阿拉善荒漠功能灌木群的土壤呼吸动态研究

使用LI-8100仪器实测了在生长季阿拉善的梭梭、沙冬青、红砂、华北驼绒藜、珍珠、白刺六种植物群落土壤呼吸速率,使用挖刨面法逐月测定了土壤温度和土壤含水量。结果表明:这六种荒漠植物群落土壤呼吸速率日动态均呈单峰型,最高值皆出现在12:00-14:00,最低值出现在早晨8:00,土壤呼吸速率最大值出现时间先于气温最高值出现的时间。六种植物群落土壤呼吸速率的月变化呈单峰曲线,与近地面气温的变化趋势一致。六种植物群落土壤呼吸速率的日变化与地表温度达到极显著正相关关系,与近地面气温、5cm、10cm温度具有显著相关性。六种植物群落与土壤含水量0-10cm、10-20cm、20-30cm都没有显著相关性。在源与汇的问题上,梭梭、沙冬青、红砂、珍珠、华北驼绒藜、白刺是汇。     

青海湖流域湿地小气候特征

利用青海湖流域小泊湖湿地和瓦颜山湿地的气象观测资料,分析了湿地小气候特征。结果表明:青海湖流域是太阳辐射较强的区域,反射辐射最大值出现在4月,总辐射、大气长波辐射、地面长波辐射、净辐射和土壤热通量均表现为夏季高、冬季低。瓦颜山湿地年平均地表反照率为0.26,夏季平均地表反照率为0.2,低于隆宝湿地、西大滩和五道梁。瓦颜山和小泊湖站比湿最大值出现在夏季,最小值出现在冬季,降水主要集中在5-9月,占全年降水量的90%以上。2站气温和5 cm地温最高值出现在8月,最低值出现在1月,受湖陆热力性质差异的影响,小泊湖站全年白天盛行西风和偏西风,夜晚盛行东风;瓦颜山站则受地形影响,全年盛行西南风。     

冷锋天气过程大气边界层特征与颗粒物污染

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站边界层铁塔梯度观测、湍流观测和PM₁₀浓度资料,分析一次典型冷锋天气过程兰州大气边界层结构和湍流输送特征及其与PM₁₀浓度的关系。结果表明：冷锋过境前边界层有逆温层出现。随着锋面过境,逆温层完全被破坏、消失,混合层迅速发展,边界层低层温度和湿度垂直梯度变得很小,风速垂直梯度则明显增大;PM₁₀浓度先升后降。冷锋过境时垂直湍流输送强烈,经向和纬向动量均向下输送。动量下传使地表尘沙大量扬起,造成冷锋过境初期颗粒物浓度骤升。     

敦煌西湖自然保护区湿地生物多样性及保护对策研究

敦煌西湖自然保护区总面积66万hm2,湿地总面积11.35万hm2,其地理位置和生态环境独特,地形地貌复杂,自然环境类型多样,是生物多样性最丰富的地区之一,动植物中有许多保护种和特有种。然而近几年来,由于自然和人类的双重作用,生态环境逐渐退化,生物多样性种类数量锐减,生物多样性保护刻不容缓。只有加强科学管理和生态建设,恢复和重建敦煌西湖保护区生态系统和栖息地环境,才能使其生物多样性得到有效保护。     

Effect of the W-beam central guardrails on wind-blown sand deposition on desert expressways in sandy regions

