利用高代回交导入系定位水、旱条件下影响水稻根系及产量的QTL

 严重的水资源危机使得水稻耐旱性的遗传与育种研究成为当今的研究热点之一。【目的】鉴定与水稻耐旱性直接相关的根系性状QTL,为通过根系性状QTL的标记辅助选择培育耐旱水稻品种提供标记信息。【方法】以从供体Lemont（粳稻）导入到特青（籼稻）背景的254个高代回交导入系中筛选出覆盖供体全基因组的55个回交导入系为材料,采用PVC管栽培,定位了灌溉（对照）与干旱（胁迫）条件下影响根系及产量性状的QTL以及胁迫与对照间性状差值的QTL。【结果】共检测到25个影响根长（RL）、根数（RN）、根重（RW）和单株粒籽产量（GY）的主效QTL,根据在不同环境下的表达情况,将其分为3类,第1类4个,在两种环境下均被检测到;第2类12个,只在对照条件下检测到;第3类9个,受干旱胁迫诱导,只在胁迫条件下被检测到。此外还检测到11个影响胁迫与对照条件下性状差值的QTL。【结论】在水、旱两种条件下均检测到的相对稳定的3个QTL（QRl2b、QRl8b、和QRn12）及影响两种条件下性状差值（即性状稳定性）的11个QTL可能对耐旱性有直接贡献。     

QTL Detection and Epistasis Analysis for Heading Date Using Single Segment Substitution Lines in Rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Heading date of rice is a key agronomic trait determining cultivated areas and seasons and affecting yield. In the present study, five primary single segment substitution lines with the same genetic background were used to detect quantitative trait loci(QTLs) for heading date in rice. Two QTLs, q HD3 and q HD6 on the short arm of chromosome 3 and the short arm of chromosome 6, respectively, were identified under natural long-day(NLD). Nineteen secondary single segment substitution lines(SSSLs) and seven double segments pyramiding lines were designed to map the two QTLs and to evaluate their epistatic interaction between them. By overlapping mapping, q HD3 was mapped in a 791-kb interval between SSR markers RM3894 and RM569 and q HD6 in a 1 125-kb interval between RM587 and RM225. Results revealed the existence of epistatic interaction between q HD3 and q HD6 under natural long-day(NLD). It was also found that q HD3 and q HD6 had significant effects on plant height and yield traits, indicating that both of the QTLs have pleiotropic effects.     

QTL Mapping for Drought Tolerance at Stages of Germination and Seedling in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)Using a DH Population

Drought is a major constraint in many wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) production regions. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conditioning drought tolerance at stages of germination and seedling in wheat were identified in a double haploid (DH) population derived from the cross, Hanxuan10×Lumai14, using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Interval mapping analysis revealed that QTLs for drought tolerance at germination stage were located on chromosomes 1B, 2B, 5A, 6B, 7A and 7B, respectively, and the most effective QTL was mapped on chromosome 2B, explaining 27.2% of phenotypic variance. The QTLs for drought tolerance at seedling stage were located on 1B, 3B and 7B, respectively, and the most effective QTL was mapped on chromosome 3B, explaining 21.6% of phenotypic variance. Their positions were different from those of QTLs conferring drought tolerance at germination stage, indicating that drought tolerance at germination stage and seedling stage was controlled by different loci. Most of the identified QTLs explained 18% or more of phenotypic variance for drought tolerance at germination and seedling stage, and would be useful in future for marker assisted selection programs and cultivar improvement.     

