毛酸浆果涂膜保鲜技术的探讨

选用天然壳聚糖保鲜剂对毛酸浆果进行涂膜保鲜实验,探讨了不同条件下壳聚糖涂膜处理对毛酸浆果生理及贮藏效果的影响.并通过正交实验确定了最佳保鲜条件,涂膜保鲜剂浓度为15%,保鲜助剂为1%,温度为4℃.     

不同浓度蜂蜡涂膜剂对台湾青枣保鲜效果的影响

以浙江台州地区的脆蜜台湾青枣为试材,研究不同浓度的蜂蜡涂膜剂处理对常温(10~15℃)条件下台湾青枣贮藏保鲜效果的影响。结果表明:在试验范围内,1‰和2‰浓度的蜂蜡涂膜剂处理台湾青枣果实的保鲜效果均好于对照(不涂膜),其中以2‰浓度的蜂蜡涂膜剂处理保鲜效果最好,可以明显控制果实的失水,降低呼吸强度,延缓可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量的下降速率,贮藏15 d好果率接近70%,显著高于对照。     

不同涂膜剂处理对汉源蜜橘贮藏效果的研究

分别采用不同浓度的壳聚糖、乳酸钙、丁香精油涂膜剂对汉源蜜橘进行处理,并置于(8±1)℃、相对湿度90%~95%的条件下75 d,定期测定贮藏过程中的果实品质和生理生化指标,研究不同涂膜剂对汉源蜜橘的贮藏效果。结果表明:三种涂膜剂处理均不同程度提高了蜜橘的贮藏保鲜效果。其中2%壳聚糖和2%乳酸钙处理的果实腐烂率显著低于0.04%丁香精油和对照(P0.05),可保持较高的可溶性固形物含量(SSC)和VC含量,有效延缓呼吸强度、丙二醛(MDA)含量和相对电导率的升高,明显提高过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,有效抑制果实贮藏期间的软化与衰老。总体上以2%壳聚糖保持蜜橘的贮藏品质效果最好。     

壳聚糖保鲜剂对芒果保鲜效果的影响

研究了3种壳聚糖保鲜剂对常温贮藏芒果的保鲜效果.结果表明,壳聚糖对芒果贮藏具有一定的保鲜效果,果实保青指数升高,腐烂指数下降,有机酸与VC等含量显著增加且优于化学保鲜剂施保克.但3种壳聚糖保鲜剂的保鲜效果差异较大,对芒果保青作用以自制保鲜剂最佳,其次是双林;防腐效果以双林最佳;对果实有机酸含量的增加依次是自制保鲜剂＞鲜倍得＞双林;果实VC含量增加依次是鲜倍得＞自制保鲜剂和双林;而果实可溶性糖含量,鲜倍得处理高于ck,双林处理低于ck.     

壳聚糖-柑橘精油复合处理对蓝莓果实采后贮藏保鲜效果的影响

以鲜食蓝莓为试材,采用浸泡方法研究了不同浓度壳聚糖与柑橘精油复合保鲜剂处理对蓝莓果实采后4℃贮藏过程中腐烂率、呼吸强度、可滴定酸含量、丙二醛含量、谷胱甘肽含量以及过氧化物酶活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性的影响,筛选壳聚糖与柑橘精油的最佳浓度组合。结果表明：与对照（蒸馏水浸泡）相比,壳聚糖与柑橘精油复合保鲜剂处理可有效降低蓝莓果实在贮藏期间的腐烂率和呼吸强度峰值,抑制呼吸作用和丙二醛的积累,减缓果实可滴定酸含量的下降,保持较高的谷胱甘肽含量,提高过氧化物酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶的活性。其中15 g/L壳聚糖和1.0%柑橘精油复合处理的保鲜效果最佳。该研究可为绿色、健康的天然防腐剂在蓝莓保鲜上的应用提供了参考。     

改性壳聚糖在草莓保鲜中应用研究

以草莓为试材,采用以改性壳聚糖为主剂的涂膜保鲜剂进行涂膜保鲜试验,结果表明:采用5～10倍的壳聚糖稀释液处理草莓,在0℃条件下,保鲜30天,商品率仍达85%,失重率不足1%,并保持草莓原有风味。     

不同保鲜剂组合处理对草莓保鲜效果的影响

以全明星草莓为试验材料,研究CaCl2、植酸、柠檬酸和山梨酸钾不同浓度的复配组合及其结合壳聚糖涂膜处理对常温（20～25℃）条件下贮藏7d草莓果实品质的影响。结果表明,对在常温条件下草莓采后保鲜的最佳复配组合为：1％CaCl2＋0．15％植酸＋2％柠檬酸＋0．1％山梨酸钾。该复配保鲜剂再与l％壳聚糖制成涂膜,在抑制草莓果实腐烂,保持果实硬度,延缓可溶性固形物和VC含量下降方面的作用效果好于单纯复配保鲜剂。     

不同保鲜膜不同保鲜剂处理对甜瓜贮藏品质的影响

为高品质甜瓜选择较适宜的包装保鲜膜和保鲜剂,提高其贮藏保鲜品质。本试验以西州密25号为试材,采用常规的PE和PVC保鲜膜包装,并用目前保鲜效果较好的1-MCP保鲜剂和壳聚糖进行保鲜处理,研究保鲜膜和保鲜剂处理对甜瓜贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,使用保鲜膜比不使用保鲜膜效果好,使用保鲜剂比不使用保鲜剂效果好,PE保鲜膜比PVC保鲜膜效果好,1-MCP保鲜剂和壳聚糖因其保鲜机理不一样,保鲜效果有差异,但两者对提高甜瓜贮藏品质均有很好的效果。因此PE保鲜膜包装结合1-MCP保鲜处理或壳聚糖涂膜是获取高品质甜瓜的有效手段之一。     

高效复合保鲜剂对桃果实贮藏效果的影响

以“中油8号”桃果实为试材,通过对比纳他霉素-壳聚糖复合保鲜剂与1-甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）、大蒜-丁香-高良姜提取物配合使用对桃果实贮藏效果的影响,筛选适宜桃果实贮藏的安全高效保鲜剂及其科学使用方法。结果表明：应用不同复合保鲜剂和提取液处理的桃果实贮藏品质均优于对照,其中配合使用纳他霉素-壳聚糖复合保鲜剂和大蒜、丁香、高良姜混合提取液,结合1 μL/L 1-MCP处理,于2~4 ℃,相对湿度90%~95％条件下贮藏的桃果实品质最佳。该高效复合保鲜剂及使用方法能够较好地延长桃果实贮藏时间,可以在桃的采后生产中进行推广应用     

不同保鲜膜、保鲜剂处理对甜瓜贮藏品质的影响

为高品质甜瓜选择较适宜的包装保鲜膜和保鲜剂,提高其贮藏保鲜品质。本试验以‘西州密25号’为试材,采用常规的PE和PVC保鲜膜包装,并用目前保鲜效果较好的1-MCP保鲜剂和壳聚糖进行保鲜处理,研究保鲜膜和保鲜剂处理对甜瓜贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,使用保鲜膜比不使用保鲜膜效果好,使用保鲜剂比不使用保鲜剂效果好,PE保鲜膜比PVC保鲜膜效果好,1-MCP保鲜剂和壳聚糖因其保鲜机理不一样,保鲜效果有差异,但两者对提高甜瓜贮藏品质均有很好的效果。因此,PE保鲜膜包装结合1-MCP保鲜处理或壳聚糖涂膜是获取高品质甜瓜的有效手段之一。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.