Many desert expressways are affected by the deposition of the wind-blown sand,which might block the movement of vehicles or cause accidents.W-beam central guardrails,which are used to improve the safety of desert expressways,are thought to influence the deposition of the wind-blown sand,but this has yet not to be studied adequately.To address this issue,we conducted a wind tunnel test to simulate and explore how the W-beam central guardrails affect the airflow,the wind-blown sand flux and the deposition of the wind-blown sand on desert expressways in sandy regions.The subgrade model is 3.5 cm high and 80.0 cm wide,with a bank slope ratio of 1:3.The W-beam central guardrails model is 3.7 cm high,which included a 1.4-cm-high W-beam and a 2.3-cm-high stand column.The wind velocity was measured by using pitot-static tubes placed at nine different heights(1,2,3,5,7,10,15,30 and 50 cm)above the floor of the chamber.The vertical distribution of the wind-blown sand flux in the wind tunnel was measured by using the sand sampler,which was sectioned into 20 intervals.In addition,we measured the wind-blown sand flux in the field at K50 of the Bachu-Shache desert expressway in the Taklimakan Desert on 11 May 2016,by using a customized 78-cm-high gradient sand sampler for the sand flux structure test.Obstruction by the subgrade leads to the formation of two weak wind zones located at the foot of the windward slope and at the leeward slope of the subgrade,and the wind velocity on the leeward side weakens significantly.The W-beam central guardrails decrease the leeward wind velocity,whereas the velocity increases through the bottom gaps and over the top of the W-beam central guardrails.The vertical distribution of the wind-blown sand flux measured by wind tunnel follows neither a power-law nor an exponential function when affected by either the subgrade or the W-beam central guardrails.At 0.0H and 0.5H(where H=3.5 cm,which is the height of the subgrade),the sand transport is less at the 3 cm height from the subgrade surface than at the 1 and 5 cm heights as a result of obstruction by the W-beam central guardrails,and the maximum sand transportation occurs at the 5 cm height affected by the subgrade surface.The average saltation height in the presence of the W-beam central guardrails is greater than the subgrade height.The field test shows that the sand deposits on the overtaking lane leeward of the W-beam central guardrails and that the thickness of the deposited sand is determined by the difference in the sand mass transported between the inlet and outlet points,which is consistent with the position of the minimum wind velocity in the wind tunnel test.The results of this study could help us to understand the hazards of the wind-blown sand onto subgrade with the W-beam central guardrails.     

LAS测定显热通量的影响因子分析

利用 2 0 0 2年 3月 2 6日～ 7月 30日期间北京市昌平区小汤山镇裸地上大孔径闪烁仪 ( LAS)、涡度相关技术 ( Eddy)、波文比 ( Bowen)测定的显热通量及其它相关的观测资料 ,分析了 LAS测定的显热通量在不同的天气条件下的变化特征 ,并将 LAS测定的显热通量与各深度的土壤水分含量、土壤表面温度和水平风速作了相关性分析 ,通过对这些影响因子进行分析将有助于提高 LAS测定显热通量的精度。同时将 L AS测定的显热通量与涡度相关和波文比的观测值进行了对比分析 ,探讨了在均匀下垫面上 LAS测定的显热通量区域平均值与涡度相关和波文比测定的单点值之间的关系 ,有助于进一步研究均匀下垫面上显热通量的尺度转换效应     

Eddy covariance measurements of water vapor and energy flux over a lake in the Badain Jaran Desert,China

Exploring the surface energy exchange between atmosphere and water bodies is essential to gain a quantitative understanding of regional climate change, especially for the lakes in the desert. In this study, measurements of energy flux and water vapor were performed over a lake in the Badain Jaran Desert, China from March 2012 to March 2013. The studied lake had about a 2-month frozen period(December and January) and a 10-month open-water period(February–November). Latent heat flux(LE) and sensible heat flux(Hs) acquired using the eddy covariance technique were argued by measurements of longwave and shortwave radiation. Both fluxes of longwave and shortwave radiation showed seasonal dynamics and daily fluctuations during the study period. The reflected solar radiation was much higher in winter than in other seasons. LE exhibited diurnal and seasonal variations. On a daily scale, LE was low in the morning and peaked in the afternoon. From spring(April) to winter(January), the diurnal amplitude of LE decreased slowly. LE was the dominant heat flux throughout the year and consumed most of the energy from the lake. Generally speaking, LE was mostly affected by changes in the ambient wind speed, while Hs was primarily affected by the product of water-air temperature difference and wind speed. The diurnal LE and Hs were negatively correlated in the open-water period. The variations in Hs and LE over the lake were differed from those on the nearby land surface. The mean evaporation rate on the lake was about 4.0 mm/d over the entire year, and the cumulative annual evaporation rate was 1445 mm/a. The cumulative annual evaporation was 10 times larger than the cumulative annual precipitation. Furthermore, the average evaporation rates over the frozen period and open-water period were approximately 0.6 and 5.0 mm/d, respectively. These results can be used to analyze the water balance and quantify the source of lake water in the Badain Jaran Desert.     