大豆芽期耐盐和耐低温位点的遗传重叠

 【目的】利用大豆回交导入系为材料定位芽期耐盐性QTL和耐低温QTL位点,并对芽期耐盐和耐低温的QTL位点进行遗传重叠分析。这些重叠QTL的辅助选择可用于培育芽期耐盐且耐低温的大豆品种,提高大豆抗逆育种效率。【方法】将Harosoy导入到以红丰11为背景的回交导入系中,对BC2F4世代进行大豆芽期耐盐性和耐低温筛选,获得的超亲导入系用卡方检测和方差分析的方法定位QTL。【结果】芽期耐盐性筛选获得48个耐盐选择导入系,采用单项方差分析和卡方检测共定位了22个控制芽期耐盐QTL。芽期耐低温筛选获得40个耐低温选择导入系,采用2种遗传分析方法共定位到15个控制芽期耐低温QTL。分布于A1、B2、C2、E、J和O连锁群上的7个位点（Sat_271、Satt556、Satt726、Satt640、Satt411、Satt529和Sat_108）是大豆芽期盐胁迫和低温条件下共同检测到的。【结论】从整体上,31.81%大豆芽期耐盐性和耐低温位点存在遗传重叠。     

小麦单株产量与株高的QTL分析

 【目的】在QTL水平上揭示株高与产量的遗传关系及株高对产量的影响,为小麦高产育种株高的选择提供参考依据。【方法】利用分别包含229和485个家系的2个关联重组自交系群体（recombinant inbred lines,RIL）潍麦8号/烟农19（WY）和潍麦8号/济麦20（WJ）,绘制2个较高密度遗传连锁图谱。在3个环境下对单株产量和株高性状进行测量评价及非条件和条件QTL分析,研究株高与产量QTL的相互关系及排除株高影响后单株产量QTL效应的变化,探讨群体大小对QTL定位精度和准确性的影响。【结果】在WY群体中检测到5个单株产量QTL和15个株高QTL,其中,8个QTL解释大于10%的表型变异,3个为一因多效QTL;条件QTL分析表明,3个单株产量QTL与株高QTL无关,2个单株产量QTL的效应完全或部分由株高QTL所贡献,1个单株产量QTL的效应被株高QTL抑制。在WJ群体中检测到7个单株产量QTL和11个株高QTL,其中1个主效株高QTL加性效应值为8.82 cm,可解释20.68%的表型变异;条件QTL分析表明,5个单株产量QTL与株高QTL无关,2个单株产量QTL的效应完全由株高QTL所贡献。大群体WJ检测到的QTL效应值比小群体WY小,但LOD值高。【结论】株高与产量的关系是多重因素共同作用的结果,包括一因多效或紧密连锁、株高QTL对产量QTL表达的贡献与抑制、环境效应以及与其它性状的互作等。不同遗传背景、不同生态环境下株高对产量的贡献是各个因素相协调的结果,高产育种中对株高的选择在不同背景下应该有所区别;与小群体相比,大群体检测QTL的精度和准确性更高。     

Quantitative Trait Loci for Panicle Size and Grain Yield Detected in Interval RM111-RM19 784 on the Short Arm of Rice Chromosome 6

A rice residual heterozygous line （RHL） carrying a heterozygous segment extending from RM111 to RM19784 on the short arm of rice chromosome 6 was selected from a RHL-derived population used previously. The resultant F2：3 population was used to detect quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for three yield traits, the number of spikelets per panicle （NSP）, the number of grains per panicle （NGP） and grain yield per plant （GY）. Two QTLs for NSP, one QTL for NGP and one QTL for GY were detected, all of which were partially dominant and had the enhancing alleles from the maternal line Zhenshan 97B. Analysis based on the genotypic groups of the markers closely linked to the two QTLs for NSP indicated that they did not interact with each other. Two F2 populations and two near isogenic line （NIL） sets segregating in two sub-regions of interval RM111-RM19784 were developed. The two QTLs for NSP were validated, of which one had major effect and was co-segregated with heading date gene Hdl, and the other had smaller effect and was located in an upper region linked to Hdl. The two regions also showed significant effects on the number of filled grain and grain yield, although the effect on the number of filled grain was less consistent.     

