不同施氮时期对稻谷蛋白质含量及食味值的影响

通过不同施氮肥时期与蛋白质含量不同的水稻品种二因子交互试验,结果表明,在不同施氮期条件下,同一品种的蛋白质含量差异达极显著水平,食味值达到极显著水平,蛋白质含量和食味值在品种间差异达到显著水平,蛋白质含量和食味值在施氮期×品种的互作效应均达到极显著水平.不同品种间,随着施氮期的后移,稻米蛋白质含量均增加,稻米食味均降低.     

油菜不同部位粒重的差异研究

对油莱不同品种相同部位以及同一品种不同部位的粒重差异进行了研究，结果表明：同一品种不同部位的粒重有显著差异，不同品种同一部位间也存在差异，并将其划分为大粒区、中粒区、小粒区。为品种间性状比较以及定位选种、育种提供了参考。     

不同子粒大小玉米种苗转化过程中生理特性研究

通过对同一品种掖单22(YD22)不同大小子粒玉米种苗转化过程中的生理特性研究发现,小粒YD22的发芽势显著大于大粒YD22,但二者的发芽率差异不显著。小粒YD22胚本体对贮藏物质的运转、消耗率大于大粒YD22,但物质效率低于大粒YD22。大粒YD22 ATP含量高于小粒YD22,尤其在萌发4 d后表现明显。     

不同小麦品种粒重和蛋白质含量的穗粒位效应分析

小麦籽粒的发育存在时空差异,不同穗粒位的粒重和蛋白质产量也存在差异,剖析粒重和籽粒蛋白质含量的穗粒位效应,有助于深入了解小麦产量和品质的形成机制。于2009—2010和2010—2011小麦生长季进行大田试验,选用3种类型4个品种,分析了不同穗粒位的粒重、蛋白质积累和蛋白质含量的动态变化。结果表明,粒重和蛋白质积累量的穗粒位间变异大于年份(环境)间变异和基因型间变异;蛋白质含量的年份间变异大于基因型间变异和穗粒位间变异,而成熟期穗粒位间变异最大。大粒品种易受环境影响,小粒品种比较稳定。优质面包小麦品种开花后各时期的籽粒蛋白质含量普遍高于中筋小麦,但不同时期、不同年份差异较大。开花后各时期,强势粒的粒重、蛋白质积累量和蛋白质含量显著大于弱势粒,中部籽粒显著大于上部和下部籽粒;随着灌浆进程穗中部与下部籽粒的差异变小,至开花后36 d时,中部和下部籽粒的蛋白质含量无显著差异。随籽粒灌浆进程,不同品种各穗粒位的粒重和蛋白质积累均呈"慢–快–慢"的"S"型曲线变化,蛋白质含量均呈"高–低–高"的"V"型曲线变化,灌浆后期,中部和下部强势粒以及下部弱势粒的蛋白质含量增长速度明显快于其他穗粒位籽粒。粒重最大生长速率出现在开花后18~21 d,快速增重时期为开花后12~26 d;籽粒蛋白质最大积累速率出现在开花后21~24 d,快速积累时期为开花后13~32 d。根据本研究结果,我们认为高产优质小麦品种的特征是籽粒不宜过大,小花位粒数不宜过多,且中、下部籽粒较多,开花后13~26 d灌浆速率快。     

油菜不同部位粒重差异及种子活力研究

【研究目的】研究油菜不同部位粒重和种子活力的差异;【方法】选取5个油菜品种,采用随机区组试验和简化活力指数法进行研究;【结果】同一品种不同部位的粒重有显著差异,不同品种同一部位间也存在差异,并将其划分为大粒区、中粒区、小粒区,油菜不同部位种子千粒重与种子活力呈显著正相关,大、中、小三个粒区种子活力依次降低;【结论】油菜主花序和部分一次分枝为大粒区,种子活力最高,是油菜选种留种的最佳部位。     

基因型和环境对陆地棉棉籽中主要成分含量影响

【目的】本研究旨在探究基因型和环境及两者互作对棉籽中主要成分含量的影响。【方法】以11个陆地棉品种在长江中下游流域部分棉区10个试点的样品为研究材料,测定棉籽中蛋白质、油分、棉酚、植酸、α-生育酚和γ-生育酚6种主要成分的含量,并分析其基因型、环境及其互作效应。【结果】结果表明,基因型、环境,以及两者互作对棉籽中蛋白质和油分含量均有极显著的影响;环境对棉籽中棉酚和植酸含量有极显著影响,基因型对棉籽中棉酚含量有极显著影响、对植酸含量有显著影响,但二者对棉酚和植酸含量互作效应不显著。α-生育酚和γ-生育酚的基因型效应不显著,但环境效应显著,地区间的生育酚含量差异达到极显著水平。此外,蛋白质含量与油分含量呈极显著负相关,二者之和稳定在75%左右。【结论】在棉籽品质育种中不仅要依据品种的差异,还要考虑环境以及品种与环境的互作。棉籽主要成分含量的表现是基因型和生态环境共同作用的结果。     