荒漠-绿洲芦苇地蒸散量及能量平衡特征

运用波文比-能量平衡法,对荒漠绿洲芦苇地的蒸散量及能量通量进行了连续的测定,并对芦苇地蒸散特点和能量平衡特征进行了分析和探讨。结果表明:①芦苇的蒸散速率日变化表现出明显的昼夜变化,蒸散量随着芦苇的不同生长阶段存在明显的季节变化,生长季芦苇地总蒸散量为252.5 mm,各阶段降水量均不能满足蒸散发的需水要求,需要地下水的补给。②地下水作为干旱区绿洲的主要水源,其对绿洲蒸散发耗水的影响也是极为重要。净辐射是芦苇地蒸散耗水的能量来源和驱动力,气温是蒸散发的主导影响因子。风速在这些主导因子的影响下,起到加速的作用。③荒漠绿洲芦苇地平均感热通量峰值一般在250~300 W/m2之间,潜热通量平均最大值120~230 W/m2,平均土壤热通量峰值约20 W/m2。6月感热通量在地面能量交换中占主要地位,感热通量占净辐射的52.7%,潜热通量占净辐射的42.6%。7月潜热通量占净辐射的55.0%,感热通量占净辐射的40.4%。9月感热通量占净辐射的60%以上,潜热通量仅占净辐射的30%。土壤热通量约占净辐射的8%。     

不同砾石盖度戈壁床面动力学特征研究

利用野外车载移动式风洞,对莫高窟顶不同砾石盖度戈壁床面的动力学特征进行了实地模拟实验。结果表明：砾石盖度直接决定戈壁床面的粗糙元数量和分布状况,进而影响近地表风速廓线、摩阻速度、床面粗糙度和剪切力;随着风洞进口指示风速的增加,摩阻速度呈线性递增,而动力学粗糙度在波动中呈下降趋势;相同高度,随着砾石盖度的增加,近地表风速逐渐降低,而摩阻速度、动力学粗糙度和剪切力呈线性增加;当床面盖度增加至35%时,动力学粗糙度达到0.30 cm,摩阻速度相应提高到0.93 cm/s,床面剪切力增加至1.11 N/cm。     

敦煌西湖自然保护区生物多样性特征及生境质量评价

敦煌西湖自然保护区是我国西部地区保存比较完好的生态系统之一,自然资源丰富。文章在实地调查的基础上,依据生态学和生态经济学的理论和方法,针对敦煌西湖自然保护区资源的特点,研究其生物多样性的类型,并对其生境质量进行了评价,由此得出其生物多样性丰富、生态环境质量较好。因此,保护敦煌西湖自然保护区生物多样性及其栖息地,合理开发自然资源,才能实现可持续利用,保证区域经济的可持续发展。     

沙漠增温效应下绿洲气象要素时空效应特征分析

本文对古尔班通古特沙漠及其南部不同距离绿洲的温度、气压、风向风速及净辐射进行了比较分析。结果表明,沙漠地表面温度和气温升降速度比绿洲观测点要快、变化幅度大;由于各观测点空气相对湿度和温度升降度不同,使得各观测点的气压升降幅度也不同,白天气压的变化曲线呈单蜂型;各观测点在12:00到18:00期间主导风向主要是南风,还有东南或西南风,在20:00时风速几乎为0;早上和晚上沙漠的净辐射高于绿洲,白天近地面净辐射绿洲大于沙漠;对绿洲气象要素时空效应特征分析,为棉花等绿洲优势作物的播种期、物候期、作物生育及生理生态特性具有一定的指导意义。     

荒漠植物白麻气孔导度特征及其影响因子研究

依据2010年对干旱荒漠区白麻的观测资料,对白麻气孔运动及其影响因子进行了分析研究并揭示了荒漠植物白麻的水分利用特征。结果表明:(1)白麻气孔导度的整体下降过程中有少许周期性波动,与净光合速率、蒸腾速率和胞间CO2浓度的转折点基本一致。(2)白麻气孔导度与影响因子之间进行偏相关分析,多元回归分析,通径分析,最终得出白麻气孔导度主要受光合有效辐射(PAR)、水汽压亏缺(VPD)、叶气温差(ΔT)和空气温度(Ta)的影响。(3)白麻水分利用效率和气孔限制值的关系可以看出:水分利用效率随着气孔限制值的增大而增大,随着气孔限制值的减小而减小。     