28个玉米自交系主要农艺性状耐旱性研究

[目的]对28份主要玉米自交系农艺性状进行耐旱性研究.[方法]在正常灌溉和干旱胁迫处理下,采用α-lattice设计,调查出苗期、散粉期、吐丝期、株高、穗位高、雄穗长、穗长、穗粗、单穗粒数和单株产量等,对各项指标进行评定与筛选,确定耐旱指标,计算耐旱系数,并换算成综合耐旱系数.[结果]可用ASI、株高、穗位高、雄穗长、穗长、穗粗、单穗粒数和单株产量作为耐旱指标对玉米自交系的耐旱性进行评价;株高、穗长和穗粗3个性状的耐旱性与单株产量的耐旱性关系极为密切.[结论]自交系齐319、长3、吉465、英64、888-9和2002F17的综合耐旱性较强,耐旱系数分别为0.89、0.88、0.86、0.86、0.86和0.85;"ASI+综合耐旱系数"法是较为实用的耐旱性评价方法,可在育种实践中加以应用;ASI、株高、穗位高、雄穗长、穗长、穗粗、单穗粒数和单株产量等可作为玉米自交系综合耐旱性评价的主要性状,其中株高、穗长和穗粗3个性状的耐旱性与单株产量的耐旱性关系极为密切,在耐旱育种中具有一定的应用价值.     

Bulked Segregant Analysis to Detect QTL Related to Heat Tolerance in Rice （Oryza sativa L.） Using SSR Markers

The study was undertaken to assess the genetic effect of quantitative trait loci （QTLs） conferring heat tolerance at flowering stage in rice. A population consisting of 279 F2 individuals from the cross between 996, a heat tolerant cultivar and 4628, a heat-sensitive cultivar, was analyzed for their segregation pattern of the difference of seed set rate under optimal temperature condition and high temperature condition. The difference of seed set rate under optimal temperature condition and high temperature condition showed normal distribution, indicating the polygenic control over the trait. To identify main effect of QTL for heat tolerance, the parents were surveyed with 200 primer pairs of simple sequence repeats （SSR）. The parental survey revealed 30% polymorphism between parents. In order to detect the main QTL association with heat tolerance, a strategy of combining the DNA pooling from selected segregants and genotyping was adopted. The association of putative markers identified based on DNA pooling from selected segregants was established by single marker analysis （SMA）. The results of SMA revealed that SSR markers, RM3735 on chromosome 4 and RM3586 on chromosome 3 showed significant association with heat tolerance respectively, accounted for 17 and 3% of the total variation respectively. The heat tolerance during flowering stage in rice was controlled by multiple gene. The SSR markers, RM3735 on chromosome 4 and RM3586 on chromosome 3 showed significant association with heat tolerance respectively, accounted for 17 and 3% of the total variation respectively. The two genetic loci, especially for RM3735 on chromosome 4, can be used in marker-assistant-selected method in heat tolerance breeding in rice.     

水稻苗期抗旱性的关联分析(英文)

[目的]此研究旨在检测水稻苗期抗旱性的数量性状位点。[方法]通过对 184 份水稻品种的田间苗期抗旱性鉴定,同时利用每 3Mb 为一区间随机分布于水稻 12 条染色体上的 156 个 SSR 标记子对卷叶、枯叶及复水恢复率 3 个苗期抗旱性性状进行标记,通过关联分析检测此 3 个性状的数量性状位点。[结果]水稻品种对苗期干旱具有不同的反应,卷叶、枯叶及复水恢复率这3个性状具有显著的相关性,对该群体在群体结构K=3 和 K=7 时进行了分析。[结果]该组水稻品种存在一定程度的遗传混杂,品种间的相互遗传相关性范围从 0 到 0.924 5。SSR 标记子间存在着明显的连锁不平衡。该试验共检测到与苗期抗旱性关联的16个SSR标记子,其中4个与卷叶性状,8个与枯叶性状,4个于复水恢复率紧密关联,而且大多数的标记子与2个以上的性状关联,表明某个单一抗性机理可能与多个不同性状的表达相关,如:渗透势调节。位于第九染色体上的RM107 标记子与所有 3 个苗期抗旱性性状关联,并且位于以前研究所报道的区间之内,为苗期抗旱性的主要位点,位于第八染色体上的 RM477与复水恢复率显著关联,且与卷叶性状的关联达到极显著水平,该位点可能是苗期抗旱性的另一个主要数量性状位点。[结论]关联分析是用于分析复杂性状(如抗旱性)非常有效的方法。     