生态环境对谷子蛋白质,脂肪和淀粉含量的影响

本文根据30个有代表性的谷子品种在全国10个生态点的试验材料,研究谷子蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉含量的品种间及地区间差异,同时对三者之间的相互关系及其与主要生态因子的关系进行了探讨.结果表明:①生态环境对谷子蛋白质、脂肪和淀粉含量有很大的影响,蛋白质和脂肪随纬度和海拔的增高而增加,而淀粉则相反.对光照时间敏感的品种,蛋白质、脂肪含量高,淀粉含量低.②不管是来自北部高原北片的品种还是全国各地的品种种植在北部高原北片,其蛋白质、脂肪的平均含量均最高.③蛋白质、脂肪、淀粉三者之间存在着极显著的关系,高蛋白质,高脂肪有可能结合于同一基因型.     

不同用途优质小麦籽粒品质、产量与环境效应基因型差异研究

不同优质小麦因其具体用途不同,对蛋白质含量、面筋含量、沉降值等指标要求不同。通过3种不同用途的优质小麦品种在9种不同水肥处理条件下的产量和籽粒品质的研究,结果表明：不同的基因型品种其籽粒品质和产量指标存在极显著差异;小麦产量及籽粒品质主要决定基因遗传效应,同时水肥效应和品种水肥互作效应对籽粒品质和产量有极显著影响。不同基因型优质小麦籽粒品质和产量指标在水肥处理间变异程度不同。     

甘薯品质的初步研究

对部分甘薯品种品质的研究结果表明:(1) 甘薯品种(系)间薯块内的淀粉、蛋白质、氨基酸、胡萝卜素、维生素C、可溶性糖等成分存在明显的差异;(2) 环境条件对甘薯营养成分有一定的影响。同一品种在不同地点种植,其薯块内的淀粉和蛋白质含量存在明显差异,同一品种在不同年份种植,其薯块内的蛋白质、可溶性糖含量差异较大,而淀粉、维生素C含量差异较小;(3) 薯块内的蛋白质含量与17种氨基酸、可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关。     

生态条件和制种期对棉花杂交种质量的影响

以鲁棉研15的父母本为材料,于2002-2003年对山东3个生态区不同制种期所产杂交种的品质进行了研究。两年平均结果表明,同一生态区的健子率、发芽率、脂肪和蛋白质的绝对含量随结铃时间的推迟而降低。鲁西南生态区的健子率、发芽率、脂肪和蛋白质的绝对含量均高于鲁西北,鲁西北高于鲁北。生态区和制种时间对杂交种品质的互作效应显著。健子率与发芽率极显著正相关,未见脂肪和蛋白质的百分含量与发芽率的相关关系,但脂肪和蛋白质的绝对含量与发芽率分别呈极显著和显著正相关,脂肪和蛋白质百分含量之间呈显著负相关。基于提高杂交种的品质考虑,山东杂交制种基地应该南移,并适当提前制种截止日。     

Significance of Seed Source on Grain Yield in Faba Beans (Vida faba L.) and Dry Peas (Pisum sativum L.)

In order to investigate the significance of seed source on yield and related characters 47 seed lots of seven faba bean varieties and 24 seed lots of five dry pea varieties were tested in three series of field trials. The grain yield of the faba bean varieties tested was considerably modified by seed source, whereas only small and nonsignificant effects of seed source were found in dry peas. In general, seed sources with a high thousand grain weight, a high protein content, high portions of undamaged and healthy seeds, and in faba beans a high degree of cross-fertilization exhibited superior grain yields. Production of high-performance seed proved to be the most difficult for the large-seeded and white-flowered faba bean varieties. Based on a tabular summary on factors affecting effects of seed source problems of seed production in both grain legumes and their impact on yield are discussed.     

大豆品种品质性状与豆腐产量的相关性研究

选用北京地区20个大豆品种(系),对其品质性状和豆腐产量进行相关分析,研究表明：1)大豆籽粒的脂肪含量与豆腐湿重与湿豆腐体积、豆腐干重间呈极显著正相关;2)品种间豆腐产量差异显著;3)豆腐产量与蛋白质含量、凝固剂的种类无相关关系,湿豆腐产量受凝固剂的影响极显著;4)豆腐湿重与湿豆腐体积呈极显著正相关,与豆腐干重呈显著正相关,豆腐体积与豆腐干重呈显著正相关。5)经新复极差分析分别选出高蛋白、高脂肪、高豆腐产量的专用品种。     