干旱区绿洲风环流观测

利用2003年在甘肃省酒泉地区金塔绿洲开展的"绿洲系统能量和水分循环试验"获得的自动站点和系留探空资料,证实了绿洲风环流的存在.观测结果显示:夏季白天在一定高度内绿洲相对于荒漠温度较低,气压较高;随荒漠绿洲热力差异增大,低层将产生由绿洲向四周荒漠辐散的风场,绿洲上的垂直运动以下沉气流为主,探测高度内的荒漠风向也相应地转变为来自绿洲,而同期绿洲探测高度内的风向较为凌乱.尽管观测表明绿洲风确实存在,但在有些时段背景风速较大,由地表热力非均匀激发的局地绿洲风将被大尺度环流掩盖.     

Spatial and temporal variability in vegetation cover of Mongolia and its implications

In this paper, we attempted to determine the most stable or unstable regions of vegetation cover in Mongolia and their spatio-temporal dynamics using Terra/MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) dataset, which had a 250-m spatial resolution and comprised 6 periods of 16-day composited temporal resolution data(from 10 June to 13 September) for summer seasons from 2000 to 2012. We also used precipitation data as well as biomass data from 12 meteorological stations located in 4 largest natural zones of Mongolia. Our study showed that taiga and forest steppe zones had relatively stable vegetation cover because of forest characteristics and relatively high precipitation. The highest coefficient of variation(CV) of vegetation cover occurred frequently in the steppe and desert steppe zones, mainly depending on variation of precipitation. Our results showed that spatial and temporal variability in vegetation cover(NDVI or plant biomass) of Mongolia was highly dependent on the amount, distribution and CV of precipitation. This suggests that the lowest inter-annual CV of NDVI can occur during wet periods of growing season or in high precipitation regions, while the highest inter-annual CV of NDVI can occur during dry periods and in low precipitation regions. Although the desert zone received less precipitation than other natural zones of the country, it had relatively low variation compared to the steppe and desert steppe, which could be attributed to the very sparse vegetation in the desert.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠地表感热特征分析

利用1979年3月~2004年2月月平均的NCEP/DOE新再分析地表感热资料,在分析塔克拉玛干沙漠四季感热基本气候特征的基础上,通过EOF分析方法,对沙漠地表感热异常变化的空间结构和时间演变趋势作了诊断研究。结果表明:1)沙漠地区地表感热通量的分布存在较大的季节和区域性差异。2)根据各季地表感热距平场的EOF分析,该区感热异常主要有全区一致型、南北差异型以及西北~东南差异型三种常见的分布模态;3)近25年来,塔克拉玛干沙漠春季和夏季地表感热在第一空间尺度上总体变化趋势平缓,秋季在波动中有明显增强的趋势;在第二空间尺度上夏季和秋季变化趋势不太显著,而春季在沙漠北部有减弱的趋势,南部有增强的趋势。     

毛乌素沙地典型地形断面土壤水分动态

基于毛乌素沙地的野外观测资料,对毛乌素沙地典型地形断面土壤水分动态进行分析。结果表明,土壤水分季节变化可划分为土壤水积聚期、消耗期和稳定期;根据土壤水分垂直变化可把土壤剖面划分为土壤水分易变层、利用层和调节层;沿着坡度减小的方向,各地形断面对应层次的土壤水分含量逐渐升高,丘间地土壤水分含量明显高于该断面上其余各点。     

不同类型绿洲的夏季气候特征分析

利用金塔、敦煌和额济纳旗三站十年的风、温、降水场常规气象资料,通过归类统计,对比分析了不同类型(旺盛的、稳定的和退化的)绿洲夏季三个月十年月平均温度、降水和风场的特征差异及变化。结果表明,不同类型绿洲的局地气候差异很大。退化绿洲和旺盛绿洲相比,月平均温度高1～2℃;风速大1～1.5m/s;而降水量则明显少于旺盛绿洲。这种干燥、大风、少雨的气候特点严重影响了当地居民的生产、生活,也制约了当地经济的可持续发展。因此加强对退化绿洲的治理和保护,迫在眉睫。     