Molecular Mapping of QTLs for Cold Tolerance at the Budburst Period in Rice

The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for cold tolerance at the budburst period (CTBP) was identified using a F2:3 population including 200 lines derived from a cross of indica and japonica Milyang23/Jilengl. A molecular linkage map of 97 SSR markers was constructed using interval mapping and covered a total length of 1 357.3 cM with an average distance of 13.99cM, between adjacent markers in rice genome. The CTBP of F3 lines was evaluated at 5℃, and the survival seedling rate after treating under low temperature at the budburst period was used as cold tolerance index for CTBP. A continuous distribution near to normal for CTBP was observed in F3 lines, CTBP is a quantitative trait which was controlled by some genes. Three QTLs on chromosomes 2, 4 and 7 which are associated with CTBP were detected on location of RM6-RM240, RM273-RM303, RM214-RMll, respectively,which explained the range of the observed phenotypic variance from 11.5 to 20.5%. qCTBP4detected on RM273-RM303 of chromosome 4 explained 20.5% of the observed phenotypic variance. The effect of qCTBP4's allelic gene comes from Jileng 1.     

水稻芽期耐冷性QTL的分子定位

 以籼粳交密阳23号/吉冷1号的F2：3 代200个家系作为作图群体，构建了一张含有97个微卫星 （SSR）标记的分子连锁图谱。在5℃低温条件下，对F3家系进行芽期耐冷性鉴定，并利用SSR标记进行了芽期耐冷性数量性状位点（QTL）分析。研究结果表明，芽期耐冷性在F3家系群中呈单峰连续分布，表现为由多基因控制的数量性状；共检测到与芽期耐冷性有关的QTL 3个，分别位于第2、4 和7染色体上，对表型变异的贡献率范围为11.5%～20.5%。其中，位于第4染色体RM273～RM303的qCTBP4对表型变异的贡献率最大。     

利用单片段代换系定位水稻抽穗期QTL

 抽穗期是水稻品种的重要农艺性状之一，对抽穗期QTL进行定位并研究其遗传效应在水稻育种中是至关重要的。本研究利用以6个水稻品种为供体的52个单片段代换系为试验材料，通过t测验比较单片段代换系与受体亲本华粳籼74之间抽穗期的差异，对代换片段上的抽穗期QTL进行了鉴定。以P≤0.001为阈值共鉴定出20个抽穗期QTL，这些QTL分布于水稻的10条染色体。QTL加性效应值为-5.9～1.1，加性效应百分率为-7.4%～1.4%。有8个QTL被定位在小于10.0 cM的区段内。利用1个单片段代换系与华粳籼74杂交发展的F2群体对qHD-3-1进行了定位。在作图群体中，早抽穗和迟抽穗植株数符合3:1的分离比，早抽穗表现为显性。利用微卫星标记将qHD-3-1定位于3号染色体短臂，PSM304和RM569分别位于其两侧，遗传距离分别为2.4 cM和5.1 cM。     

