冰川总面积从109.94km2减少到85.88km2,减少了24.06km2,退缩率为21.88%;冰川平均面积从0.98km2减小为0.78km2。结合蔡家湖、乌鲁木齐、达坂城、奇台气象站气象资料分析,天山博格达峰地区冰川萎缩与该地区气温快速上升关系密切,气温上升导致的冰川消融在一定程度上抵消了降水增加对冰川的补给。     

近20年长江源头各拉丹东冰川变化及其对气候变化的响应

基于1992、2002、2008年三个时相TM数字遥感影像和1:10万地形图数据,通过目视解译方法提取冰川面积,研究了青藏高原腹地长江源头各拉丹东地区冰川变化问题。结果表明:各拉丹东地区总冰川面积自1992年以来呈持续下降趋势,面积由1992年的931.59km2减少至2002年的927.66km2,至2008年时缩减至915.13km2。1992~2008年冰川面积共减少了16.46km2,年平均递减约1.03km2,总面积减少约1.77%。2002-2008年总面积下降约1.35%,约为1969-2000年的31a间冰川消融面积的80%,表明近二十年青藏高原腹地冰川退缩速率明显加快。进一步分析发现,面积较小的冰川其消融或退缩速度更快,面积较大的则相对较为缓慢。在总体退缩趋势下,2号冰川末端部分地区2002年出现了增长趋势,其变化趋势表现为:退缩-短暂前进-退缩。对影响冰川变化气候因子分析表明,近几十年青藏高原地区升温所引起的气候变暖是影响20世纪90年代中期以来该地区冰川加速消融的根本原因,气候显著变暖冰川明显退缩。     

近22年结则茶卡湖流域冰川、湖泊变化及原因分析

文中利用Landsat TM/ETM +/OLI遥感影像、SRTM4.1 DEM及ICESat卫星高程数据分别对结则茶卡湖流域的冰川和湖泊面积变化、高程变化、湖泊相对水量变化进行了分析.结果表明:1)1991-2013年流域冰川由133.62km2±0.02km2退缩至130.26±0.02km2,共退缩3.36±0.02km2,退缩百分比为2.5％;2)1991-2013年流域湖泊由107.87km2±0.02km2增加至115.82±0.02km2,共扩张了7.95±0.02km2,扩张百分比为7.4％;3)2003-2009年流域冰川水当量高度共降低2.77±0.10m(0.40m·a-),冰川物质损失为0.38±0.01km3水当量;湖高程共增加1.46±0.10m(0.21m·a-1),相对水量增加0.16±0.01km3;4)太阳辐射和升温是冰川消融的主要原因,略有增加的降水不能弥补太阳辐射和升温的影响.冰川融水增加是结则茶卡面积扩张、水位升高的主要原因,略有增加的降水和增加的冻土退化和消融量目前不是湖泊水量增加的主要因素.     

近40年来托木尔峰南坡三条监测冰川对气候变暖的响应

托木尔峰地区是中国现代冰川最大的作用中心之一。近四十年来,冰川消融加剧,退缩趋势明显,冰川融水径流增加。对托木尔峰南坡三条不同规模冰川的研究表明,面积减小厚度减薄是该区域冰川变化的主要趋势。受表碛覆盖影响,厚度减薄趋势显著,但末端退缩幅度差异很大。基于遥感监测资料以及实地考察数据,三条冰川自1964年以来面积分别减小了21.4%,15.8%和0.3%,末端平均退缩速率分别为41m·a~(-1)、30m·a~(-1)、1.5m·a~(-1)。大冰川大幅退缩对该区域水资源的短期和长期影响作用不容忽视。地形及表碛是影响冰川差异化消融的重要因子,温度升高是造成冰川退缩的重要驱动因素。     

1972-2013年新疆玛纳斯河流域冰川变化

利用多期遥感资料,分析了新疆玛纳斯河流域1972-2013年的冰川变化,并对其原因进行了分析.结果表明:1972-2013年冰川共退缩了159.02 km2(变化率为-24.61％),海拔3 800～4200 m之间退缩最为强烈,冰川末端海拔升高明显(41 a间海拔3 200～3300m之间的冰川消失).冰川变化存在一定的区域差异性,玛纳斯河主源冰川退缩速度最快,左岸次之,右岸退缩速度最慢.从朝向上看,各个朝向的冰川均处于退缩状态,偏东向的冰川退缩面积明显大于其他方向.近40 a,流域冰川总储量减少了59.09～85.94 km3.与中国天山其他地区冰川相比,该流域的冰川退速率较高,气温升高是该区域冰川退缩的主要原因.     

近23年来北天山冰川面积变化对气候的响应

利用1989、1998、2011年的Landsat TM、ETM+遥感影像为数据源,运用比值阈值法(b3/b5)结合目视解译方法,提取了北天山3个时段的冰川边界,并在地理信息系统技术支持下分析了该区域冰川的变化情况。研究表明:北天山整体变化幅度较大,冰川表现为萎缩的趋势,近23年来冰川面积减小了14.93%。分析认为,较大的变化率是由于研究区面积<1km2的冰川数量占总数的比重较大(近80%)造成的。同时分析了北天山冰川空间结构特征,<0.5km2面积的冰川对气候变化最为敏感,消融率最高,1～5km2面积的冰川对消融总量贡献比例最大。依据分形理论对未来冰川变化进行初步预测,分析认为研究区冰川的消融率仍保持比较高的状态。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.