敦煌戈壁地区地气温差变化特征分析

利用敦煌双墩子戈壁试验站2008年12月1日至2009年12月31日的塔站资料,分析了该地区地气温差的概率分布、日变化、日际变化、年变化和典型天气下的变化特征。结果表明：1）地气温差变化幅度较地温和气温小,分布在-1度附近有一个非常明显的峰值,观测期间出现的最小温差为-13.78℃,最大温差为35.59℃,平均温差为4...     

Fluxes of methane,carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in an alpine wetland and an alpine grassland of the Tianshan Mountains,China

Methane(CH4), carbon dioxide(CO2) and nitrous oxide(N2O) are known to be major greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. To identify the flux dynamics of these greenhouse gases is, therefore, of great significance. In this paper, we conducted a comparative study on an alpine grassland and alpine wetland at the Bayinbuluk Grassland Eco-system Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences. By using opaque, static, manual stainless steel chambers and gas chromatography, we measured the fluxes of CH4, N2O and CO2 from the grassland and wetland through an in situ monitoring study from May 2010 to October 2012. The mean flux rates of CH4, N2O and CO2 for the experimental alpine wetland in the growing season(from May to October) were estimated at 322.4 μg/(m2?h), 16.7 μg/(m2?h) and 76.7 mg/(m2?h), respectively; and the values for the alpine grassland were –88.2 μg/(m2?h), 12.7 μg/(m2?h), 57.3 mg/(m2?h), respectively. The gas fluxes showed large seasonal and annual variations, suggesting weak fluxes in the non-growing season. The relationships between these gas fluxes and environmental factors were analyzed for the two alpine ecosystems. The results showed that air temperature, precipitation, soil temperature and soil moisture can greatly influence the fluxes of CH4, N2O and CO2, but the alpine grassland and alpine wetland showed different feedback mechanisms under the same climate and environmental conditions.     

Interactive effects of wind speed,vegetation coverage and soil moisture in controlling wind erosion in a temperate desert steppe,Inner Mongolia of China

The rapid desertification of grasslands in Inner Mongolia of China poses a significant ecological threaten to northern China. The combined effects of anthropogenic disturbances(e.g., overgrazing) and biophysical processes(e.g., soil erosion) have led to vegetation degradation and the consequent acceleration of regional desertification. Thus, mitigating the accelerated wind erosion, a cause and effect of grassland desertification, is critical for the sustainable management of grasslands. Here, a combination of mobile wind tunnel experiments and wind erosion model was used to explore the effects of different levels of vegetation coverage, soil moisture and wind speed on wind erosion at different positions of a slope inside an enclosed desert steppe in the Xilamuren grassland of Inner Mongolia. The results indicated a significant spatial difference in wind erosion intensities depending on the vegetation coverage, with a strong decreasing trend from the top to the base of the slope. Increasing vegetation coverage resulted in a rapid decrease in wind erosion as explained by a power function correlation. Vegetation coverage was found to be a dominant control on wind erosion by increasing the surface roughness and by lowering the threshold wind velocity for erosion. The critical vegetation coverage required for effectively controlling wind erosion was found to be higher than 60%. Further, the wind erosion rates were negatively correlated with surface soil moisture and the mass flux in aeolian sand transport increased with increasing wind speed. We developed a mathematical model of wind erosion based on the results of an orthogonal array design. The results from the model simulation indicated that the standardized regression coefficients of the main effects of the three factors(vegetation coverage, soil moisture and wind speed) on the mass flux in aeolian sand transport were in the following order: wind speedvegetation coveragesoil moisture. These three factors had different levels of interactive effects on the mass flux in aeolian sand transport. Our results will improve the understanding of the interactive effects of wind speed, vegetation coverage and soil moisture in controlling wind erosion in desert steppes, and will be helpful for the design of desertification control programs in future.