The Nutritive Value of Ten Inbred Lines of Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.) in Relation to their Content of Antinutritional Constituents and Protein Quality

Ten inbred lines of fabe beans (Vicia faba L.) selected according to their quality characters have been investigated for carbohydrates, proteins, and antinutritional compounds. Digestible energy, N-balance trials with growing rats comprising determination of the protein digestibility and biological value were used as criteria in connection with comprehensive chemical-biochemical analysis. The chemical composition of the ten lines showed a considerable diversity as cad the results from the rat crisis. However, the content of vicine and convicine in all or the investigated lines were below the level previously found to have effects on the nutritive value, Starch, protein and fibre were the quantitatively dominating seed constituents, and all showed great variation among the lines. The starch content was not correlated to the quality or nutritive value of the seed, whereas the protein content was negatively correlated to the biological value and net protein utilization. These correlations followed the content of essential amino acids, lysine, threonine and methionine in the faba bean proteins. The content of the sulfur-containing ammo acids cysteine and methionine are especially dominant factors for protein quality. A simple method for total sulphur determination was found nut 10 be a sufficiently reliable technique for evaluating the content of methionine and cysteine in the faba beans. Tannin, insoluble- and total dietary fibre are phenolic aromatic compounds which were negatively correlated with the faba bean quality as expressed by digestible energy, the protein digestibility and the biological value of the faba beans. The results obtained have also revealed, that it is not sufficient to consider tannin as a group in relation to the faba bean quality. We need to separate and evaluate the different types, of phenolics in relation to the variations in quality of faba beans. Some of the low molecular weight (LMW) phenolics in the faba beans seem 10 be involved in inhibitory effects on hydrolase enzymes, chymotrypsin and trypsin. Trypsin and chymotrypsin from different animals were different in their sensitivity to faba bean inhibitors and additional experiments are required to reveal details about these effects. It has also been revealed that fructosans Lind LMW carbohydrates (oligosaccharides) are important in relation to the quality of faba beans.     

Genetic variability of faba bean genotypes for chocolate spot (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Botrytis fabae</Emphasis>) resistance and yield

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) has high utility as a food and soil fertility improving crop. One of the major fungal pathogens of faba bean is Botrytis fabae, the causative agent of chocolate spot. The disease affects significantly the leaf, stem, pod and seed of faba bean compromise its productivity in the smallholder farming sector. Nonetheless, there are limited resistant/tolerant faba bean varieties available and disease control technology options. Therefore, it was prudent to evaluate faba bean landraces for chocolate spot resistance. Fifty landraces together with ten improved varieties were evaluated both in the field and in the greenhouse under natural and artificial inoculation with previously selected aggressive Botrytis fabae isolate (Iso-016) from West Gojjam, in Ethiopia. There were highly significant differences (p?<?0.001) among the landraces for reaction to the disease and agronomic traits. Significant positive correlation was recorded between reaction of genotypes in the field and greenhouse disease data. The overall mean disease epidemics varied from 92.5 to 697.5 for the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). The highest level of resistance was found in the ICARDA lines, ILB-4726, ILB-938 and BPL-710. Of all 18 landrace collections displayed significantly lower disease reaction than the susceptible check. However the resistance was moderate. The selected eighteen landraces will be recommended for use in breeding for chocolate resistance. Overall, resistance was highly heritable, suggesting that phenotypic selection can be exploited to improve chocolate spot resistance in faba bean varieties.     

Physiological and Molecular Characterization of Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) Genotypes for Adaptation to Drought Stress

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the most important and drought sensitive grain legumes. Drought stress is thus one of major constraints in global faba bean production. In this study, twenty local and exotic faba bean genotypes were characterized on physiological and molecular basis. Seeds of faba bean genotypes (six per pot) were sown in poly venyl chloride pots. After seedling emergence, soil moisture was maintained at 100%, 50% and 25% of field capacity designated as well watered, moderate drought and severe drought, respectively. Drought stress significantly influenced the leaf area, leaf temperature, stomatal conductance, relative leaf water contents, grain yield and water‐use efficiency. Faba bean genotypes also differed for the leaf area, leaf temperature, relative leaf water contents, grain yield and water‐use efficiency. Faba bean genotypes Kamline and L.4 were better equipped to curtail water loss, maintain tissue water status, produce stable grain yield and had better water‐use efficiency under mild and severe drought stress, and may be used in breeding programmes. Amplified fragment length polymorphism markers showed high potential in detecting polymorphism and estimating genetic diversity among faba bean genotypes. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean cluster analysis of the genotypes illustrated considerable association between molecular diversity, genetic background and geographic origin. In crux, high polymorphic rate and polymorphism information content values, together with the low genetic similarity observed among tested genotypes suggests a high level of heterogeneity, which may be used in breeding programmes to assemble different drought tolerance mechanisms in one genotype.     