利用基础导入系分析粳稻基因的遗传效应

 【目的】为了有效地评价粳稻等位基因在籼稻遗传背景中的遗传效应，为籼粳亚种间优良基因的利用提供理论和实践依据。【方法】以粳稻品种日本晴（Nipponbare）为供体亲本、籼稻品种珍汕97B（Zhenshan 97B）为受体亲本，经过杂交、回交，结合分子标记辅助选择，构建了88个基础导入系, 每个导入系具有相同的籼稻遗传背景，且只含有一个或少数粳稻的导入片段，每个导入系的导入片段叠加起来能覆盖整个粳稻的染色体。利用基础导入系群体进行单株产量、有效分蘖数、千粒重和每穗实粒数的数量性状基因（QTLs）定位和遗传效应分析。【结果】共检测到29个具有显著遗传效应的位点（QTLs）。其中6个QTL具有正向的加性效应和超显性效应，其余23个QTL具有负向的加性效应和超显性效应。【结论】一些粳稻基因导入到籼稻中能表现出不同程度的增产效应；超显性效应对水稻籼粳杂种优势起重要作用。     

Association mapping of quantitative trait loci for yield-related agronomic traits in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

High yield in rice mainly depends on large grain weight, ideal plant architecture and proper flowering time adapting to various geographic regions. To help achieve higher yield, phenotype variations of heading date(HD), plant architecture and grain shape in a panel of 416 rice accessions were investigated in this study. A total of 143 markers including 100 simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers and 43 gene-tagged markers were employed in association mapping to detect quantitative trait loci(QTL) responsible for these variations. Among the 7 subpopulations, POP5 in japonica group showed the largest values of HD and grain width(GW), but the smallest values of grain length(GL) and grain length to width ratio(GLW). Among the six indica groups, POP7 had the largest values of HD, GL, GLW, and 1 000-grain weight(TGW). A total of 27 QTLs were detected underlying these phenotypic variations in single year, while 12 of them could be detected in 2006 and 2007. GS3 marker was closely associated with GL, GW and GLW, and widely distributed in different groups. The starch synthesis related gene markers, SSI, SSIIa, SBE1, AGPL4, and ISA1, were linked to plant height(PH), panicle length(PL), flag leaf length(FLL), GW, and GLW. The SSR markers, RM267, RM340 and RM346, were linked to at least two traits. Therefore, these new markers will probably be used to improve rice grain yield or plant architecture when performing marker-assisted selection of proper alleles.     

普通野生稻转育后代稻褐飞虱抗性基因的初步定位

通过BR96与白56构建F2群体,利用均匀分布于水稻全基因组的122对多态性引物标记分析F2群体的基因型,构建遗传连锁图谱,考查F2衍生的F3各家系的褐飞虱苗期抗性等级,检测水稻褐飞虱抗性数量性状位点(QTL)。结果显示:分别在第3、4和6号染色体上各扫描到一个抗褐飞虱QTL位点,QBph3位于第3染色体RM489-RM282之间,LOD值为5.1,解释表型变异率是3.8%;QBph4位于第4号染色体RM16605-RM16717之间,LOD值为28.7,解释表型变异率是29.4%;QBph6位于第6号染色体RM276-RM527之间,LOD值为2.7,解释表型变异率是7.1%;3个QTL的联合贡献率为40.3%。Qbph4可解释表型变异率最大,初步判断Qbph4可能是一个控制褐飞虱抗性的主效基因。     

Mapping quantitative trait loci associated with starch paste viscosity attributes by using double haploid populations of rice(Oryza sativa L.)

The paste viscosity attributes of starch, measured by rapid visco analyzer(RVA), are important factors for the evaluation of the cooking and eating qualities of rice in breeding programs. To determine the genetic roots of the paste viscosity attributes of rice grains, quantitative trait loci(QTLs) associated with the paste viscosity attributes were mapped, using a double haploid(DH) population derived from Zhongjiazao 17(YK17), a super rice variety, crossed with D50, a tropic japonica variety. Fifty-four QTLs, for seven parameters of the RVA profiles, were identified in three planting seasons. The 54 QTLs were located on all of the 12 chromosomes, with a single QTL explaining 5.99 to 47.11% of phenotypic variation. From the QTLs identified, four were repeatedly detected under three environmental conditions and the other four QTLs were repeated under two environments. Most of the QTLs detected for peak viscosity(PKV), trough viscosity(TV), cool paste viscosity(CPV), breakdown viscosity(BDV), setback viscosity(SBV), and peak time(PeT) were located in the interval of RM6775–RM3805 under all three environmental conditions, with the exception of pasting temperature(PaT). For digenic interactions, eight QTLs with six traits were identified for additive×environment interactions in all three planting environments.The epistatic interactions were estimated only for PKV, SBV and PaT. The present study will facilitate further understanding of the genetic architecture of eating and cooking quality(ECQ) in the rice quality improvement program.     