青海12号蚕豆栽培技术优化研究

采用二次饱和D－最优化设计,以肥料（x1）、密度（x2）与打顶期（x3）等3项蚕豆主要农艺措施为试验变量,建立青海12号蚕豆产量与主要变量的数学模型,以模型为基础,分析各因素对青海12号蚕豆产量的影响效应,并决策优化栽培方案,为丰产栽培技术规范制定提供依据。     

中国蚕豆种质资源ISSR标记遗传多样性分析

利用ISSR标记对中国18个省(区)的527份春播区和秋播区蚕豆资源的遗传多样性与亲缘关系进行分析。结果表明,11个ISSR引物共扩增出278条清晰的条带,其中多态性条带268条(占96%)。不同地理来源蚕豆资源群间的基因多样性指数在0.1267~0.2509之间,平均为0.1716;Shannon指数范围为0.1932~0.3767,平均为0.2608。两指数均以内蒙古资源群最高,云南和甘肃资源群次之,江西资源群体最低。非加权配对算术平均法(UPGMA)的聚类分析和二维主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,中国春播区和秋播区蚕豆资源明显不同,浙江和四川的资源形成独立的组群,明显不同于其他省份,其遗传背景独特,有待进一步研究。中国蚕豆种质资源遗传多样性差异和遗传关系与其生长习性、生态分布及地理来源密切相关。     

Faba bean genomics: current status and future prospects

Faba bean represents a crucial source of protein for food, especially for Mediterranean countries, and local demand for faba bean grains is increasing. The crop is also gaining increased attention as an elite candidate for conservation agriculture. However, the complexity of the faba genome has made progress in breeding programs and molecular studies relatively slow compared with other legume crops. Recent advances in plant genomics have made it feasible to understand complex genomes such as faba bean. With the increase of faba bean consumption in the Middle East region, there is an urgent need to develop elite faba genotypes suitable for arid and semi arid environments, with high yield potential and acceptable nutritional quality. This article highlights the recent advances in legume and faba genomics and its potential to contribute to the above mentioned goal. Emphasis is given on prospects on faba improvements strategies from the Middle East point of view.     

Effect of Some Growth Factors and Glyphosate Herbicide on Pigments and Protein in Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.)

Two field experiments were carried out during 1982/83 and 1983/84 seasons at Experimental Farm of National Research Centre at Shalakan, Kalubia Governorate, Egypt, to study the effects of supplemental growth factors on the reversal of glyphosate-induced inhibition in photosynthetic pigments and protein in faba beans. A split plot design with four replications was used in both seasons. Glyphosate at 0,312 and 468 g.a.i./ha as well as the untreated treatment, arranged at random in main plots while, the growth factors, i.e., growth regulators, amino acids and nutrient elements at different concentrations distributed randomly in the sub plots. The results could be summarized as follows:
1. Glyphosate decreased chlorophyll a, b and carotenoides content and the total pigments content in the leaves of faba bean plants, as well as, the protein content of seeds and protein yield per hectare.
2. The treatments of phenylalanine at 500 ppm, urea at 1 %, cytolinin at 4/1000 and tryptophan at 500 ppm, reversed the glyphosate-induced-phytotoxicity on decreasing the chlorophyll a, b content and total pigments content in faba bean leaves. The same treatments, as well as, zinc sulfate at 1 %, reversed the glyphosate-induced-phytotoxicity on decreasing the carotenoids content in faba bean leaves.
3. The treatment of G a ₃ at 100 ppm gave the highest percentage of crude protein in seeds, while the lowest value was obtained from cytokinin at 4/1000, in both seasons.
4. The treatments of cytokinin at 4/1000, phenylalanine at 500 ppm and tryptophan at both levels, reversed the glyphosate-induced-phytotoxicity on decreasing the protein yield per h.     

Breeding and genomics status in faba bean (Vicia faba)

Faba bean is an important legume crop because of its high‐yield potential and nutrition‐dense grains. There have been significant achievements in faba bean improvement in the last four decades, which led to the doubling of the global yield average. This study reviews the genetic diversity, the breeding methodologies, major achievement on biotic and abiotic traits, and the recent molecular approaches. The high genetic diversity among faba bean accessions has been useful for increasing yield potential of the crop. Substantial increase in yield potential can be gained through the development of cultivars in open pollinated conditions. In the past, many faba bean varieties that are tolerant to abiotic and biotic stresses were released worldwide. The average yield gains varied from 1.65% per year in Syria to 4.17% per year in Ethiopia. The recent advances in molecular technologies will be used to develop more coherent genetic maps, which would also facilitate assembling and ordering genomic scaffolds in a future genome‐sequencing effort and molecular‐breeding approach.