水稻抽穗期QTL的聚合及其互作分析

本研究以10个单片段代换系为材料,进行抽穗期QTL鉴定,得到4个存在抽穗期QTL的单片段代换系:W11-15-7-39-2、W02-15-7-3、W08-16-3-2、W22-9-5-2-4-9-3,其上的QTL分别命名为qHD2-1、qHD8-1、qHD3-1、qHD10-1;基因聚合、互作分析结果表明qHD2-1对qHD8-1、qHD8-1对qHD3-1、qHD3-1对qHD10-1分别表现上位性。     

利用水稻F2分离群体进行苗期耐冷性数量性状基因定位

利用典型粳稻品种北海289和典型籼稻品种Dular杂交的118个F2分离群体为材料，构建了一张包含79个微卫星标记的水稻分子连锁图谱，以低温下幼苗生长高度、叶绿素含量、致死温度处理后的枯萎和死苗为耐冷性指标，进行了苗期耐冷性数量性状位点(QTLs)分析．以低温下幼苗高度为指标，定位了3个分别位于染色体1，3和9上的3个QTLs；而在染色体2，8，9和11上分别检测到与低温下叶绿素含量有关的4个QTLs；用枯萎和死苗定位的4个QTLs则分别位于染色体5，9和12(两个)上，这些QTLs控制的表型变异最小的仪为3．82％，最大的达34．66％，位于染色体9上的RM160位点是一个同时具有抵御低温下幼苗生长迟钝、缺绿、枯萎和死苗的多效基因位点。     

Molecular Diversity and Association Analysis of Drought and Salt Tolerance in Gossypium hirsutum L. Germplasm

Association mapping is a useful tool for the detection of genes selected during plant domestication based on their linkage disequilibrium (LD). This study was carried out to estimate genetic diversity, population structure and the extent of LD to develop an association framework in order to identify genetic variations associated with drought and salt tolerance traits. 106 microsatellite marker primer pairs were used in 323 Gossypium hirsutum germplasms which were grown in the drought shed and salt pond for evaluation. Polymorphism (PIC=0.53) was found, and three groups were detected (K=3) with the second likelihood ΔK using STRUCTURE software. LD decay rates were estimated to be 13-15 cM at r2 0.20. Significant associations between polymorphic markers and drought and salt tolerance traits were observed using the general linear model (GLM) and mixed linear model (MLM) (P 0.01). The results also demonstrated that association mapping within the population structure as well as stratification existing in cotton germplasm resources could complement and enhance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) information for marker-assisted selection.     

小麦结实小穗数QTL分析

为利用分子标记辅助选择技术选育抗旱高产小麦品种提供基础,以小麦旱选10号/鲁麦14 DH群体为材料,在干旱胁迫及正常灌溉两种水分条件下于2010年和2011年考察小麦主茎结实小穗数,通过采用基于混合线性模型的复合区间作图法分析其QTL,研究控制小麦结实小穗数的数量性状基因。共检测到7个加性QTLs和2对上位性QTLs。加性QTL的LOD值介于2.56~5.08之间,分别位于2D、4A、6A和6B染色体上,对表型变异的贡献率为7.19%~13.65%;上位性QTL的LOD值分别为5.24和5.47,分别位于3A和6B与4B和5B染色体上,对表型贡献率分别为13.71%和17.93%。其中QFns-6A-2于2010年正常灌溉和2011年两种水分条件下均被检测到,可用于分子标记辅助育种。